Borealis (train)

The ''Borealis'', referred to as ''Twin Cities–Milwaukee–Chicago'' (''TCMC'') during planning, is an Amtrak inter-city rail service that operates daily between Chicago, Illinois, and Saint Paul, Minnesota, via Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Service began on May 21, 2024, under the Amtrak Midwest brand.

The train supplements the long-distance ''Empire Builder'', serving the same stations but with higher reliability and complementary departure times. As an extension of an existing Chicago–Milwaukee ''Hiawatha'' train, the ''Borealis'' doubled Amtrak service frequency between Milwaukee and Saint Paul. Total ridership in its first year of service was 205,800 passengers, contributing to substantial growth in overall ridership on the Chicago-Twin Cities corridor.

History

Previous services

Prior to Amtrak, private railroads ran passenger service between the Twin Cities and Chicago on several corridors. The Chicago and North Western Railway (C&NW) operated Twin Cities–Chicago trains via Madison until the late 1950s, and via Milwaukee until the ''Twin Cities 400'' was discontinued on July 23, 1963. The Milwaukee Road ran all its Twin Cities–Chicago trains via Milwaukee; by 1971, all that remained of the railroad's Twin Cities service was the daily '' Morning Hiawatha'' plus the eastbound ''Fast Mail''. The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad (CB&Q) operated a more westerly Twin Cities–Chicago route via Savanna, Illinois. It merged into the Burlington Northern Railroad (BN) in 1970; by 1971, the BN offered three daily Twin Cities–Chicago round trips on the ''Morning Zephyr'', '' Afternoon Zephyr'', ''Empire Builder'', and ''North Coast Limited''.

Amtrak took over most intercity passenger rail service in the United States on May 1, 1971, keeping only half of existing service. The only Twin Cities–Chicago service that remained was the ''Empire Builder'', which was rerouted over the Milwaukee Road between the Twin Cities and Chicago in order to serve Milwaukee. The tri-weekly ''North Coast Hiawatha'' began operating on June 14, 1971; it was combined with the ''Empire Builder'' between Minneapolis and Chicago. The ''North Coast Hiawatha'' began operating separately east of Minneapolis on November 14, 1971. A new Minneapolis–Chicago train, the ''Hiawatha'', ran quad-weekly on days the ''North Coast Hiawatha'' did not operate; this provided two daily round trips between Minneapolis and Chicago.

The Minneapolis–Chicago train was renamed ''Twin Cities Hiawatha'' on January 16, 1972, but returned to ''Hiawatha'' on October 29, 1972. The ''North Coast Hiawatha'' ran daily during the summers of 1974 to 1977, and the separate ''Hiawatha'' did not operate. Twin Cities–Chicago service was temporarily reduced to one daily round trip on September 8, 1977, with the ''Empire Builder'' operating quad-weekly and the ''North Coast Hiawatha'' operating tri-weekly. On October 30, 1977, the two trains were changed to an overnight schedule between Minneapolis and Chicago, with the daily ''Twin Cities Hiawatha'' operating on a daytime schedule on the corridor.

On April 30, 1978, the ''Empire Builder'' and ''North Coast Hiawatha'' resumed their former schedules. The ''Twin Cities Hiawatha'' was moved to the overnight schedule and through-routed with the Twin Cities–Duluth to form the . The ''North Coast Hiawatha'' was discontinued in October 1979, while the ''Empire Builder'' became tri-weekly until 1982. The ''North Star'' was discontinued on April 7, 1985; Twin Cities–Chicago service from 1985 to 2024 was only the daily ''Empire Builder''.

TCMC project

The TCMC project began in 2015 after the conclusion of a feasibility report by Amtrak. Based on the favorable ridership and revenue projections MnDOT led a Phase 1 study in cooperation with WisDOT, IDOT, the Ramsey County Regional Railroad Authority and the FRA to analyze service alternatives, infrastructure upgrades and anticipated costs. The Phase 2 study was led by WisDOT to complete the environmental review and prepare a Service Development Plan. Schedule delays from Seattle to St. Paul have been cited as part of the interest in having a reliable departure time from St. Paul.

Infrastructure upgrades for the project are required in La Crosse, La Crescent, Winona and St. Paul. The total capital cost is $53.3 million, which has been fully funded by federal grants, WisDOT and MnDOT. The project is scheduled to begin construction in 2023 and begin operations with one train in 2023. The TCMC service is anticipated to be the first phase of additional Amtrak service across Wisconsin with eventual extensions to Madison and Eau Claire.

In a public meeting on December 1, 2022, an Amtrak representative stated that the service was expected to start by summer 2023 with the name ''Great River'', after the Mississippi River ( means "Great River" in Ojibwe). A paper by the Wisconsin Legislature's Legislative Fiscal Bureau, published on June 6, 2023, for the legislature's Joint Committee on Finance, estimated that service would start in September 2023, with related construction to improve service beginning in early 2024 and ending in mid-to-late 2025. However, in fall 2023 the estimated start date of the train slipped to 2024. In December 2023, the FRA accepted the Chicago–La Crosse–St. Paul route into its Corridor Identification and Development Program. The move granted $500,000 toward studying additional frequency on the route, and prioritized the corridor for future federal funding.

In a February 2024 update, WisDOT announced that the service would be named the ''Borealis'' instead of the ''Great River'', and that the train would use refurbished Horizon railcars. However, the new name for the service was retracted within 24-hours of its announcement. Amtrak officially announced the train as the ''Borealis'' in its press release introducing the train and announcing ticket sales on April 30, 2024. Service began on May 21, 2024. During its first 11 days of operation, the ''Borealis'' averaged 604 daily passengers (329 westbound and 275 eastbound). Early demand for the ''Borealis'' prompted Amtrak to consider adding a third daily round trip on the corridor.

Ridership was projected to be 124,000 passengers per year. On October 24, 2024, ''Borealis'' ridership surpassed 100,000 passengers within five months of service. Total ridership in the first year of service was 205,800 passengers, contributing overall ridership in the Chicago-Twin Cities corridor more than tripling. In January 2025, Amtrak was awarded a $38.6 million federal grant to fund operation of the ''Borealis'' through 2030.

Corridor timeline

Operation

The ''Borealis'' has eleven intermediate stops between the two terminals. It is scheduled for 7 hours 24 minutes in each direction, including a five-minute stop in Milwaukee. The train was an extension of an existing Chicago–Milwaukee ''Hiawatha'' round trip, renumbered from 333/340 to 1333/1340. Train 1333 departs Chicago at 11:05 am and arrives in St. Paul at 6:29 pm, while Train 1340 departs St. Paul at 11:50 am and arrives in Chicago at 7:14 pm.

A typical ''Borealis'' consist has four Horizon Fleet coach class cars and one Amfleet cafe/business class car. One or two GE Genesis or Siemens Chargers diesel locomotives are used. Superliners replaced the Horizon and Amfleet coaches in March 2025 after Amtrak removed the entire Horizon fleet from service due to corrosion issues. This ended business-class service on the route, as the Superliners do not offer business class.

An extension of the route to Target Field station in Minneapolis, Fridley, and St. Cloud has been considered. Through the federal Corridor ID Program, a second Chicago–Twin Cities route that includes Madison and Eau Claire is being studied.

Route and stops

References

{{Twin Cities Transit

Passenger rail transportation in Illinois
Passenger rail transportation in Wisconsin
Passenger rail transportation in Minnesota
Railway services introduced in 2024
Amtrak routes