Beaux-Arts architecture ( , ) was the academic architectural style taught at the in Paris, particularly from the 1830s to the end of the 19th century. It drew upon the principles of French neoclassicism, but also incorporated

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) is a Periodization, period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries. It marked the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and was characterized by an effort to revive and sur ...

and

Baroque The Baroque ( , , ) is a Western Style (visual arts), style of Baroque architecture, architecture, Baroque music, music, Baroque dance, dance, Baroque painting, painting, Baroque sculpture, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from ...

elements, and used modern materials, such as iron and glass, and later, steel. It was an important style and enormous influence in Europe and the Americas through the end of the 19th century, and into the 20th, particularly for institutional and public buildings.

History

The Beaux-Arts style evolved from the French classicism of the Style Louis XIV, and then French neoclassicism beginning with Style Louis XV and Style Louis XVI. French architectural styles before the French Revolution were governed by Académie royale d'architecture (1671–1793), then, following the French Revolution, by the Architecture section of the . The academy held the competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture, which offered prize winners a chance to study the classical architecture of antiquity in Rome. The formal neoclassicism of the old regime was challenged by four teachers at the academy, Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Léon Vaudoyer, who had studied at the French Academy in Rome at the end of the 1820s. They wanted to break away from the strict formality of the old style by introducing new models of architecture from the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the 5th to the late 15th centuries, similarly to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and ...

and the

. Their goal was to create an authentic French style based on French models. Their work was aided beginning in 1837 by the creation of the Commission of Historic Monuments, headed by the writer and historian Prosper Mérimée, and by the great interest in the Middle Ages caused by the publication in 1831 of '' The Hunchback of Notre-Dame'' by Victor Hugo. Their declared intention was to "imprint upon our architecture a truly national character." The style referred to as ''Beaux-Arts'' in English reached the apex of its development during the Second Empire (1852–1870) and the Third Republic that followed. The style of instruction that produced Beaux-Arts architecture continued without major interruption until 1968. The Beaux-Arts style heavily influenced the architecture of the United States in the period from 1880 to 1920. In contrast, many European architects of the period 1860–1914 outside France gravitated away from Beaux-Arts and towards their own national academic centers. Owing to the cultural politics of the late 19th century, British architects of Imperial classicism followed a somewhat more independent course, a development culminating in Sir Edwin Lutyens's New Delhi government buildings.

Training

The Beaux-Arts training emphasized the mainstream examples of Imperial Roman architecture between Augustus and the Severan emperors, Italian Renaissance, and French and Italian

models especially, but the training could then be applied to a broader range of models: Quattrocento Florentine

palace A palace is a large residence, often serving as a royal residence or the home for a head of state or another high-ranking dignitary, such as a bishop or archbishop. The word is derived from the Latin name palātium, for Palatine Hill in Rome whi ...

fronts or French late Gothic. American architects of the Beaux-Arts generation often returned to Greek models, which had a strong local history in the American Greek Revival of the early 19th century. For the first time, repertories of photographs supplemented meticulous scale drawings and on-site renderings of details. Beaux-Arts training made great use of ''agrafes'', clasps that link one architectural detail to another; to interpenetration of forms, a Baroque habit; to "speaking architecture" ('' architecture parlante'') in which the appropriateness of symbolism was paid particularly close attention. Beaux-Arts training emphasized the production of quick conceptual sketches, highly finished perspective presentation drawings, close attention to the program, and knowledgeable detailing. Site considerations included the social and urban context. All architects-in-training passed through the obligatory stages—studying antique models, constructing , analyses reproducing Greek or Roman models, "pocket" studies and other conventional steps—in the long competition for the few desirable places at the Académie de France à Rome (housed in the Villa Medici) with traditional requirements of sending at intervals the presentation drawings called ''envois de Rome''.

Characteristics

Beaux-Arts architecture depended on sculptural decoration along conservative modern lines, employing French and Italian Baroque and

Rococo Rococo, less commonly Roccoco ( , ; or ), also known as Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and dramatic style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpte ...

formulas combined with an impressionistic finish and realism. In the façade shown above, Diana grasps the cornice she sits on in a natural action typical of Beaux-Arts integration of sculpture with architecture. Slightly overscaled details, bold sculptural supporting consoles, rich deep cornices, swags, and sculptural enrichments in the most bravura finish the client could afford gave employment to several generations of architectural modellers and carvers of Italian and Central European backgrounds. A sense of appropriate idiom at the craftsman level supported the design teams of the first truly modern architectural offices. Characteristics of Beaux-Arts architecture included: * Flat roof * Rusticated and raised first story * Hierarchy of spaces, from "noble spaces"—grand entrances and staircases—to utilitarian ones * Arched windows * Arched and pedimented doors * Classical details: references to a synthesis of historicist styles and a tendency to eclecticism; fluency in a number of "manners" * Symmetry * Statuary, sculpture ( bas-relief panels, figural sculptures, sculptural groups), murals, mosaics, and other artwork, all coordinated in theme to assert the identity of the building * Classical architectural details: balustrades, pilasters, festoons, cartouches, acroteria, with a prominent display of richly detailed clasps (''agrafes''), brackets and supporting consoles * Subtle polychromy

