Beaux-Arts architecture ( , ) was the academic

architectural style An architectural style is a classification of buildings (and nonbuilding structures) based on a set of characteristics and features, including overall appearance, arrangement of the components, method of construction, building materials used, for ...

taught at the in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...

and

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings.

History

The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the Style Louis XIV, and then French neoclassicism beginning with

Style Louis XV The Louis XV style or ''Louis Quinze'' (, ) is a style of architecture and decorative arts which appeared during the reign of Louis XV. From 1710 until about 1730, a period known as the Régence, it was largely an extension of the Louis XIV styl ...

and

Style Louis XVI Louis XVI style, also called ''Louis Seize'', is a style of architecture, furniture, decoration and art which developed in France during the 19-year reign of Louis XVI (1774–1792), just before the French Revolution. It saw the final phase of t ...

. French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by

Académie royale d'architecture The Académie Royale d'Architecture (; ) was a French learned society founded in 1671. It had a leading role in influencing architectural theory and education, not only in France, but throughout Europe and the Americas from the late 17th centur ...

(1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the . The academy held the competition for the

Grand Prix de Rome The Prix de Rome () or Grand Prix de Rome was a French scholarship for arts students, initially for painters and sculptors, that was established in 1663 during the reign of Louis XIV of France. Winners were awarded a bursary that allowed them t ...

in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy,

Joseph-Louis Duc Joseph-Louis Duc (; 25 October 1802 – 22 January 1879) was a French architect. Duc came to prominence early, with his very well received work at the July Column in Paris, and spent much of the rest of his career on a single building complex, ...

Félix Duban Jacques Félix Duban () (14 October 1798, Paris – 8 October 1870, Bordeaux) was a French architect, the contemporary of Jacques Ignace Hittorff and Henri Labrouste. Life and career Duban won the Prix de Rome in 1823, the most prestigious awa ...

Henri Labrouste Pierre-François-Henri Labrouste () (11 May 1801 – 24 June 1875) was a French architect from the famous school of architecture. After a six-year stay in Rome, Labrouste established an architectural training workshop, which soon became ...

, and

Léon Vaudoyer Léon Vaudoyer (; 7 June 1803 – 9 February 1872) was a French architect. Biography Vaudoyer was born in Paris, the son of architect Antoine Vaudoyer. With his contemporaries Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Louis Duc he became a leadi ...

, who had studied at the

French Academy in Rome The French Academy in Rome (, ) is an academy located in the Villa Medici, within the Villa Borghese, on the Pincio (Pincian Hill) in Rome, Italy. History The Academy was founded at the Palazzo Capranica in 1666 by Louis XIV under the dire ...

at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

and the

. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian

Prosper Mérimée Prosper Mérimée (; 28 September 1803 – 23 September 1870) was a French writer in the movement of Romanticism, one of the pioneers of the novella, a short novel or long short story. He was also a noted archaeologist and historian, an import ...

, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of ''

The Hunchback of Notre-Dame ''The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' (, originally titled ''Notre-Dame de Paris. 1482'') is a French Gothic novel by Victor Hugo, published in 1831. The title refers to the Notre-Dame Cathedral, which features prominently throughout the novel. I ...

'' by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as ''Beaux-Arts'' in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the

architecture of the United States The architecture of the United States demonstrates a broad variety of architectural styles and built forms over the country's history of over two centuries of independence and former Spanish, French, Dutch and British rule. Architecture in th ...

in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir

Edwin Lutyens Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens ( ; 29 March 1869 – 1 January 1944) was an English architect known for imaginatively adapting traditional architectural styles to the requirements of his era. He designed many English country houses, war memorials ...

's New Delhi government buildings.

Training

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial

Roman architecture Ancient Roman architecture adopted the external language of classical ancient Greek architecture for the purposes of the ancient Romans, but was different from Greek buildings, becoming a new architectural style. The two styles are often con ...

between

Augustus Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (), was the founder of the Roman Empire, who reigned as the first Roman emperor from 27 BC until his death in A ...

and the Severan emperors,

Italian Renaissance The Italian Renaissance ( ) was a period in History of Italy, Italian history between the 14th and 16th centuries. The period is known for the initial development of the broader Renaissance culture that spread across Western Europe and marked t ...

, and French and Italian

models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models:

Quattrocento The cultural and artistic events of Italy during the period 1400 to 1499 are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (, , ) from the Italian word for the number 400, in turn from , which is Italian for the year 1400. The Quattrocento encom ...

Florentine

palace A palace is a large residence, often serving as a royal residence or the home for a head of state or another high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome whi ...

fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to

Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...

models, which had a strong local history in the American

Greek Revival Greek Revival architecture is a architectural style, style that began in the middle of the 18th century but which particularly flourished in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, predominantly in northern Europe, the United States, and Canada, ...

of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of ''agrafes'', clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" (''

architecture parlante ''Architecture parlante'' ( French: ) is architecture that explains its own function or identity. The phrase was originally associated with Claude Nicolas Ledoux, and was extended to other Paris-trained architects of the Revolutionary period ...

'') in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the

program Program (American English; also Commonwealth English in terms of computer programming and related activities) or programme (Commonwealth English in all other meanings), programmer, or programming may refer to: Business and management * Program m ...

, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the

Villa Medici The Villa Medici () is a sixteenth-century Italian Mannerist villa and an architectural complex with 7-hectare Italian garden, contiguous with the more extensive Borghese gardens, on the Pincian Hill next to Trinità dei Monti in the historic ...

) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called ''envois de Rome''.

Characteristics

Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and

Rococo Rococo, less commonly Roccoco ( , ; or ), also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpte ...

formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above,

Diana Diana most commonly refers to: * Diana (name), given name (including a list of people with the name) * Diana (mythology), ancient Roman goddess of the hunt and wild animals; later associated with the Moon * Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–1997), ...

grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep

cornice In architecture, a cornice (from the Italian ''cornice'' meaning "ledge") is generally any horizontal decorative Moulding (decorative), moulding that crowns a building or furniture element—for example, the cornice over a door or window, ar ...

s, swags, and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: * Flat roof * Rusticated and raised first story * Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones * Arched windows * Arched and

pediment Pediments are a form of gable in classical architecture, usually of a triangular shape. Pediments are placed above the horizontal structure of the cornice (an elaborated lintel), or entablature if supported by columns.Summerson, 130 In an ...

ed doors * Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to

eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories i ...

