Bodawpaya (, ; ; 11 March 1745 – 5 June 1819) was the sixth king of the
Konbaung dynasty
The Konbaung dynasty (), also known as the Third Burmese Empire (တတိယမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်), was the last dynasty that ruled Burma from 1752 to 1885. It created the second-largest empire in history of Mya ...
of
Burma
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and ha ...
. Born Maung Shwe Waing and later Badon Min, he was the fourth son of
Alaungpaya
Alaungpaya (, ; also spelled Alaunghpaya or Alaung-Phra; 11 May 1760) was the founder and first emperor of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma. By the time of his death from illness during his Burmese–Siamese War (1759–60), campaign in Siam, this ...
, founder of the dynasty and the Third Burmese Empire. He was proclaimed king after deposing his nephew
Phaungkaza Maung Maung, son of his eldest brother
Naungdawgyi
Dabayin Min (), commonly known as Naungdawgyi ( ; 10 August 1734 – 28 November 1763) was the second king of Konbaung Dynasty of Burma (Myanmar), from 1760 to 1763. He was a top military commander in his father Alaungpaya's reunification campai ...
, at
Ava. Bodawpaya moved the royal capital back to
Amarapura
Amarapura (, , ; also spelt as Ummerapoora) is a former capital of Myanmar, and now a township of Mandalay city. Amarapura is bounded by the Irrawaddy river in the west, Chanmyathazi Township in the north, and the ancient capital site of Ava ...
in 1782. He was titled Hsinbyumyashin (), not to be confused with his older brother
Hsinbyushin
Hsinbyushin (, , ; ; 12 September 1736 – 10 June 1776) was the third emperor of the Konbaung dynasty of Burma (Myanmar) from 1763 to 1776. The second son of the dynasty founder Alaungpaya is best known for his wars with Qing China and Siam, a ...
. However, he became known to posterity as Bodawpaya (Grandsire) in relation to his successor, his grandson
Bagyidaw (Royal Elder Uncle), who in turn was given this name in relation to his nephew
Mindon Min
Mindon Min (, ; 1808 – 1878), born Maung Lwin, was the penultimate king of Burma (Myanmar) from 1853 to 1878. He was one of the most popular and revered kings of Burma because of his role in the Fifth Buddhist Council. Under his half brothe ...
. He fathered 70 sons and 67 daughters by about 54 consorts.
Military expeditions

Also known as Bodaw U Waing, he invaded
Arakan
Arakan ( or ; , ), formerly anglicised as Aracan, is the historical geographical name for the northeastern coastal region of the Bay of Bengal, covering present-day Bangladesh and Myanmar. The region was called "Arakan" for centuries. It is ...
in 1784 sending his royal armies led by his son, the Heir Apparent
Thado Minsaw, across the Western Yoma range of mountains. The capital of Arakan
Mrauk U
Mrauk U ( ) is a town in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. It is the capital of Mrauk-U Township, a subregion of the Mrauk-U District.
Mrauk U is culturally significant for the local Rakhine people, Rakhine (Arakanese) people and is the location ...
was captured on the last of 1784. The
Mahamuni Buddha image, among other treasures such as the
Khmer bronze statues, were brought back to mainland Burma; these can still be seen in
Mandalay
Mandalay is the second-largest city in Myanmar, after Yangon. It is located on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, 631 km (392 mi) north of Yangon. In 2014, the city had a population of 1,225,553.
Mandalay was founded in 1857 by Ki ...
. Also taken were 20,000 captives as slaves to pagodas and temples, and the nobility at Amarapura. Once Arakan was annexed as a province of Burma, her borders became contiguous with
British India
The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...
. The Arakanese revolted in 1794, and the British Governor of India
Sir John Shore (later Lord Teignmouth) sent Captain
Michael Symes on an embassy, fully equipped to gather as much information as possible about the country, to the Court of Ava as the kingdom was still known to the Western world.
Bodawpaya
invaded Siam in 1785, and was defeated.
The Governor of
Tavoy revolted in 1791 with the aid of the
Siamese, but a
punitive expedition
A punitive expedition is a military journey undertaken to punish a political entity or any group of people outside the borders of the punishing state or union. It is usually undertaken in response to perceived disobedient or morally wrong beha ...
sent by Bodawpaya by sea laid siege ending in peace negotiations in 1793 and the ceding of the
Tenasserim coast to the Burmese.
He
invaded Siam again in 1809, but was fended off by
Maha Senanurak
Maha Senanurak (; 29 March 1773 – 16 July 1817) was a Viceroy appointed by his brother Phutthaloetla Naphalai as the titular heir to the throne. Maha Senanurak was known for his leadership of the Siamese campaign against the Burmese inva ...
. The Burmese loss of Lan Na during the failed invasion proved to be the end of their 200-year rule.
In 1816, the
Ahom governor of
Guwahati
Guwahati () the largest city of the Indian state of Assam, and also the largest metropolis in northeastern India. Dispur, the capital of Assam, is in the circuit city region located within Guwahati and is the seat of the Government of Assam. Th ...
in Assam, Badan Chandra
Borphukan visited the court of Bodawpaya to seek help in order to defeat his political rival Purnananda
Burhagohain, the Prime Minister of
Ahom Kingdom in Assam. A strong force of 16,000 under the command of Gen. Maha Minhla Minkhaung was sent with Badan Chandra
Borphukan. The Burmese force entered Assam in January 1817 and defeated the Assamese force in the battle of Ghiladhari. Meanwhile, Purnananda Burhagohain died, and his son Ruchinath
Burhagohain fled to Guwahati. The reigning
Ahom king
Chandrakanta Singha came in terms with Badan Chandra
Borphukan and his Burmese allies. The King appointed Borphukan as Mantri Phukan (Prime Minister) and an
Ahom princess Hemo Aideo was given in marriage to Burmese King Bodawpaya along with many gifts. The Burmese force retired from
Assam
Assam (, , ) is a state in Northeast India, northeastern India, south of the eastern Himalayas along the Brahmaputra Valley, Brahmaputra and Barak River valleys. Assam covers an area of . It is the second largest state in Northeast India, nor ...
soon after. A year later, Borphukan was assassinated and the
Ahom king
Chandrakanta Singha was deposed by rival political faction led by Purnananda's son Ruchinath Burhagohain.