Beaux-Arts architecture by country

Europe

Belgium

File:AfricaMuseum - 2023-02-09 - 03.jpg, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren File:Arcade du Cinquantenaire (DSCF7405).jpg, Main triumphal arch with the two side buildings of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels File:Eretrap, Koninglijk Paleis.jpg, Grand Staircase of the Royal Palace of Brussels File:Royal Palace Laeken from the Air.jpg, Overview from the Royal Palace of Laeken, Brussels File:Thermen.pano.jpg, Panoramic view of the Royal Galleries of Ostend Even though the style was not used as much as in neighbouring country France, some examples of Beaux-Arts buildings can still be found in Belgium. The most prominent of these examples is the Royal Museum for Central Africa in Tervuren, but the complexes and triumphal arch of the Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels and expansions of the Palace of Laeken in Brussels and Royal Galleries of Ostend also carry the Beaux-Arts style, created by the French architect Charles Girault. Furthermore, various large Beaux-Arts buildings can also be found in Brussels on the Avenue Molière/Molièrelaan. As an old student of the and as a designer of the Petit Palais, Girault was the figurehead of the Beaux-Arts around the 20th century. After the death of Alphonse Balat, he became the new and favourite architect of Leopold II of Belgium. Since Leopold was the grandson of Louis Philippe I of France, he loved this specific building style which is similar to and has its roots in the architecture that has been realized in the 17th and 18th century for the French crown.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Belgium

= * 1782: Palace of Laeken, Brussels (extensions) * 1880: Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark, Brussels (complexes and triumphal arch) * 1898: Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren * 1902–1906: Royal Galleries of Ostend,

Ostend Ostend ( ; ; ; ) is a coastal city and municipality in the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It comprises the boroughs of Mariakerke, Raversijde, Stene and Zandvoorde, and the city of Ostend proper – the la ...

(extensions) * 1908: Avenue Molière 177–179 / Avenue Brugmann 176–178, Brussels (a combination of Art Nouveau, Beaux-Arts and eclecticism) * 1909: Avenue Molière 193, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 128, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 130, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 132, Brussels * 1910: Avenue Molière 207, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 519, Brussels * 1912: Avenue Molière 305, Brussels

France

File:P1020033 Paris III CNAM Galeries exposition reductwk.JPG, by Léon Vaudoyer (1838–1867) File:Façade de la Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, sud-est.JPG, Sainte-Geneviève Library, Paris, by Henri Labrouste (1844–1850) File:Paris 75005 Grande Galerie de l'Evolution 20070804.jpg, Museum of Natural History, Paris, by Louis-Jules André (1877–1889) File:Casino Monaco.jpg, Monte Carlo Casino, Monaco, by Jules Dutrou and Charles Garnier (1878–79) File:Main entrance of Grand Palais, Paris July 2014.jpg, Grand Palais, Paris (1897–1900) File:Musée d'Orsay, North-West view, Paris 7e 140402.jpg, Gare d'Orsay, Paris (1900) The Beaux-Arts style in France in the 19th century was initiated by four young architects trained at the , architects; Joseph-Louis Duc, Félix Duban, Henri Labrouste, and Léon Vaudoyer, who had first studied Roman and Greek architecture at the Villa Medici in Rome, then in the 1820s began the systematic study of other historic architectural styles, including French architecture of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. They instituted teaching about a variety of architectural styles at the , and installed fragments of Renaissance and Medieval buildings in the courtyard of the school so students could draw and copy them. Each of them also designed new non-classical buildings in Paris inspired by a variety of different historic styles: Labrouste built the Sainte-Geneviève Library (1844–1850), Duc designed the new Palais de Justice and Court of Cassation on the Île-de-la-Cité (1852–1868), Vaudroyer designed the (1838–1867), and Duban designed the new buildings of the . Together, these buildings, drawing upon Renaissance, Gothic and Romanesque and other non-classical styles, broke the monopoly of neoclassical architecture in Paris.

Germany

File:Berlin Museumsinsel Fernsehturm.jpg, Bode Museum, Berlin File:Hamburg Musikhalle 01 KMJ.jpg, Laeiszhalle, Hamburg File:Hh-budgepalais.jpg, Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg Germany is one of the countries where the Beaux-Arts style was well received, along with Baroque Revival architecture. The style was especially popular and most prominently featured in the now non-existent region of Prussia during the

German Empire The German Empire (),; ; World Book, Inc. ''The World Book dictionary, Volume 1''. World Book, Inc., 2003. p. 572. States that Deutsches Reich translates as "German Realm" and was a former official name of Germany. also referred to as Imperia ...

. The best example of Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany today are the Bode Museum in Berlin, and the Laeiszhalle and Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg in Hamburg.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Germany

= * 1898–1904: Bode Museum, Berlin * 1904–1908: Laeiszhalle, Hamburg * 1888–1913: Hochschule für Musik und Theater Hamburg, Hamburg

Hungary

File:Nyugati pályaudvar, Budapest.jpg, Budapest Nyugati station,

Budapest Budapest is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns of Hungary, most populous city of Hungary. It is the List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, tenth-largest city in the European Union by popul ...