; fluency in a number of "manners" * Symmetry * Statuary, sculpture (

bas-relief Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material. The term ''relief'' is from the Latin verb , to raise (). To create a sculpture in relief is to give the impression that th ...

panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building * Classical architectural details:

balustrades A baluster () is an upright support, often a vertical moulded shaft, square, or lathe-turned form found in stairways, parapets, and other architectural features. In furniture construction it is known as a spindle. Common materials used in its c ...

pilasters In architecture, a pilaster is both a load-bearing section of thickened wall or column integrated into a wall, and a purely decorative element in classical architecture which gives the appearance of a supporting column and articulates an ext ...

festoon A festoon (from French ''feston'', Italian ''festone'', from a Late Latin ''festo'', originally a festal garland, Latin ''festum'', feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depicti ...

cartouches file:Birth and Throne cartouches of pharaoh Seti I, from KV17 at the Valley of the Kings, Egypt. Neues Museum.jpg, upalt=A stone face carved with coloured hieroglyphics. Two cartouches - ovoid shapes with hieroglyphics inside - are visible at the ...

acroteria An acroterion, acroterium, (pl. akroteria) is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the ''acroter'' or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed ...

, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (''agrafes''), brackets and supporting consoles * Subtle

polychromy Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery, or sculpture in multiple colors. When looking at artworks and ...

Beaux-Arts architecture by country

Europe

Belgium

File:AfricaMuseum - 2023-02-09 - 03.jpg,

Royal Museum for Central Africa The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) (; ; ), communicating under the name AfricaMuseum since 2018, is an ethnography and natural history museum situated in Tervuren in Flemish Brabant, Belgium, just outside Brussels. It was originally b ...

Tervuren Tervuren (; ) is a municipality in the province of Flemish Brabant, in the Flemish region of Belgium. The municipality comprises the villages of Duisburg, Tervuren proper, Vossem and Moorsel. On 1 January 2006, Tervuren had a total population o ...

File:Arcade du Cinquantenaire (DSCF7405).jpg, Main triumphal arch with the two side buildings of the

Cinquantenaire The Parc du Cinquantenaire (; ) or Jubelpark (; ) is a large public, urban park of in the easternmost part of the Brussels and the European Union, European Quarter in Brussels, Belgium. Most buildings of the U-shaped complex that dominate th ...

/Jubelpark, Brussels File:Eretrap, Koninglijk Paleis.jpg, Grand Staircase of the

Royal Palace of Brussels The Royal Palace of Brussels ( ; ; ) is the official palace of the Monarchy of Belgium, King and Queen of the Belgians in the centre of the nation's capital, Brussels. However, it is not used as a royal residence, as the king and his family l ...

File:Royal Palace Laeken from the Air.jpg, Overview from the Royal Palace of Laeken, Brussels File:Thermen.pano.jpg, Panoramic view of the Royal Galleries of Ostend Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the

, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the

Palace of Laeken The Palace of Laeken or Castle of Laeken (; ; ) is the official residence of the King and Queen of the Belgians and the Belgian royal family. It lies in the Brussels-Capital Region, north of the city centre, in Laeken (part of the City of ...

in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the and as a designer of the

Petit Palais The (; ) is an art museum in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Built for the Exposition Universelle (1900), 1900 Exposition Universelle ("universal exhibition"), it now houses the City of Paris Museum of Fine Arts (''Musée des beaux-arts ...

, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of

Alphonse Balat Alphonse Hubert François Balat (; 15 May 1818 – 16 September 1895) was a Belgian architect. Life Balat was born in Gochenée. He studied at the Academie of Namur and obtained his degree in architecture from the Royal Academy of Fine ...

, he became the new and favourite architect of

Leopold II of Belgium Leopold II (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second king of the Belgians from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State from 1885 to 1908. Born in Brussels as the second but eldest-surviving son of King Leo ...

. Since Leopold was the grandson of

Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, the penultimate monarch of France, and the last French monarch to bear the title "King". He abdicated from his throne ...

of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium

= * 1782:

, Brussels (extensions) * 1880: Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels (complexes and triumphal arch) * 1898:

* 1902–1906: Royal Galleries of Ostend,

Ostend Ostend ( ; ; ; ) is a coastal city and municipality in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke, Raversijde, Stene and Zandvoorde, and the city of Ostend proper – the la ...

(extensions) * 1908: Avenue Molière 177–179 / Avenue Brugmann 176–178, Brussels (a combination of

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau ( ; ; ), Jugendstil and Sezessionstil in German, is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. It was often inspired by natural forms such as the sinuous curves of plants and ...

, Beaux-Arts and

) * 1909: Avenue Molière 193, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 128, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 130, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 132, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 207, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 519, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 305, Brussels

France

File:P1020033 Paris III CNAM Galeries exposition reductwk.JPG, by

(1838–1867) File:Façade de la Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, sud-est.JPG,

Sainte-Geneviève Library Sainte-Geneviève Library (, ) is a university library of the universities of Paris, administered by the Sorbonne-Nouvelle University (a public liberal arts and humanities university) located at 10, place du Panthéon, across the square from ...

, Paris, by

(1844–1850) File:Paris 75005 Grande Galerie de l'Evolution 20070804.jpg, Museum of Natural History, Paris, by

Louis-Jules André Louis-Jules André (; 24 June 1819 – 30 January 1890) was a French academic architect and the head of an important ''atelier'' at the École des Beaux-Arts. Biography Born in Paris, André attended the École des Beaux-Arts and took the P ...

(1877–1889) File:Casino Monaco.jpg,

Monte Carlo Casino The Monte Carlo Casino, officially named Casino de Monte-Carlo, is a gambling and entertainment complex located in Monaco. It includes a casino, the Opéra de Monte-Carlo, and the office of Les Ballets de Monte-Carlo. The Casino de Monte-Carlo ...

Monaco Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco, is a Sovereign state, sovereign city-state and European microstates, microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Regions of Italy, Italian region of Liguria, in Western Europe, ...

, by Jules Dutrou and Charles Garnier (1878–79) File:Main entrance of Grand Palais, Paris July 2014.jpg,

Grand Palais The (; ), commonly known as the , is a historic site, exhibition hall and museum complex located in the 8th arrondissement of Paris between the Champs-Élysées and the Seine, France. Construction of the began in 1897 following the demolitio ...

