Bourtange Swamp

The Bourtanger Moor (Dutch: ''Bourtangerveen/Bourtangermoeras'', German: ''Bourtanger Moor'', Low Saxon: ''Boertanger Moor'') was a bog in eastern parts in the Dutch provinces of Drenthe and Groningen and the bordering German districts of Bentheim and Emsland. A remaining stretch on the border between Drenthe and the districts Emsland and Betheim is now a nature reserve, the Internationaler Naturpark Bourtanger Moor-Bargerveen.

Shape and size

The Bourtange Swamp had the shape of a V. The western leg covered the valley of the Hunze and ranged towards the city of Groningen. The western part was bordered by the Hondsrug. The eastern leg was located in the valley of the Ems. Between these two legs lies Westerwolde. At its greatest extent the swamp was about 3000 km².

History

The swamp arose around 5000 BC. The area was already inhabited before this happened, as shown by archeological finds such as the one at Hoetsmansmeer in Groningen. These finds are attributed to nomads from the Mesolithic. Eventually these people left because of the growing swamp.
Near Valthe - Ter Apel and Nieuw-Dordrecht remnants of roads through the bog were found, dating from the Neolithic to the Iron Age.

From a military point of view the swamp had an important function as a protective barrier, especially between 1580 and 1850.
The swamp played an important role during the wars between Groningen and Münster
In places with passages through or along the bog, strongholds were built. Bourtange, Oudeschans, Nieuweschans, Valtherschans and Emmerschans are examples of these places.

Cultivation

Initially cultivation only occurred at the edges of the swamp. The harvested peat was a source of fuel.
During the second half of the Middle Ages the monasteries of Aduard and Essen played an important role in cultivating the bog.
In the Middle Ages some places at the edges of the bog were drained for growing rye.
The drainage caused soil settling and the area became more vulnerable to floodings.
Between 1360 and 1500 parts in the northeast were washed away by the Dollart.

In the 16th century large-scale peat harvesting began. The Frisian method, using canals, was introduced.
At first most peat harvesting was done at the river Hunze near the city of Groningen.
The peat could be transported to the city via this small river.
In the 17th century, Westerwolde came under control of the city of Groningen and the peat harvesting became more large-scaled Johan de la Haye and Johan Sems designed a line right through the western 'leg' of the bog, de Semslinie.
De Semslinie is a straight line between Wolfsbarge (a village near the Zuidlaardermeer) and Ter Apel. Nowadays it is the border between Drenthe and the Province of Groningen.

The Stadskanaal (''City canal''), which was dug in the 18th century, largely follows the Semslinie.
This canal played a significant role in the large-scale peat harvesting. The areas that were cultivated were called ''veenkoloniën'' (''peat colonies'').

Due to peat harvesting and drainage the remaining swamp became a lot drier. This was bad for the military function of the eastern branch.
Therefore, dikes were built near Bourtange to keep water there.

Also colonists from Germany, who grew buckwheat, arrived in the Dutch part of the bog. In order to make the soil suitable to grow buckwheat the peat had to be burned. Because of the inconvenience it brought, it was banned in 1925.

During the 19th century peat as a fuel, got competition from coal and peat harvesting became less profitable.
In the second half of the 19th century de another important canal was dug, the Verlengde Hoogeveensche Vaart. This resulted in more peat harvesting in the southern points of the bog. In the 20th century peat was no longer the main product from the bog, but activated charcoal, ''turfstrooisel'' (a sort of compost) and potting soil became important products.
No new canals were dug and products from the bog was being largely transported to factories via narrow gauge railways.
From there it was transported by ship, tram engine, train or truck.
After the ''Amsterdamse Veld'' in southeast Drenthe was stripped of its peat, the harvesting of peat and other products from the bog stopped. A remaining part of the bog and surroundings including the Amsterdamse Veld are now part of the Bargerveen Nature Reserve, a Ramsar site