File:Budapest Széchenyi Baths R02.jpg, Széchenyi Medicinal Bath, Budapest

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Hungary

= * 1875–1877: Budapest Nyugati station,

* 1913: Széchenyi thermal bath, Budapest

Italy

File:MergellinaHotelExcelsiorNaples3.jpg, Hotel Excelsior, Naples File:Palazzo Broggi - ora sede di Starbuck's Reserve Roastery.jpg, Palazzo Broggi, Milan File:Grand Hotel Tremezzo on Lake Como (Lago di Como).JPG , Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Como Lake File:Hotel Gallia Milano.jpg , Hotel Gallia, Milan File:Banca_Carige_Piazza_Ferrari_Genoa_Italy_Sep23_A7C_06610.jpg , Genoa Stock Exchange, Genoa File:Roma_2011_08_07_Palazzo_di_Giustizia.jpg , Palace of Justice, Rome File:Palazzo_Meroni,_Corso_di_Porta_Romana_2,_Milano,_veduta_generale.jpg , Palazzo Meroni, Milan File:Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees - panoramio (1).jpg , Grand Hotel Des Iles Borromees, Stresa, Maggiore Lake File:On_the_way_to_Via_Vittorio_Veneto_-_panoramio.jpg , The Westin Excelsior, Rome File:Teatro_Bellini_(Catania).jpg , Teatro Bellini, Catania

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Italy

= * 1908: Hotel Excelsior,

Naples Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of N ...

* 1890: Galleria Vittorio Emanuele III, Napoli * 1894: Palazzo delle Poste, Trieste * 1897: Palazzo delle Assicurazioni Generali, Milano * 1901: Palazzo Broggi (ex Poste), Milano * 1911: Palazzo della Banca Commerciale Italiana, Milano * 1912: Palazzo della Borsa Valori, Genova * 1912: Palazzo delle Poste, Livorno * 1912: Palazzo della Camera di Commercio, Taranto * 1913: Palazzo della Cassa di Risparmio, Ravenna * 1914-1926: Palazzo Meroni, Milano * 1920: Palazzo delle Poste, Palermo * 1927: Palazzo della Banca d’Italia, Verona * 1931: Stazione Centrale, Milano * 1933: Palazzo delle Poste, La Spezia * 1936: Palazzo della Provincia,

Bari Bari ( ; ; ; ) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia Regions of Italy, region, on the Adriatic Sea in southern Italy. It is the first most important economic centre of mainland Southern Italy. It is a port and ...

HOTELS * 1863: Grand Hotel des Iles Borromées, Stresa * 1894: Grand Hotel Villa d’Este, Cernobbio * 1898: Grand Hotel des Bains, Venezia * 1899: Grand Hotel Excelsior Vittoria, Sorrento * 1901: Grand Hotel Majestic (già Baglioni), Bologna * 1906: Grand Hotel Tremezzo, Tremezzo * 1906: The Welstin Excelsior,

Rome Rome (Italian language, Italian and , ) is the capital city and most populated (municipality) of Italy. It is also the administrative centre of the Lazio Regions of Italy, region and of the Metropolitan City of Rome. A special named with 2, ...

* 1908: Grand Hotel Excelsior, Venezia * 1910: Grand Hotel et de Milan, Milano * 1913: Hotel Villa Igea (già Grand Hotel Villa Igiea), Palermo * 1914: Hotel Danieli (ristrutturazione in stile), Venezia * 1925: Excelsior Hotel Gallia, Milano

Netherlands

File:Prentbriefkaart Plan C met de Oudehavenkade, de Oude Haven en een boot 1900.jpg, Plan C, Rotterdam File:Amsterdam, Blauwbrug in 2007.jpg, Blauwbrug, Amsterdam File:Brug246.jpg, Hogesluis, Amsterdam File:Rotterdam regentessebrug.jpg, Regentessebrug, Rotterdam File:513763 Stadhuis.jpg, City hall, Rotterdam File:Rotterdam coolsingel42.jpg, Former General Post Office, Rotterdam File:Vredespaleis foto 1.JPG, Peace Palace, The Hague Compared to other countries like France and Germany, the Beaux-Arts style never really became prominent in the Netherlands. However, a handful of significant buildings have nonetheless been made in this style during the period of 1880 to 1920, mainly being built in the cities of

Rotterdam Rotterdam ( , ; ; ) is the second-largest List of cities in the Netherlands by province, city in the Netherlands after the national capital of Amsterdam. It is in the Provinces of the Netherlands, province of South Holland, part of the North S ...

, Amsterdam and

The Hague The Hague ( ) is the capital city of the South Holland province of the Netherlands. With a population of over half a million, it is the third-largest city in the Netherlands. Situated on the west coast facing the North Sea, The Hague is the c ...

= Beaux-Arts buildings in the Netherlands

= * 1880–1889: (destroyed during the German bombing of Rotterdam in 1940) * 1883: Blauwbrug, Amsterdam * 1883: , Amsterdam * 1898: , Rotterdam * 1914–1920: Rotterdam City Hall (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) * 1915–1923: Former (partially damaged during the Rotterdam Blitz of 1940 but later restored) * 1907–1913: Peace Palace, The Hague

Portugal

File:01 Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, n.º 25, Lisboa.jpg, Edifício na Rua Alexandre Herculano, Lisbon File:Av de República n 23 -Lisboa1923.jpg, Edifício de Gaveto, Lisbon File:Office de l’assistance contre le tuberculose (Lisbonne).jpg, Instituto Central da Assistência Nacional aos Tuberculosos, Lisbon File:OrdemEngenheirosSede.JPG, Sede da Ordem dos Engenheiros, Lisbon

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Portugal

= * 1909–1911: Building on Rua ,

Lisbon Lisbon ( ; ) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131, as of 2023, within its administrative limits and 3,028,000 within the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, metropolis, as of 2025. Lisbon is mainlan ...

* 1912: Headquarters of the Orders of Engineers, Lisbon * 1913: , Lisbon * Central Institute of National Assistance to Tuberculosis Portugal, Lisbon

Romania

Biblioteca Central de la Universidad de Bucarest, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 71.jpg, Central University Library on Calea Victoriei,

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...