, Paris (1897–1900) File:Musée d'Orsay, North-West view, Paris 7e 140402.jpg,

Gare d'Orsay The Gare d'Orsay () is a former Paris railway station and hotel, built in 1900 to designs by Victor Laloux, Lucien Magne and Émile Bénard; it served as a terminus for the Chemin de Fer de Paris à Orléans (Paris–Orléans railway). It w ...

, Paris (1900) The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the , architects;

, and

, who had first studied

Roman Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy *Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD *Roman people, the people of Roman civilization *Epistle to the Romans, shortened to Romans, a letter w ...

and

Greek architecture Ancient Greek architecture came from the Greeks, or Hellenes, whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD, w ...

at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic

s, including

French architecture French architecture consists of architectural styles that either originated in France or elsewhere and were developed within the territories of France. History Gallo-Roman The architecture of Ancient Rome at first adopted the external Gre ...

of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the , and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the

(1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and

Court of Cassation A court of cassation is a high-instance court that exists in some judicial systems. Courts of cassation do not re-examine the facts of a case; they only interpret the relevant law. In this, they are appellate courts of the highest instance. In ...

on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the . Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.

Germany

File:Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg,

Bode Museum The Bode Museum (), formerly called the Emperor Frederick Museum (), is a listed building on the Museum Island in the historic centre of Berlin. It was built from 1898 to 1904 by order of German Emperor William II according to plans by Ernst ...

, Berlin File:Hamburg Musikhalle 01 KMJ.jpg,

Laeiszhalle The Laeiszhalle (), formerly Musikhalle, is a concert hall in the Neustadt, Hamburg, Neustadt of Hamburg, Germany, and home to the Hamburger Symphoniker and the Philharmoniker Hamburg. The hall is named after the German shipowning company F. ...

, Hamburg File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg,

Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg The Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg is one of the larger College or university school of music, universities of music in Germany. It was founded in 1950 as ''Staatliche Hochschule für Musik'' (Public college of music) on the base of t ...

, Hamburg Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with

Baroque Revival architecture The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany), was an architectural style of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term is used to describe architecture and architectu ...

. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of

Prussia Prussia (; ; Old Prussian: ''Prūsija'') was a Germans, German state centred on the North European Plain that originated from the 1525 secularization of the Prussia (region), Prussian part of the State of the Teutonic Order. For centuries, ...

during the

German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...

. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the

in Berlin, and the

and

in Hamburg.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany

= * 1898–1904:

, Berlin * 1904–1908:

, Hamburg * 1888–1913:

, Hamburg

Hungary

File:Nyugati pályaudvar, Budapest.jpg, Budapest Nyugati station,

Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...

File:Budapest Széchenyi Baths R02.jpg, Széchenyi Medicinal Bath, Budapest

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary

= * 1875–1877: Budapest Nyugati station,

* 1913: Széchenyi thermal bath, Budapest

Italy

File:MergellinaHotelExcelsiorNaples3.jpg, Hotel Excelsior, Naples File:Palazzo Broggi - ora sede di Starbuck's Reserve Roastery.jpg, Palazzo Broggi, Milan File:Grand Hotel Tremezzo on Lake Como (Lago di Como).JPG , Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Como Lake File:Hotel Gallia Milano.jpg , Hotel Gallia, Milan File:Banca_Carige_Piazza_Ferrari_Genoa_Italy_Sep23_A7C_06610.jpg , Genoa Stock Exchange, Genoa File:Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg , Palace of Justice, Rome File:Palazzo_Meroni,_Corso_di_Porta_Romana_2,_Milano,_veduta_generale.jpg , Palazzo Meroni, Milan File:Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees - panoramio (1).jpg , Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees, Stresa, Maggiore Lake File:On_the_way_to_Via_Vittorio_Veneto_-_panoramio.jpg , The Westin Excelsior, Rome File:Teatro_Bellini_(Catania).jpg , Teatro Bellini, Catania

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy

= * 1908: Hotel Excelsior,

Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...

* 1890: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele III,

Napoli Naples ( ; ; ) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its province-level municipality is the thir ...

* 1894: Palazzo delle Poste,

Trieste Trieste ( , ; ) is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is the capital and largest city of the Regions of Italy#Autonomous regions with special statute, autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, as well as of the Province of Trieste, ...

* 1897: Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali,

Milano Milan ( , , ; ) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, the largest city in Italy by urban area and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of nearly 1.4 million, while i ...

* 1901: Palazzo Broggi (ex Poste),

* 1911: Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana,

* 1912: Palazzo della Borsa Valori,

Genova Genoa ( ; ; ) is a city in and the capital of the Italian region of Liguria, and the sixth-largest city in Italy. As of 2025, 563,947 people live within the city's administrative limits. While its metropolitan city has 818,651 inhabitants ...

* 1912: Palazzo delle Poste,

Livorno Livorno () is a port city on the Ligurian Sea on the western coast of the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 152,916 residents as of 2025. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn ...

* 1912: Palazzo della Camera di Commercio,

Taranto Taranto (; ; previously called Tarent in English) is a coastal city in Apulia, Southern Italy. It is the capital of the province of Taranto, serving as an important commercial port as well as the main Italian naval base. Founded by Spartans ...

* 1913: Palazzo della Cassa di Risparmio,

Ravenna Ravenna ( ; , also ; ) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy. It was the capital city of the Western Roman Empire during the 5th century until its Fall of Rome, collapse in 476, after which ...

* 1914-1926: Palazzo Meroni,

* 1920: Palazzo delle Poste,

Palermo Palermo ( ; ; , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital (political), capital of both the autonomous area, autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The ...

* 1927: Palazzo della Banca d’Italia,

Verona Verona ( ; ; or ) is a city on the Adige, River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 255,131 inhabitants. It is one of the seven provincial capitals of the region, and is the largest city Comune, municipality in the region and in Northeast Italy, nor ...

* 1931: Stazione Centrale,

* 1933: Palazzo delle Poste,

La Spezia La Spezia (, or ; ; , in the local ) is the capital city of the province of La Spezia and is located at the head of the Gulf of La Spezia in the southern part of the Liguria region of Italy. La Spezia is the second-largest city in the Liguria ...

* 1936: Palazzo della Provincia,

Bari Bari ( ; ; ; ) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia Regions of Italy, region, on the Adriatic Sea in southern Italy. It is the first most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy. It is a port and ...

HOTELS * 1863: Grand Hotel des Iles Borromées,

Stresa Stresa is a ''comune'' (municipality) of about 4,600 residents on the shores of Lake Maggiore in the province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, in the Italian region of Piedmont. about northwest of Milan. It is situated on road and rail routes to the Sim ...