Chandrakanta Singha and the friends of Borphukan appealed to Bodawpaya for help. In February 1819, the Burmese forces invaded Assam for a second time and reinstalled Chandrakanta Singha on the throne of Assam.
Religion and culture
Bodawpaya proclaimed himself the next messianic
Buddha
Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha (),*
*
*
was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was ...
or
Maitreya
Maitreya (Sanskrit) or Metteyya (Pali), is a bodhisattva who is regarded as the future Buddhahood, Buddha of this world in all schools of Buddhism, prophesied to become Maitreya Buddha or Metteyya Buddha.Williams, Paul. ''Mahayana Buddhism: Th ...
(''Arimittya''), but his claim was firmly rejected by the
Sangha
Sangha or saṃgha () is a term meaning "association", "assembly", "company" or "community". In a political context, it was historically used to denote a governing assembly in a republic or a kingdom, and for a long time, it has been used b ...
.
During his reign, scholarship flourished due to the discipline and stability achieved by establishing a chapter of
Sangharaja
Sangharaja (Pāli: ''sangha'' religious community + ''raja'' ruler, king, or prince) is the title given in many Theravada Buddhist countries to a senior monk who is the titular head either of a monastic fraternity ( nikaya), or of the ''Sangha'' t ...
s or senior monks charged with the responsibility of safeguarding the purity of the Sangha. He had successfully arbitrated in favour of orthodoxy to cover both shoulders on the alms round in the controversy concerning the correct way of wearing the robes, and the Order of Monks was unified under the
Thudhamma order. Burma became the custodian of Buddhism in the region, and the
upasampada ordination was re-introduced to
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, also known historically as Ceylon, is an island country in South Asia. It lies in the Indian Ocean, southwest of the Bay of Bengal, separated from the Indian subcontinent, ...
where it established the Amarapura Nikaya.

In 1790 Bodawpaya began the construction of a gigantic
stupa
In Buddhism, a stupa (, ) is a domed hemispherical structure containing several types of sacred relics, including images, statues, metals, and '' śarīra''—the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns. It is used as a place of pilgrimage and m ...
called Mantalagyi (Great Royal Stupa) at
Mingun, up the River
Irrawaddy from Mandalay on the west bank. It was however never finished after a prophecy went round saying '' Payagyi lè apyi that, moksoe thonnya kap'' – "Once the great pagoda has been wrought, the Moksoe dynasty will come to nought" (). It was meant to have stood , tall enough to be seen from
Shwebo
Shwebo ( ) is a city in Sagaing Region, Burma, 110 km north-west of Mandalay between the Irrawaddy and the Mu rivers. The city was the origin of the Konbaung Dynasty, established by King Alaungpaya in 1752, that was the dominant politic ...
in the west, the birthplace of the dynasty, towering above the Minwun Hills. An earthquake in 1838 left huge fissures in the structure, and also caused the heads of the two gigantic
chinthe
''Chinthe'' ( (); (); ()) is the Burmese language, Burmese word for 'Asiatic lion, lion'. The wiktionary:leograph, leograph of ''Chinthe'' is a highly stylized lion commonly depicted in Burmese iconography and Myanmar architecture, architectur ...
s to fall into the river. There was also a gigantic 90 ton bell dedicated to the stupa called the
Mingun Bell, cast between 1808 and 1810. It was the largest ringing bell in the world, when the larger bell in
Moscow Kremlin
The Moscow Kremlin (also the Kremlin) is a fortified complex in Moscow, Russia. Located in the centre of the country's capital city, the Moscow Kremlin comprises five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing Kremlin Wall along with the K ...
, called the
Tsar bell, broke, until the larger
Bell of Good Luck was cast and first rung for the new year in 2000. During his reign Bodawpaya also proved to be a great patron of the performing arts; he appointed a minister called ''Thabin Wun'' (), and established strict regulations by royal decree ( ''a meint daw'').
He also ordered a major economic survey of the kingdom in 1784.
Bodawpaya was succeeded after his death in 1819 by his grandson, Prince of
Sagaing
Sagaing (, ) is a town in the Sagaing Region of Myanmar. It is located on the Irrawaddy River, to the south-west of Mandalay on the opposite bank of the river. Sagaing, with its numerous Buddhist monasteries, is an important religious and ...
, who later became known as
Bagyidaw. The Heir Apparent, father of Bagyidaw, had died in 1808.
References
Bibliography
*
* Koenig, William J. "The Burmese Polity, 1752–1819: Politics, Administration, and Social Organization in the early Kon-baung Period", Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia, Number 34, 1990.
* Lieberman, Victor B. " Political Consolidation in Burma Under the Early Konbaung Dynasty, 1752-c. 1820." ''Journal of Asia History'' 30.2 (1996): 152–168.
*
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External links
Wanderings in Burma by George W Bird, 1897F J Bright & Son, London, pp 316A, 318, 318A, 320A inc. old photos of Mingun by Signor Beaton of Mandalay
{{Authority control
Konbaung dynasty
1745 births
1819 deaths
19th-century Burmese monarchs
18th-century Burmese monarchs