, 1891–1895, by Paul Gottereau Palacio CEC, Bucarest, Rumanía, 2016-05-29, DD 91-93 HDR.jpg, CEC Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1897–1900, by Paul Gottereau (project) and Ion Socolescu (construction) The Cantacuzino Palace from Bucharest (Romania).jpg, Cantacuzino Palace on Calea Victoriei, 1898–1906, by Ion D. Berindey Palatul Constantin Mihail, (azi Muzeul de Artă) vedere centrală.JPG, Constantin Mihail Palace (currently the Craiova Art Museum), Craiova, 1898–1907, by Paul Gottereau 13 Strada Silvestru, Bucharest (01).jpg, Strada Silvestru no. 13, Bucharest, 1900, unknown architect Casa Assan 1.jpg, Assan House, Bucharest, 1914, by Ion D. Berindey In the Romanian Old Kingdom, towards the end of the century, many administrative buildings and private homes are built in the «Beaux-Arts» or «Eclectic» style, brought from France through French architects who came here for work in Romania, schooled in France. The National Bank of Romania Palace on Strada Lipscani, built between 1883 and 1885 is a good example of this style, decorated not just with columns (mainly Ionic), but also with allegorical statues placed in niches, that depict Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and Justice. Because of the popularity of this style, it changed the way Bucharest looks, making it similar in some way with Paris, which led to Bucharest being seen as "Little Paris". Eclecticism was very popular not just in Bucharest and Iași, the two biggest cities of Romania at that time, but also in smaller ones like Craiova, Caracal, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Pitești, Ploiești,

Buzău Buzău (; formerly spelled ''Buzeu'' or ''Buzĕu'') is a city in the historical region of Muntenia, Romania, and the county seat of Buzău County. It lies near the right bank of the Buzău River, between the south-eastern curvature of the Carp ...

, Botoșani, Piatra Neamț, etc. This style was used not only for administrative palaces and big houses of wealthy people, but also for middle-class homes.

Spain

File:Estación del Norte.jpg, Estación del Norte, Madrid (renamed the Estación de Príncipe Pío after renovation in 1995) File:Hotel Santo Mauro (Madrid) 01.jpg, Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid File:Casino de Madrid (España) 05.jpg, Casino de Madrid File:Edificio Metrópolis (Madrid) 25.jpg, Edificio Metrópolis, Madrid File:Casa Reynot (Madrid) 02.jpg, Casa Reynot, Madrid File:Círculo de la Unión Mercantil e Industrial (Madrid) 01.jpg, Gran Vía 24, Madrid File:Viviendas para el Marqués de Encinares (Madrid, 1923) 02.jpg, Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid File:Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete (Madrid) 01.jpg, Casa-Palacio de Tomás de Beruete, Madrid File:Centro de Humanidades del CSIC (Madrid) 01.jpg, Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid File:Calle Mayor nº 6 (Madrid) 01.jpg, Calle Mayor 6, Madrid File:Cuartel General de la Armada.jpg, Spanish Navy Headquarters, Madrid File:Edificiocoruña.png, Casa Cortés, Corunna

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Spain

= *1876: Royal Economic Society of Friends of the Country of Cartagena building, Cartagena *1876–1882: North Station, Madrid *1981: Casa Resines, Valladolid *1886: Gutierrez Passage, Valladolid *1902: Hotel Santo Mauro, Madrid *1905–1910: Casino de Madrid *1907–1911: Metropolis Building, Madrid *1908–1911: Calle de Montalbán 5, Madrid *1913–1916: Reynot House, Madrid *1919–1924: Gran Vía 24, Madrid *1920–1923: Homes for the Marquis of Encinares, Madrid *1921–1923: Mansion of Tomás de Beruete, Madrid *1922: Former Humanities Center of the Spanish National Research Council, Madrid *1924: Calle Mayor 6, Madrid *1915–1928:

North America

Canada

File:Montreal City Hall from Vauquelin Square.jpg, Montreal City Hall, Montreal File:Government Conference Centre.jpg, Senate of Canada Building, Ottawa File:2011 Alberta Legislature Building 03.jpg, Alberta Legislature Building, Edmonton File:Parliamentwinnipeg manitoba.jpg,

Manitoba Legislative Building The Manitoba Legislative Building (), originally named the Manitoba Parliament Building, is the meeting place of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, located in central Winnipeg, as well as being the twelfth provincial heritage site of Manitoba.< ...

, Winnipeg File:Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto.jpg, Hockey Hall of Fame, Toronto Beaux-Arts was very prominent in public buildings in Canada in the early 20th century. Notably all three prairie provinces' legislative buildings are in this style.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Canada

= *1885: Hockey Hall of Fame (formerly a branch of the Bank of Montreal),

Toronto Toronto ( , locally pronounced or ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, most populous city in Canada. It is the capital city of the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian province of Ontario. With a p ...