* 1894: Grand Hotel Villa d’Este,

Cernobbio Cernobbio (Comasco: ) is a ''comune'' (municipality) in the province of Como, Lombardy, northern Italy. It is located about north of Milan and about northwest of Como, on the border with Switzerland and near Lake Como. The highest peak is the ...

* 1898: Grand Hotel des Bains,

Venezia Venice ( ; ; , formerly ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto Regions of Italy, region. It is built on a group of 118 islands that are separated by expanses of open water and by canals; portions of the city are li ...

* 1899: Grand Hotel Excelsior Vittoria,

Sorrento Sorrento ( , ; ; ) is a City status in Italy, city and overlooking the Gulf of Naples, Bay of Naples in Southern Italy. A popular tourist destination, Sorrento is located on the Sorrentine Peninsula at the southern terminus of a main branch o ...

* 1901: Grand Hotel Majestic (già Baglioni),

Bologna Bologna ( , , ; ; ) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in northern Italy. It is the List of cities in Italy, seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities. Its M ...

* 1906: Grand Hotel Tremezzo,

Tremezzo Tremezzo is a ''comune'' (or municipality) of some 1,300 people in the Province of Como, in the Italy, Italian region Lombardy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). It is located on the western sho ...

* 1906: The Welstin Excelsior,

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

* 1908: Grand Hotel Excelsior,

* 1910: Grand Hotel et de Milan,

* 1913: Hotel Villa Igea (già Grand Hotel Villa Igiea),

* 1914: Hotel Danieli (ristrutturazione in stile),

* 1925: Excelsior Hotel Gallia,

Netherlands

File:Prentbriefkaart Plan C met de Oudehavenkade, de Oude Haven en een boot 1900.jpg, Plan C, Rotterdam File:Amsterdam, Blauwbrug in 2007.jpg, Blauwbrug, Amsterdam File:Brug246.jpg, Hogesluis, Amsterdam File:Rotterdam regentessebrug.jpg, Regentessebrug, Rotterdam File:513763 Stadhuis.jpg, City hall, Rotterdam File:Rotterdam coolsingel42.jpg, Former General Post Office, Rotterdam File:Vredespaleis foto 1.JPG, Peace Palace, The Hague Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , ; ; ) is the second-largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, part of the North S ...

, Amsterdam and

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

= Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands

= * 1880–1889: (destroyed during the

German bombing of Rotterdam In 1940, Rotterdam was subjected to heavy aerial bombardment by the ''Luftwaffe'' during the German invasion of the Netherlands during the Second World War. The objective was to support the German troops fighting in the city, break Dutch resi ...

in 1940) * 1883:

Blauwbrug The Blauwbrug (English: Blue bridge) is a historic bridge in Amsterdam, Netherlands over the river Amstel. It connects the Rembrandtplein area with the Waterlooplein area, and lies south to the Stopera. The bridge owes its name to a wooden " ...

, Amsterdam * 1883: , Amsterdam * 1898: , Rotterdam * 1914–1920:

Rotterdam City Hall Rotterdam City Hall was built between 1914 and 1920 by . It is one of the few buildings in the center of Rotterdam that survived the bombing of May 14, 1940. Since 10 October 2000 it has been recognized as a Rijksmonument. History Rotterdam's fir ...

(partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) * 1915–1923: Former (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) * 1907–1913:

Peace Palace The Peace Palace ( ; ) is an international law administrative building in The Hague, Netherlands. It houses the International Court of Justice (which is the principal judicial body of the United Nations), the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PC ...

, The Hague

Portugal

File:01 Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, n.º 25, Lisboa.jpg, Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon File:Av de República n 23 -Lisboa1923.jpg, Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon File:Office de l’assistance contre le tuberculose (Lisbonne).jpg, Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon File:OrdemEngenheirosSede.JPG, Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal

= * 1909–1911: Building on Rua ,

Lisbon Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...

* 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon * 1913: , Lisbon * Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon

Romania

Biblioteca Central de la Universidad de Bucarest, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 71.jpg, Central University Library on

Calea Victoriei Calea Victoriei (''Victory Avenue'') is a major avenue in central Bucharest. Situated in Sector 1, and having a length of , it leads from (which runs parallel to the Dâmbovița River) to the north and then northwest up to Piața Victoriei, w ...

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...

, 1891–1895, by Paul Gottereau Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg,

CEC Palace The CEC Palace () in Bucharest, Romania, built between 8 June 1897 and 1900, and situated on Calea Victoriei opposite the National Museum of Romanian History, is the headquarters of CEC Bank. History Before the construction of the palace, the l ...

on Calea Victoriei, 1897–1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and Ion Socolescu (construction) The Cantacuzino Palace from Bucharest (Romania).jpg, Cantacuzino Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1898–1906, by Ion D. Berindey Palatul Constantin Mihail, (azi Muzeul de Artă) vedere centrală.JPG, Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the Craiova Art Museum),

Craiova Craiova (, also , ) is the largest city in southwestern Romania, List of Romanian cities, the seventh largest city in the country and the capital of Dolj County, situated near the east bank of the river Jiu River, Jiu in central Oltenia. It i ...

, 1898–1907, by Paul Gottereau 13 Strada Silvestru, Bucharest (01).jpg, Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, 1900, unknown architect Casa Assan 1.jpg, Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by Ion D. Berindey In the

Romanian Old Kingdom The Romanian Old Kingdom ( or just ''Regat''; or ) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia. The union of the ...

, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and

Iași Iași ( , , ; also known by other #Etymology and names, alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy ( , ), is the Cities in Romania, third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County. Located in the historical ...

, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like

Caracal The caracal (''Caracal caracal'') () is a medium-sized Felidae, wild cat native to Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and arid areas of Pakistan and northwestern India. It is characterised by a robust build, long legs, a short face, long ...

Râmnicu Vâlcea Râmnicu Vâlcea (formerly ''Râmnic'', ) is a city in Romania. Located in the south-central part of the country, in the historical province of Oltenia, it is the seat of Vâlcea County and its main urban settlement. According to the 2021 Romanian ...

Pitești Pitești () is a city in Romania, located on the river Argeș (river), Argeș. The capital and largest city of Argeș County, it is an important commercial and industrial center, as well as the home of two universities. Pitești is situated in th ...