*1898: London and Lancashire Life Building, Montreal *1903: Old Montreal Stock Exchange Building *1905: Alden Hall, Meadville *1906: Toronto Power Generating Station *1907: Royal Alexandra Theatre, Toronto *1909: Linton Apartments, Montreal *1910: Gilles Hocquart Building (originally the École des Hautes études commerciales), Montreal *1912: Sun Tower, Vancouver *1912: Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Montreal *1912: Senate of Canada Building (originally a railway station by Ross and Macdonald), Ottawa *1912: Saskatchewan Legislative Building, Regina *1913: Alberta Legislative Building, Edmonton *1913–1920: Union Station, Toronto *1913–1931: Sun Life Building, Montreal *1920:

, Winnipeg *1920: Millennium Centre, Winnipeg *1923: Commemorative Arch, Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston, Ontario *1923–1924: Bank of Nova Scotia, Ottawa *1924–2017: Former Superior Court of Justice Building, Thunder Bay *1927: Union Station, Toronto *1930: Dominion Square Building, Montreal *1931: Canada Life Building, Toronto *1932: Mount Royal Chalet, Montreal *1932: Indigenous Peoples Space, Ottawa (formerly the United States Embassy) *1935: Dominion Public Building, Toronto

=Beaux-Arts architects in Canada

= * William Sutherland Maxwell * John M. Lyle * Ross and Macdonald * Sproatt & Rolph * Pearson and Darling * Ernest Cormier * E.J. Lennox *

Mexico

File:ASb241-Na ulicach centrum Mwxico City.jpg, La Mexicana Building,
Mexico City (1907) File:La Presidencia de Chihuahua.jpg, City Hall of Chihuahua,
Chihuahua City (1907) File:EntranceHidalgoMkt.JPG, Hidalgo Market,
Guanajuato City (1910) File:Colegio Militar 2012-09-27 02-01-43.jpg, Former Military Academy,
Mexico City (1910) File:Paseo de Montejo, Merida Yucatan Mexico 02.jpg, Cantón Palace,
Mérida (1911) Beaux-Arts was architecturally relevant in Mexico in the late 19th century and the first decade of 20th century. The style was popular among the '' científicos'' of the Porfiriato. The Academy of San Carlos had an impact on the style's development in Mexico. Notable architects include Genaro Alcorta, Alfred Giles, and Antonio Rivas Mercado (the preeminent Mexican architect during this era). Rivas Mercado served as the director of the Academy of San Carlos from 1903 to 1912. Having studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, he aimed to incorporate and adapt its teachings to the Mexican context. Among the texts produced on the Beaux-Artes style, ''Eléments et théorie de l'architecture'' from Julien Guadet is said to have had the most influence in Mexico. The style lost popularity following the Mexican Revolution (beginning in 1910). In contemporary architecture, the style has influenced New Classical architect Jorge Loyzaga.

United States

Flickr - USCapitol - Library of Congress Thomas Jefferson Building (1).jpg, The Thomas Jefferson Building of the

Library of Congress The Library of Congress (LOC) is a research library in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the United States Congress and the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It also administers Copyright law o ...

, Washington, D.C., by John L. Smithmeyer, Paul J. Pelz, and Edward Pearce Casey (1897) View of the Willard Hotel from Pershing Park, Washington, D.C LCCN2011634832.tif, The Willard Hotel, Washington, D.C., by Henry Janeway Hardenbergh (1901) Metropolitan Museum of Art entrance NYC.JPG, Facade of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, by Richard Morris Hunt (1902) Image-Grand central Station Outside Night 2.jpg,

Grand Central Terminal Grand Central Terminal (GCT; also referred to as Grand Central Station or simply as Grand Central) is a commuter rail terminal station, terminal located at 42nd Street (Manhattan), 42nd Street and Park Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York Ci ...

(1913), New York City NewYorkPublicLibrary.jpg, The New York Public Library Main Branch in Bryant Park, New York City, by architects Carrère and Hastings (1911) SFOperaHouse.jpg, The San Francisco War Memorial Opera House by Arthur Brown Jr. (1932) Palace horticulture 01.jpg, The Palace of Horticulture from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco by Arthur Brown Jr. (1915 demolished in 1916) Beaux-Arts architecture had a strong influence on architecture in the United States because of the many prominent American architects who studied at the , including Henry Hobson Richardson, John Galen Howard, Daniel Burnham, and Louis Sullivan. The first American architect to attend the was Richard Morris Hunt, between 1846 and 1855, followed by Henry Hobson Richardson in 1860. They were followed by an entire generation. Richardson absorbed Beaux-Arts lessons in massing and spatial planning, then applied them to Romanesque architectural models that were not characteristic of the Beaux-Arts repertory. His Beaux-Arts training taught him to transcend slavish copying and recreate in the essential fully digested and idiomatic manner of his models. Richardson evolved a highly personal style ( Richardsonian Romanesque) freed of historicism that was influential in early

Modernism Modernism was an early 20th-century movement in literature, visual arts, and music that emphasized experimentation, abstraction, and Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy), subjective experience. Philosophy, politics, architecture, and soc ...

. The "White City" of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago was a triumph of the movement and a major impetus for the short-lived City Beautiful movement in the United States. Beaux-Arts city planning, with its Baroque insistence on vistas punctuated by symmetry, eye-catching monuments, axial avenues, uniform cornice heights, a harmonious "ensemble," and a somewhat theatrical nobility and accessible charm, embraced ideals that the ensuing Modernist movement decried or just dismissed. The first American university to institute a Beaux-Arts curriculum is the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of moder ...

(MIT) in 1893, when the French architect Constant-Désiré Despradelle was brought to MIT to teach. The Beaux-Arts curriculum was subsequently begun at

Columbia University Columbia University in the City of New York, commonly referred to as Columbia University, is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Churc ...

, the

University of Pennsylvania The University of Pennsylvania (Penn or UPenn) is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. One of nine colonial colleges, it was chartered in 1755 through the efforts of f ...

, and elsewhere. From 1916, the Beaux-Arts Institute of Design in New York City schooled architects, painters, and sculptors to work as active collaborators.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in the United States

= Numerous American university campuses were designed in the Beaux-Arts, notably:

(commissioned in 1896), designed by McKim, Mead & White; the

University of California, Berkeley The University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley, Berkeley, Cal, or California), is a Public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in Berkeley, California, United States. Founded in 1868 and named after t ...

(commissioned in 1898), designed by John Galen Howard; the United States Naval Academy (built 1901–1908), designed by Ernest Flagg; the campus of MIT (commissioned in 1913), designed by William W. Bosworth;

Emory University Emory University is a private university, private research university in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It was founded in 1836 as Emory College by the Methodist Episcopal Church and named in honor of Methodist bishop John Emory. Its main campu ...

and Carnegie Mellon University (commissioned in 1908 and 1904, respectively), both designed by Henry Hornbostel; and the University of Texas (commissioned in 1931), designed by Paul Philippe Cret. While the style of Beaux-Art buildings was adapted from historical models, the construction used the most modern available technology. The Grand Palais in Paris (1897–1900) had a modern iron frame inside; the classical columns were purely for decoration. The 1914–1916 construction of the Carolands Chateau south of San Francisco was built to withstand earthquakes, following the devastating 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The noted Spanish structural engineer Rafael Guastavino (1842–1908), famous for his vaultings, known as Guastavino tile work, designed vaults in dozens of Beaux-Arts buildings in Boston, New York, and elsewhere. Beaux-Arts architecture also brought a civic face to railroads. Chicago's Union Station, Detroit's Michigan Central Station, Jacksonville's Union Terminal,

and the original Pennsylvania Station in New York, and Washington, D.C.'s Union Station are famous American examples of this style.

Cincinnati Cincinnati ( ; colloquially nicknamed Cincy) is a city in Hamilton County, Ohio, United States, and its county seat. Settled in 1788, the city is located on the northern side of the confluence of the Licking River (Kentucky), Licking and Ohio Ri ...

has a number of notable Beaux-Arts style buildings, including the Hamilton County Memorial Building in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood, and the former East End Carnegie library in the Columbia-Tusculum neighborhood. Two notable ecclesiastical variants on the Beaux-Arts style—both serving the same archdiocese, and both designed by the same architect—stand in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Minnesota. Minneapolis' Basilica of St. Mary, the first basilica constructed and consecrated in the United States, was designed by Franco-American architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917) and opened in 1914. A year later in neighboring Saint Paul, construction of the massive Masqueray-designed Cathedral of Saint Paul (also known as National Shrine Cathedral of the Apostle Paul) was completed. The third-largest Roman Catholic cathedral in the United States, its architecture predominantly reflects Beaux-Arts principles, into which Masqueray integrated stylistic elements of other celebrated French churches. Other examples include the main branch of the New York Public Library; Bancroft Hall at the Naval Academy, the largest academic dormitory in the world; and Michigan Central Station in Detroit, the tallest railway station in the world at the time of completion.

= Beaux-Arts architects in the United States

= In the late 1800s, during the years when Beaux-Arts architecture was at a peak in France, Americans were one of the largest groups of foreigners in Paris. Many of them were architects and students of architecture who brought this style back to America. The following individuals, students of the , are identified as creating work characteristic of the Beaux-Arts style within the United States: * Otto Eugene Adams * William A. Boring * William W. Bosworth * Arthur Brown Jr. * Daniel Burnham * Carrère and Hastings * James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter Jr. * Paul Philippe Cret * Edward Emmett Dougherty * Douglas Ellington * Ernest Flagg * Robert W. Gibson * C. P. H. Gilbert * Cass Gilbert * Philip L. Goodwin * Thomas Hastings * Raymond Hood * Henry Hornbostel * John Galen Howard * Richard Morris Hunt * Albert Kahn * Charles Klauder * Ellamae Ellis League * Electus D. Litchfield * Austin W. Lord * Emmanuel Louis Masqueray * William Rutherford Mead * Julia Morgan * Charles Follen McKim * Harry B. Mulliken * Kenneth MacKenzie Murchison * Henry Orth * Theodore Wells Pietsch I * Willis Polk * John Russell Pope * Reed and Stem * Arthur Wallace Rice * Henry Hobson Richardson * Francis Palmer Smith * Louis Sullivan * Edward Lippincott Tilton * Evarts Tracy of Tracy and Swartwout * Horace Trumbauer * Enock Hill Turnock * Whitney Warren * Stanford White Charles McKim, William Mead, and Stanford White would ultimately become partners in the prominent architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White, which designed many well-known Beaux-Arts buildings.

South America

Argentina

File:Aguas Corrientes-2011-TM.jpg, Palace of Running Waters,

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires, controlled by the government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Argentina. It is located on the southwest of the Río de la Plata. Buenos Aires is classified as an Alpha− glob ...

File:Fachada_del_Teatro_Colón_en_Buenos_Aires,_Argentina.jpg, Teatro Colón,

File:Congreso Nacional Buenos Aires.jpg, Palace of the Argentine National Congress,

File:Buenos_Aires_Centrum_Kirchner.jpg, Libertad Palace,

File:J31_597_Bf_Retiro_Mitre.jpg, Retiro Mitre railway station,

File:Casa de gobierno - panoramio (1).jpg, Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán File:Casa de la Cultura, Buenos Aires.jpg, Buenos Aires House of Culture,

File:Bolsa_de_Comercio_Rosario.jpg, Rosario Board of Trade,

Rosario Rosario () is the largest city in the central provinces of Argentina, Argentine province of Santa Fe Province, Santa Fe. The city, located northwest of Buenos Aires on the west bank of the Paraná River, is the third-most populous city in the ...