Ploiești Ploiești ( , , ), formerly spelled Ploești, is a Municipiu, city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania. Part of the historical region of Muntenia, it is located north of Bucharest. The area of Ploiești is around , and it borders the Ble ...

Buzău Buzău (; formerly spelled ''Buzeu'' or ''Buzĕu'') is a city in the historical region of Muntenia, Romania, and the county seat of Buzău County. It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River, between the south-eastern curvature of the Carp ...

Botoșani Botoșani () is the capital city of Botoșani County, in the northern part of Moldavia, Romania. Today, it is best known as the birthplace of many celebrated Romanians, including Mihai Eminescu, Nicolae Iorga and Grigore Antipa. Origin of the ...

Piatra Neamț Piatra Neamț (; ; ) is the capital city of Neamț County, in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in northeastern Romania. Because of its very privileged location in the Divisions of the Carpathians, Eastern Carpathian mountains, it is con ...

, etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes.

Spain

File:Estación del Norte.jpg, Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995) File:Hotel Santo Mauro (Madrid) 01.jpg, Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid File:Casino de Madrid (España) 05.jpg, Casino de Madrid File:Edificio Metrópolis (Madrid) 25.jpg, Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid File:Casa Reynot (Madrid) 02.jpg, Casa Reynot, Madrid File:Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial (Madrid) 01.jpg, Gran Vía 24, Madrid File:Viviendas para el Marqués de Encinares (Madrid, 1923) 02.jpg, Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid File:Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete (Madrid) 01.jpg, Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid File:Centro de Humanidades del CSIC (Madrid) 01.jpg, Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid File:Calle Mayor nº 6 (Madrid) 01.jpg, Calle Mayor 6, Madrid File:Cuartel General de la Armada.jpg, Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid File:Edificiocoruña.png, Casa Cortés, Corunna

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain

= *1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena *1876–1882:

North Station North Station is a commuter rail and intercity rail terminal station in Boston, Massachusetts. It is served by four MBTA Commuter Rail lines – the Fitchburg Line, Haverhill Line, Lowell Line, and Newburyport/Rockport Line – and the Amtr ...

, Madrid *1981: Casa Resines,

Valladolid Valladolid ( ; ) is a Municipalities of Spain, municipality in Spain and the primary seat of government and ''de facto'' capital of the Autonomous communities of Spain, autonomous community of Castile and León. It is also the capital of the pr ...

*1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid *1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid *1905–1910: Casino de Madrid *1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid *1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid *1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid *1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid *1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid *1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid *1922: Former Humanities Center of the

Spanish National Research Council The Spanish National Research Council (, CSIC) is the largest public institution dedicated to research in Spain and the third largest in Europe. Its main objective is to develop and promote research that will help bring about scientific and techn ...

, Madrid *1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid *1915–1928:

North America

Canada

File:Montreal City Hall from Vauquelin Square.jpg,

Montreal City Hall The five-story Montreal City Hall (, ) is the seat of local government in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It was designed by architects Henri-Maurice Perrault and Alexander Cowper Hutchison, and built between 1872 and 1878 in the Second Empire (archit ...

, Montreal File:Government Conference Centre.jpg,

Senate of Canada Building The Senate of Canada Building () is a government building and former railway station that serves as the temporary seat of the Senate of Canada. Located at 2 Rideau Street in downtown Ottawa, it was known as Ottawa Union Station and served as th ...

, Ottawa File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg,

Alberta Legislature Building The Alberta Legislature Building, located in Edmonton, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and the Executive Council of Alberta. It is often shortened to "the Ledge". The Alberta Legislature Building is at 10801 97 Ave ...

, Edmonton File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg,

Manitoba Legislative Building The Manitoba Legislative Building (), originally named the Manitoba Parliament Building, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, located in central Winnipeg, as well as being the twelfth provincial heritage site of Manitoba.< ...

, Winnipeg File:Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto.jpg,

Hockey Hall of Fame The Hockey Hall of Fame () is a museum and hall of fame located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League (NHL) records, memorabilia and National Hockey Le ...

, Toronto Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three

prairie provinces The Canadian Prairies (usually referred to as simply the Prairies in Canada) is a region in Western Canada. It includes the Canadian portion of the Great Plains and the Prairie provinces, namely Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. These provin ...

' legislative buildings are in this style.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada

= *1885:

(formerly a branch of the

Bank of Montreal The Bank of Montreal (, ), abbreviated as BMO (pronounced ), is a Canadian multinational Investment banking, investment bank and financial services company. The bank was founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1817 as Montreal Bank, making it Canada ...

Toronto Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...

*1898: London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal *1903: Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building *1905: Alden Hall, Meadville *1906: Toronto Power Generating Station *1907:

Royal Alexandra Theatre The Royal Alexandra Theatre, commonly known as the Royal Alex, is an historic performing arts theatre in Toronto, Ontario. The theatre is located at 260 King Street West, in the downtown Toronto Entertainment District. Owned and operated by Mir ...

, Toronto *1909: Linton Apartments, Montreal *1910:

Gilles Hocquart Building The Gilles Hocquart building is at 535 Viger Avenue East in the Quartier Latin of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. This building was named in honor of Gilles Hocquart, fourteenth Intendant of New France who played an important role in safeguardin ...

(originally the École des Hautes études commerciales), Montreal *1912:

Sun Tower The Sun Tower is a 17 storey Beaux-Arts building at 128 West Pender Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was known for its faux-patina steel dome painted to imitate copper cladding. In early February 2021 a newly finished roof clad in real ...

, Vancouver *1912:

Montreal Museum of Fine Arts The Montreal Museum of Fine Arts (MMFA) is an art museum in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the largest art museum in Canada by gallery space. The museum is located on the historic Golden Square Mile stretch of Sherbrooke Street west. The MMFA ...

, Montreal *1912:

(originally a railway station by

Ross and Macdonald Ross and Macdonald was one of Canada's most notable architecture firms in the early 20th century. Based in Montreal, Quebec, the firm originally operated as a partnership between George Allen Ross and David MacFarlane (known as Ross and MacFarla ...

), Ottawa *1912:

Saskatchewan Legislative Building The Saskatchewan Legislative Building is located in Regina, Saskatchewan, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, and houses the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan. History The Saskatchewan Legislative Building was built between 1908 and 1912 in the Be ...

, Regina *1913:

Alberta Legislative Building The Alberta Legislature Building, located in Edmonton, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and the Executive Council of Alberta. It is often shortened to "the Ledge". The Alberta Legislature Building is at 10801 97 Ave ...

, Edmonton *1913–1920:

Union Station A union station, union terminal, joint station, or joint-use station is a railway station at which the tracks and facilities are shared by two or more separate railway company, railway companies, allowing passengers to connect conveniently bet ...

, Toronto *1913–1931:

Sun Life Building The Sun Life Building is a historic , 24-storey office building at 1155 Metcalfe Street on Dorchester Square in the city's downtown core of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The building was completed in 1931 after three stages of construction. It was b ...

, Montreal *1920:

, Winnipeg *1920: Millennium Centre, Winnipeg *1923: Commemorative Arch,

Royal Military College of Canada The Royal Military College of Canada (), abbreviated in English as RMC and in French as CMR, is a Military academy#Canada, military academy and, since 1959, a List of universities in Canada#Ontario, degree-granting university of the Canadian ...

Kingston, Ontario Kingston is a city in Ontario, Canada, on the northeastern end of Lake Ontario. It is at the beginning of the St. Lawrence River and at the mouth of the Cataraqui River, the south end of the Rideau Canal. Kingston is near the Thousand Islands, ...

*1923–1924: Bank of Nova Scotia, Ottawa *1924–2017: Former

Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay is a former courthouse built in 1924 by Chief Architect for Ontario Francis R. Heakes. The simple Beaux-Arts building served as a courthouse from 1924 to 2014. The Superior Court of Justice (277 ...

*1927:

, Toronto *1930: Dominion Square Building, Montreal *1931: Canada Life Building, Toronto *1932: Mount Royal Chalet, Montreal *1932: Indigenous Peoples Space, Ottawa (formerly the United States Embassy) *1935:

Dominion Public Building The Dominion Public Building is a five-storey Beaux-Arts neoclassical office building built between 1926 and 1935 for the government of Canada at southeast corner of Front and Bay streets in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The building was designe ...

, Toronto

=Beaux-Arts architects in Canada

= *

William Sutherland Maxwell William Sutherland Maxwell (November 14, 1874 – March 25, 1952) was a Canadian architect and a Hand of the Cause in the Baháʼí Faith. He was born in Montreal, Quebec, to parents Edward John Maxwell and Johan MacBean. Life and career Educat ...

John M. Lyle John MacIntosh Lyle (13 November 1872 – 20 December 1945) was an Irish-Canadian architect, designer, urban planner, and teacher active in the late 19th century and into the first half of the 20th century. He was a leading Canadian architect i ...

* Sproatt & Rolph * Pearson and Darling *

Ernest Cormier Ernest Cormier (December 5, 1885 – January 1, 1980) was a Canadian engineer and architect. He spent much of his career in the Montreal area, designing notable examples of Art Deco architecture, including the Université de Montréal ...

E.J. Lennox Edward James Lennox (September 12, 1854 – April 15, 1933) was a Toronto-based architect who designed several of the city's most notable landmarks in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, including Old City Hall (Toronto), Old City ...

Mexico

File:ASb241-Na ulicach centrum Mwxico City.jpg, La Mexicana Building,
Mexico City (1907) File:La Presidencia de Chihuahua.jpg, City Hall of Chihuahua,
Chihuahua City (1907) File:EntranceHidalgoMkt.JPG, Hidalgo Market,
Guanajuato City (1910) File:Colegio Militar 2012-09-27 02-01-43.jpg, Former Military Academy,
Mexico City (1910) File:Paseo de Montejo, Merida Yucatan Mexico 02.jpg, Cantón Palace,
Mérida (1911) Beaux-Arts was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the ''

científico The (from Spanish language, Spanish: "scientists" or "those scientifically oriented") were a circle of Technocracy (bureaucratic), technocratic advisors to President of Mexico Porfirio Díaz. Steeped in the Positivism (philosophy), positivist " ...

s'' of the

Porfiriato The Porfiriato or Porfirismo (, ), coined by Mexican historian Daniel Cosío Villegas, is a term given to the period when General Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico under an Authoritarianism, authoritarian military dictatorship in the late 19th and e ...

. The

Academy of San Carlos An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the ...

had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta, Alfred Giles, and

Antonio Rivas Mercado Antonio Rivas Mercado (26 February 1853 – 3 January 1927) was a Mexican architect, engineer and restorer. He is considered the preeminent Mexican architect of the late 19th century and early 20th century. His most famous project was the desig ...

(the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as the director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912. Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context. Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, ''Eléments et théorie de l'architecture'' from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico. The style lost popularity following the

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution () was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It saw the destruction of the Federal Army, its ...

(beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture, the style has influenced

New Classical New classical macroeconomics, sometimes simply called new classical economics, is a school of thought in macroeconomics that builds its analysis entirely on a neoclassical economics, neoclassical framework. Specifically, it emphasizes the import ...

architect Jorge Loyzaga.

United States

Flickr - USCapitol - Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building (1).jpg, The

Thomas Jefferson Building The Thomas Jefferson Building, also known as the Main Library, is the oldest of the Library of Congress buildings in Washington, D.C. Built between 1890 and 1897, it was initially known as the Library of Congress Building. In 1980, the building ...

of the

Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the United States Congress and the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It also administers Copyright law o ...

, Washington, D.C., by John L. Smithmeyer, Paul J. Pelz, and Edward Pearce Casey (1897) View of the Willard Hotel from Pershing Park, Washington, D.C LCCN2011634832.tif, The

Willard Hotel The Willard InterContinental Washington, commonly known as the Willard Hotel, is a historic luxury Beaux-Arts hotel located at 1401 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Downtown Washington, D.C. It is currently a member of Historic Hotels of America, th ...

, Washington, D.C., by

Henry Janeway Hardenbergh Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (February 6, 1847 – March 13, 1918) was an American architect, best known for his hotels and apartment buildings, and as a "master of a new building form — the skyscraper." He worked three times with Edward Clark, ...

(1901) Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG, Facade of the

Metropolitan Museum of Art The Metropolitan Museum of Art, colloquially referred to as the Met, is an Encyclopedic museum, encyclopedic art museum in New York City. By floor area, it is the List of largest museums, third-largest museum in the world and the List of larg ...

, New York City, by

Richard Morris Hunt Richard Morris Hunt (October 31, 1827 – July 31, 1895) was an American architect of the nineteenth century and an eminent figure in the history of architecture of the United States. He helped shape New York City with his designs for the 1902 ...