From 1880 the so-called Generation of '80 came to power in Argentine politics. These were admirers of France as a model republic, particularly with regard to culture and aesthetic tastes. Buenos Aires is a center of Beaux-Arts architecture which continued to be built as late as the 1950s.''Encyclopedia of Twentieth Century Architecture'', Stephen Sennott (ed.), p. 186
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= Beaux-Arts buildings in Argentina

= *1877–1894: Palace of Running Waters, Buenos Aires *1883–1887: Unzué Palace, Buenos Aires *1889–1908: Teatro Colón, Buenos Aires *1889: (Argentine pavilion from the 1889 Paris ), taken down and reconstructed in Buenos Aires (demolished in 1932) *1890: , Mar del Plata (the train station was closed in 1949, and was later damaged by fire. Although it was renovated, it is today much less adorned) *1894–1898: Buenos Aires House of Culture, Buenos Aires *1898–1906: Palace of the Argentine National Congress, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: , Mar del Plata (burned down in 1961) *1908–1928: Libertad Palace, Buenos Aires *1926–1931: Buenos Aires City Legislature Palace, Buenos Aires *1908–1910: Tucumán Government Palace, San Miguel de Tucumán *1924–1929: Estrugamou Building, Buenos Aires

=Beaux-Arts architects in Argentina

= * Alejandro Bustillo * Julio Dormal * Gainza y Agote * Alejandro Christophersen * Eduardo Le Monnier * (later an exponent of rationalism) * Paul Pater * * * Carlos Thays (landscape architect)

Brazil

File:Casa Lebre - Vincenzo Pastore.jpg, Casa Lebre, São Paulo File:Casa Caetano de Campos, 02.JPG, Caetano de Campos House, São Paulo File:101 2886-RK-Palácio Campos Eliseos- jardim -SP.jpg, Palace of the Champs Elysees, São Paulo File:Teatro Municipal de São Paulo 8.jpg, Municipal Theater of São Paulo File:At Santos, Brazil 2017 380.jpg, Coliseu Santista Theater, Santos File:Palacete Tereza Toledo Lara 09.jpg, Tereza Toledo Lara Palace, São Paulo File:Image001 Anhangabau.jpg, Prates Mansions, São Paulo File:Palácio Tiradentes 2.JPG, Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro File:Palacete Helvetia 11.jpg, Helvetia Palace, São Paulo File:Edifício Alexandre Mackenzie 34.jpg, Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Brazil

= * 1858: ,

São Paulo São Paulo (; ; Portuguese for 'Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul') is the capital of the São Paulo (state), state of São Paulo, as well as the List of cities in Brazil by population, most populous city in Brazil, the List of largest cities in the ...

* 1890–1894: , São Paulo * 1896–1899: * 1903–1911: Municipal Theater of São Paulo * 1909: , Santos, São Paulo * 1910: , São Paulo * 1911: * 1922–1926: Tiradentes Palace, Rio de Janeiro * 1923: , São Paulo * 1926–1929: Alexandre Mackenzie Building, São Paulo * Artemis Hotel, São Paulo * Banco de São Paulo Building, São Paulo * Hôtel de La Rotisserie Sportsman, São Paulo * Mococa Building, São Paulo

Colombia

File:Av. Jiménez Palacio de San Francisco.JPG, Palacio de San Francisco, Bogotá File:CapitolioNacionalDeColombia2004-7.jpg, Capitolio nacional, Bogotá File:Palacio Echeverry 1.jpg, Palacio Echeverri, Bogotá File:Nariño BOGOTÁ - COLOMBIA.jpg, Casa de Nariño, Bogotá File:Bogotá Museo de la Policía.JPG, Museo de la Policía, Bogotá File:TeatroColon.jpg, Teatro Colón, Bogotá File:Bquilla - 17 ago 2007 200.jpg, Banco Dugand, Barranquilla File:Barranquilla Edificio Administración Aduana.jpg, Antigua Aduana, Barranquilla

Peru

File:Club Nacional en Lima.JPG, Club Nacional, Lima File:Casa Roosevelt o Edificio Rímac.jpg, Edificio Rímac, Lima File:Palacio Legislativo of Peru.jpg, Palacio Legislativo del Perú, Lima

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Peru

= *1855: Club Nacional, Lima *1906–1939: Legislative Palace, Lima *1919–1924: Edificio Rímac, Lima

Africa

Mozambique

File:Mercado Municipal (4107187974).jpg, Mercado Municipal, Maputo File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 8 6 - Casa Benoliel.jpg, Banco da Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 14 11 - Casa Infante de Sagres vista do Chiveve.jpg, Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 4 55 - Edificio do Almoxarifado.jpg, Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 34 - Escola de Artes e Ofícios.jpg, Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 46 - Grémio dos Empregados da Companhia de Moçambique.jpg, Palácio dos Desportos, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 10 50 - Edifício do Standard Bank.jpg, Standard Bank Building, Beira File:TT CMZ-AF-GT E 2-1 9 22 - Edifício do Tribunal.jpg, Tribunal da Beira

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Mozambique

= * 1901?: Municipal Market,

Maputo Maputo () is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Mozambique. Located near the southern end of the country, it is within of the borders with Eswatini and South Africa. The city has a population of 1,088,449 (as of 2017) distributed ov ...