(1902) Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg,

Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal station, terminal located at 42nd Street (Manhattan), 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York Ci ...

(1913), New York City NewYorkPublicLibrary.jpg, The

New York Public Library Main Branch The Stephen A. Schwarzman Building (commonly known as the Main Branch, the 42nd Street Library, or just the New York Public Library) is the flagship building in the New York Public Library system in the Midtown Manhattan, Midtown neighborhood ...

Bryant Park Bryant Park is a , privately managed public park in the New York City borough (New York City), borough of Manhattan. It is located between Fifth Avenue and Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and between 40th Street (Manhattan), 40th and 42 ...

, New York City, by architects

Carrère and Hastings Carrère and Hastings, the firm of John Merven Carrère ( ; November 9, 1858 – March 1, 1911) and Thomas Hastings (architect), Thomas Hastings (March 11, 1860 – October 22, 1929), was an American list of architecture firms, architecture firm ...

(1911) SFOperaHouse.jpg, The

San Francisco War Memorial Opera House The War Memorial Opera House is an opera house in San Francisco, California, United States, located on the western side of Van Ness Avenue across from the west side/rear facade of the San Francisco City Hall. It is part of the San Francisco ...

by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932) Palace horticulture 01.jpg, The Palace of Horticulture from the

Panama–Pacific International Exposition The Panama–Pacific International Exposition was a world's fair held in San Francisco, California, United States, from February 20 to December 4, 1915. Its stated purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal, but it was widely s ...

in San Francisco by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916) Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the , including

Henry Hobson Richardson Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA (September 29, 1838 – April 27, 1886) was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one ...

John Galen Howard John Galen Howard (May 8, 1864 – July 18, 1931) was an American architect and educator who began his career in New York before moving to California. He was the principal architect at several firms in both states and employed Julia Morgan early ...

Daniel Burnham Daniel Hudson Burnham (September 4, 1846 – June 1, 1912) was an American architect and urban designer. A proponent of the ''Beaux-Arts architecture, Beaux-Arts'' movement, he may have been "the most successful power broker the American archi ...

, and

Louis Sullivan Louis Henry Sullivan (September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924) was an American architect, and has been called a "father of skyscrapers" and "father of modernism". He was an influential architect of the Chicago school (architecture), Chicago ...

. The first American architect to attend the was

, between 1846 and 1855, followed by

in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style (

Richardsonian Romanesque Richardsonian Romanesque is a architectural style, style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886). The revivalism (architecture), revival style incorporates 11th- and 12th-century ...

) freed of historicism that was influential in early Modernism. The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at Columbia University, the University of Pennsylvania, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in the United States

= Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably: Columbia University (commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White; the University of California, Berkeley (commissioned in 1898), designed by

; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth; Emory University and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret. While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The

in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands, Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads. Chicago's Chicago Union Station, Union Station, Detroit's Michigan Central Station, Prime F. Osborn III Convention Center, Jacksonville's Union Terminal,

and Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963), the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington Union Station, Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style. Cincinnati has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota. Minneapolis' Basilica of Saint Mary (Minneapolis), Basilica of St. Mary, the first basilica constructed and consecrated in the United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul, Minnesota, Saint Paul, construction of the massive Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, Masqueray-designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota), Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as Cathedral of Saint Paul (Minnesota), National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches. Other examples include the New York Public Library Main Branch, main branch of the New York Public Library; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.

= Beaux-Arts architects in the United States

= In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of the , are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: * Otto Eugene Adams * William A. Boring * William W. Bosworth * Arthur Brown Jr. *

* James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. * Paul Philippe Cret * Edward Emmett Dougherty * Douglas Ellington * Ernest Flagg * Robert W. Gibson * C. P. H. Gilbert * Cass Gilbert * Philip L. Goodwin * Thomas Hastings (architect), Thomas Hastings * Raymond Hood * Henry Hornbostel *

* Albert Kahn (architect), Albert Kahn * Charles Klauder * Ellamae Ellis League * Electus D. Litchfield * Austin W. Lord * Emmanuel Louis Masqueray * William Rutherford Mead * Julia Morgan * Charles Follen McKim * Harry B. Mulliken * Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison * Henry Orth * Theodore Wells Pietsch I * Willis Polk * John Russell Pope * Reed and Stem * Arthur W. Rice, Arthur Wallace Rice *

* Francis Palmer Smith *

* Edward Lippincott Tilton * Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout * Horace Trumbauer * Enock Hill Turnock * Whitney Warren * Stanford White Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.

South America

Argentina

File:Aguas Corrientes-2011-TM.jpg, Palacio de Aguas Corrientes, Palace of Running Waters, Buenos Aires File:Fachada_del_Teatro_Colón_en_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg, Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires File:Congreso Nacional Buenos Aires.jpg, Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires File:Buenos_Aires_Centrum_Kirchner.jpg, Libertad Palace, Buenos Aires File:J31_597_Bf_Retiro_Mitre.jpg, Retiro Mitre railway station, Buenos Aires File:Casa de gobierno - panoramio (1).jpg, Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán File:Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires.jpg, Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires File:Bolsa_de_Comercio_Rosario.jpg, Rosario Board of Trade, Rosario From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.''Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture'', Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186
/ref>

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina

= *1877–1894: Palacio de Aguas Corrientes, Palace of Running Waters, Buenos Aires *1883–1887: Unzué Palace, Buenos Aires *1889–1908: Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires *1889: (Argentine pavilion from the 1889 Paris ), taken down and reconstructed in Buenos Aires (demolished in 1932) *1890: , Mar del Plata (the train station was closed in 1949, and was later damaged by fire. Although it was renovated, it is today much less adorned) *1894–1898: Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires *1898–1906: Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: , Mar del Plata (burned down in 1961) *1908–1928: Libertad Palace, Buenos Aires *1926–1931: Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán *1924–1929: Estrugamou Building, Buenos Aires

=Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina

= * Alejandro Bustillo * Julio Dormal * Gainza y Agote * Alejandro Christophersen * Eduardo Le Monnier * (later an exponent of rationalism) * Paul Pater * * * Carlos Thays (landscape architect)

Brazil

File:Casa Lebre - Vincenzo Pastore.jpg, Casa Lebre, São Paulo File:Casa Caetano de Campos, 02.JPG, Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo File:101 2886-RK-Palácio Campos Eliseos- jardim -SP.jpg, Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg, Municipal Theater of São Paulo File:At Santos, Brazil 2017 380.jpg, Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos File:Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara 09.jpg, Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo File:Image001 Anhangabau.jpg, Prates Mansions, São Paulo File:Palácio Tiradentes 2.JPG, Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro File:Palacete Helvetia 11.jpg, Helvetia Palace, São Paulo File:Edifício Alexandre Mackenzie 34.jpg, Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil

= * 1858: , São Paulo * 1890–1894: , São Paulo * 1896–1899: * 1903–1911: Theatro Municipal (São Paulo), Municipal Theater of São Paulo * 1909: , Santos, São Paulo * 1910: , São Paulo * 1911: * 1922–1926: Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro * 1923: , São Paulo * 1926–1929: Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo * Artemis Hotel, São Paulo * Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo * Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo * Mococa Building, São Paulo

Colombia

File:Av. Jiménez Palacio de San Francisco.JPG, Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg, Capitolio nacional, Bogotá File:Palacio Echeverry 1.jpg, Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá File:Nariño BOGOTÁ - COLOMBIA.jpg, Casa de Nariño, Bogotá File:Bogotá Museo de la Policía.JPG, Museo de la Policía, Bogotá File:TeatroColon.jpg, Teatro Colón, Bogotá File:Bquilla - 17 ago 2007 200.jpg, Banco Dugand, Barranquilla File:Barranquilla Edificio Administración Aduana.jpg, Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

Peru

File:Club Nacional en Lima.JPG, Club Nacional, Lima File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg, Edificio Rímac, Lima File:Palacio Legislativo of Peru.jpg, Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru

= *1855: Club Nacional (Peru), Club Nacional, Lima *1906–1939: Legislative Palace (Peru), Legislative Palace, Lima *1919–1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima

Africa

Mozambique

File:Mercado Municipal (4107187974).jpg, Mercado Municipal, Maputo File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 8 6 - Casa Benoliel.jpg, Banco da Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 14 11 - Casa Infante de Sagres vista do Chiveve.jpg, Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 4 55 - Edificio do Almoxarifado.jpg, Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 34 - Escola de Artes e Ofícios.jpg, Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 46 - Grémio dos Empregados da Companhia de Moçambique.jpg, Palácio dos Desportos, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 50 - Edifício do Standard Bank.jpg, Standard Bank Building, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 22 - Edifício do Tribunal.jpg, Tribunal da Beira

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique

= * 1901?: Municipal Market, Maputo * 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo * Banco da Beira, Beira, Mozambique, Beira * Casa Ana, Beira * Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira * Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira * Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira * Palácio dos Desportos, Beira * Standard Bank Building, Beira * Tribunal da Beira

Asia

Japan

File:Kobe yusen bld02 1920.jpg, Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe File:Mitsui Main Building 2009.jpg, Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo File:Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2016.jpg, Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan

= *1918: Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe *1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo *1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo * Yokohama Yusen Building

Philippines

File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg, Legislative building File:China Banking Corporation Building (Binondo).jpg, China bank Manila File:Regina Building Main Corner Facade.jpg, Regina Building, Manila File:Thomasian.jpg, University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila File:Nelly Garden.jpg, Lopez Mansion Iloilo File:0235jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 02.JPG, Calvo Building, Manila File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg, Cebu Capitol File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg, El Hogar File:Mailajf9457 26.JPG, Don Roman Santos Building

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines

= *1911: Nurse's home, Philippine General Hospital *1914: El Hogar Filipino Building, Escolta, Manila *1915: Regina Building, Escolta, Manila *1916: Aduana de Iloilo *1919: Jones Bridge, Ermita, Manila, Ermita and Binondo, Manila *1919: Grand Cafe building Manila *1919: Luneta Hotel, Ermita, Manila *1920: St. La Salle Hall *1924–1927: University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Sampaloc, Manila *1928: Lopez Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo City *1928: Natividad Building, Escolta, Manila *1937: Lizares Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo City *1938: Calvo Building, Escolta, Manila *Juan Luna Building * Natalio Enriquez Mansion, Sariaya, Quezon * Filipinas Insurance co. building * National Museum of Anthropology (Manila) * National Museum of Natural History (Manila) * Manila City Hall * Manila Post office * Lingayen, Lingayen capitol * Negros Occidental, Negros Occidental capitol * Philippine General Hospital * Philippine Women's University * Batangas capitol * Sorsogon provincial capitol * Rizal Hall Manila * Casa Boix, Quiapo, Manila * Trinidad ancestral house, Iba, Zambales * Gawas harigi house, Carigara, Leyte

Oceania

Australia

File:Melbourne Flinders St. Station.jpg, Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne File:Perth CBD 200520 gnangarra-111.jpg, General Post Office, Perth File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Sydney-1.jpg, State Savings Bank building, Sydney File:Bank of New South Wales building seen from Reddacliff Place, Brisbane.jpg, Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia

= *1900–1910: Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne *1914–1923: General Post Office, Perth, General Post Office building, Forrest Place, Perth *1916: Perpetual Trustee Company Limited, Hunter Street, Sydney *1917: Former Mail Exchange Building, Melbourne *1920: National Theatre, Melbourne *1925–1928: State Savings Bank building, Commonwealth Bank building, Martin Place, Sydney *1926: Argus Building, La Trobe Street, Melbourne *1927: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy, Melbourne *1928–1930: Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane, Bank of New South Wales building, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane *1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne *1928: Herald & Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne *1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth

New Zealand

File:Auckland Old Railway Station.jpg, Former Auckland railway station, Auckland

= Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand

= *1928–1930: Auckland railway station, Auckland

References

Bibliography

* *a ddi

External links

New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery

* [http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Hallidie_Building.html Hallidie Building] {{DEFAULTSORT:Beaux-Arts Architecture Beaux-Arts architecture, Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical movements Revival architectural styles 19th-century architectural styles 20th-century architectural styles

History

Training

Characteristics

Beaux-Arts architecture by country

Europe

Belgium

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium

France

Germany

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany

Hungary

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary

Italy

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy

Netherlands

= Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands

Portugal

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal

Romania

Spain

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain

North America

Canada

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada

=Beaux-Arts architects in Canada

Mexico

United States

= Beaux-Arts buildings in the United States

= Beaux-Arts architects in the United States

South America

Argentina

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina

=Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina

Brazil

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil

Colombia

Peru

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru

Africa

Mozambique

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique

Asia

Japan

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan

Philippines

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines

Oceania

Australia

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia

New Zealand

= Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand

See also

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links