* 1933: Gil Vicente Theater, Maputo * Banco da Beira, Beira * Casa Ana, Beira * Casa Infante de Sagres, Beira * Edifício do Almoxarifado, Beira * Escola de Artes e Ofícios, Beira * Palácio dos Desportos, Beira * Standard Bank Building, Beira * Tribunal da Beira

Asia

Japan

File:Kobe yusen bld02 1920.jpg, Kobe Yusen Building, Kobe File:Mitsui Main Building 2009.jpg, Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo File:Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company Head Office 2016.jpg, Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Japan

= *1918: Kobe Yusen Building,

Kobe Kobe ( ; , ), officially , is the capital city of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. With a population of around 1.5 million, Kobe is Japan's List of Japanese cities by population, seventh-largest city and the third-largest port city after Port of Toky ...

*1926–1929: Mitsui Main Building, Tokyo *1930–1934: Meiji Life Insurance Building, Tokyo * Yokohama Yusen Building

Philippines

File:Central facade of the Legislative Building.jpg, Legislative building File:China Banking Corporation Building (Binondo).jpg, China bank Manila File:Regina Building Main Corner Facade.jpg, Regina Building, Manila File:Thomasian.jpg, University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Manila File:Nelly Garden.jpg, Lopez Mansion Iloilo File:0235jfSanta Cruz Escolta Binondo Streets Manila Heritage Landmarksfvf 02.JPG, Calvo Building, Manila File:Cebu Capitol Compund.jpg, Cebu Capitol File:El Hogar building Manila.jpg, El Hogar File:Mailajf9457 26.JPG, Don Roman Santos Building

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Philippines

= *1911: Nurse's home, Philippine General Hospital *1914: El Hogar Filipino Building, Escolta,

Manila Manila, officially the City of Manila, is the Capital of the Philippines, capital and second-most populous city of the Philippines after Quezon City, with a population of 1,846,513 people in 2020. Located on the eastern shore of Manila Bay on ...

*1915: Regina Building, Escolta, Manila *1916: Aduana de Iloilo *1919: Jones Bridge, Ermita and Binondo, Manila *1919: Grand Cafe building Manila *1919: Luneta Hotel, Ermita, Manila *1920: St. La Salle Hall *1924–1927: University of Santo Tomas Main Building, Sampaloc, Manila *1928: Lopez Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo City *1928: Natividad Building, Escolta, Manila *1937: Lizares Mansion, Jaro, Iloilo City *1938: Calvo Building, Escolta, Manila * Juan Luna Building * Natalio Enriquez Mansion, Sariaya, Quezon * Filipinas Insurance co. building * National Museum of Anthropology (Manila) * National Museum of Natural History (Manila) * Manila City Hall * Manila Post office * Lingayen capitol * Negros Occidental capitol * Philippine General Hospital * Philippine Women's University * Batangas capitol * Sorsogon provincial capitol * Rizal Hall Manila * Casa Boix, Quiapo, Manila * Trinidad ancestral house, Iba, Zambales * Gawas harigi house, Carigara, Leyte

Oceania

Australia

File:Melbourne Flinders St. Station.jpg, Flinders Street railway station, Melbourne File:Perth CBD 200520 gnangarra-111.jpg, General Post Office, Perth File:(1)Commonwealth Bank Sydney-1.jpg, State Savings Bank building, Sydney File:Bank of New South Wales building seen from Reddacliff Place, Brisbane.jpg, Bank of New South Wales building, Brisbane Several Australian cities have some significant examples of the style. It was typically applied to large, solid-looking public office buildings and banks, particularly during the 1920s.

= Beaux-Arts buildings in Australia

= *1900–1910: Flinders Street railway station,

Melbourne Melbourne ( , ; Boonwurrung language, Boonwurrung/ or ) is the List of Australian capital cities, capital and List of cities in Australia by population, most populous city of the States and territories of Australia, Australian state of Victori ...

*1914–1923: General Post Office building, Forrest Place,

Perth Perth () is the list of Australian capital cities, capital city of Western Australia. It is the list of cities in Australia by population, fourth-most-populous city in Australia, with a population of over 2.3 million within Greater Perth . The ...

*1916: Perpetual Trustee Company Limited, Hunter Street, Sydney *1917: Former Mail Exchange Building, Melbourne *1920: National Theatre, Melbourne *1925–1928: Commonwealth Bank building, Martin Place, Sydney *1926: Argus Building, La Trobe Street,

*1927: Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy, Melbourne *1928–1930: Bank of New South Wales building, Elizabeth Street, Brisbane *1928: Port Authority building, Melbourne *1928: Herald & Weekly Times Building, Flinders Street, Melbourne *1933: Commonwealth Bank building, Forrest Place, Perth

New Zealand

File:Auckland Old Railway Station.jpg, Former Auckland railway station,

Auckland Auckland ( ; ) is a large metropolitan city in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an urban population of about It is located in the greater Auckland Region, the area governed by Auckland Council, which includes outlying rural areas and ...

= Beaux-Arts buildings in New Zealand

= *1928–1930: Auckland railway station,

References

Bibliography

* *a ddi

External links

New York architecture images, Beaux-Arts gallery

* ttp://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Hallidie_Building.html Hallidie Building {{DEFAULTSORT:Beaux-Arts Architecture Neoclassical architecture Neoclassical movements Revival architectural styles 19th-century architectural styles 20th-century architectural styles