Battle Off Cape Engano

The Battle of Leyte Gulf () 23–26 October 1944, was the largest naval battle of World War II and by some criteria the largest naval battle in history, with over 200,000 naval personnel involved.

By late 1944, Japan possessed fewer capital ships (aircraft carriers and battleships) than the Allied forces had total aircraft carriers in the Pacific, which underscored the disparity in force strength at that point in the war. After the catastrophic Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944, senior Japanese military leaders understood that Japan's remaining naval forces were incapable of achieving a strategic victory against the Allies. However, the Japanese general staff believed that continuing to contest Allied offensives at sea was necessary, in order to both deter a future invasion of mainland Japan and to give the Japanese navy an opportunity to utilize its remaining strength. As a result, the Imperial Japanese Navy () mobilized nearly all of its remaining major naval vessels in an attempt to repulse the Allied invasion of the Philippines, but it was defeated by the U.S. Navy's Third and Seventh Fleets.

The battle consisted of four main separate engagements (the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, the Battle of Surigao Strait, the Battle off Cape Engaño, and the Battle off Samar), as well as lesser actions. Allied forces announced the end of organized Japanese resistance on the island of Leyte at the end of December.

It was the first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized ''kamikaze'' attacks, and it was the last naval battle between battleships in history. The Japanese navy suffered crippling losses and did not sail in comparable force for the remainder of the war, as most of its vessels were stranded in port for lack of fuel.

Background

The Allied campaigns of August 1942 to early 1944 had pushed Japanese forces from many of their island bases in the south and central Pacific Ocean, while isolating many of their other bases (most notably in the Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Admiralty Islands, New Guinea, Marshall Islands, and Wake Island). In June 1944 a series of American amphibious landings supported by the U.S. Fifth Fleet's Fast Carrier Task Force captured most of the Mariana Islands (but bypassing Rota). This offensive breached Japan's strategic inner defense perimeter and provided the Americans a base from which long-range Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers could attack the Japanese home islands.

The Japanese attempted to interdict American landings in the Marianas during the Battle of the Philippine Sea in July 1944. In the course of the battle, the U.S. Navy destroyed three Japanese aircraft carriers, damaged various other IJN ships, and shot down approximately 600 Japanese aircraft. This left the Japanese Navy with little carrier-borne air power and few experienced pilots. However, the considerable land-based air power that the Japanese had amassed in the Philippines was considered too dangerous to bypass by many high-ranking officers outside the Joint Chiefs of Staff, including Admiral Chester Nimitz.

Formosa vs. Philippines as invasion target

The next logical step was to cut Japan's supply lines to Southeast Asia, depriving the Japanese empire of fuel and other critical supplies. However, there were two different plans for doing so. Admiral Ernest J. King, other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Admiral Nimitz favored blockading Japanese forces in the Philippines and invading Formosa (Taiwan), while U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur, wishing to fulfill his 1942 promise to "return" to the Philippines, championed an invasion of the islands.

While Formosa could also serve as a base for an invasion of mainland China, which MacArthur felt was unnecessary, it was also estimated that an invasion of the island would require about twelve divisions from the Army and Marines. Meanwhile, the Australian Army, spread thin by engagements in the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies and various other Pacific islands, would not have been able to spare any troops for such an operation. As a result, an invasion of Formosa, or any operation requiring much larger ground forces than were available in the Pacific in late 1944, would be delayed until the defeat of Germany made the necessary manpower available.

Decision to invade the Philippines

A meeting between MacArthur, Nimitz, and President Roosevelt helped confirm the Philippines as a strategic target but did not reach a decision, and the debate continued for two months. Eventually Nimitz changed his mind and agreed to MacArthur's plan, and it was eventually decided that MacArthur's forces would invade the island of Leyte in the central Philippines. Amphibious forces and close naval support would be provided by Seventh Fleet, commanded by Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid.

Prelude

By late 1944, the U.S. Seventh Fleet contained units of the U.S. Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. Before the major naval actions in Leyte Gulf had begun, and were severely damaged by Japanese air attacks; during the battle proper these two cruisers were retiring, escorted by , for repairs at the major Allied base at Manus Island, away.

Lack of unified command structures

American strategists decided that the U.S. Third Fleet, commanded by Admiral William F. Halsey Jr., with Task Force 38 (TF38, the Fast Carrier Task Force, commanded by Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher) as its main component, would provide more distant air cover for the invasion. A fundamental defect in this plan was there would be no single American admiral in overall command. Kinkaid fell under MacArthur as Supreme Allied Commander Southwest Pacific Area, whereas Halsey's Third Fleet reported to Nimitz as Commander-in-Chief Pacific Ocean Areas. This lack of unity of command, along with failures in communication, nearly resulted in a strategic disaster for the American forces during the battle. Coincidentally, the Japanese plan also lacked an overall commander, and IJN forces were split into three separate fleets.

Japanese plans

Following the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the next possible axes of Allied attacks were readily apparent to the . Combined Fleet Chief Soemu Toyoda prepared four "victory" plans: ''Shō-Gō'' 1 (, ') envisioned attacking American forces attempting to invade the Philippines, while ''Shō-Gō'' 2, ''Shō-Gō'' 3 and ''Shō-Gō'' 4 were conceived as potential responses to American attacks on Formosa, the Ryukyu Islands, and the Kurile Islands respectively. The plans called for complex offensive operations, and involved committing nearly all available forces to a decisive naval battle, despite substantially depleting Japan's diminishing reserves of fuel oil.

On 12 October 1944, Halsey began a series of carrier raids against Formosa and the Ryukyu Islands with the goal of ensuring that Japanese aircraft based there could not interdict the American amphibious landings on Leyte. The Japanese command, therefore, put ''Shō-Gō'' 2 into action, launching waves of air attacks against the Third Fleet's carriers. In what Admiral Halsey refers to as a "knock-down, drag-out fight between carrier-based and land-based air", the Japanese were routed, losing roughly 600 aircraft in three days – almost their entire air strength in the region. Following the American invasion of the Philippines, the Japanese Navy made the transition to ''Shō-Gō'' 1.

''Shō-Gō'' 1 called for Vice Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's ships—known as the "Northern Force"—to lure the American Fast Carrier Task Force away from Leyte. The Northern Force would be built around several IJN aircraft carriers, but these carriers would be equipped with very few aircraft or trained aircrew. Instead, their role was to serve as a distraction. As the U.S. covering forces were lured away by Ozawa's carriers, two other IJN surface fleets would advance on Leyte from the west. The "Southern Force" under Vice Admirals Shoji Nishimura and Kiyohide Shima would strike at the landing area via the Surigao Strait. The "Center Force" under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita—by far the most powerful of the attacking Japanese forces—would pass through the San Bernardino Strait into the Philippine Sea, turn southwards, and then also attack the landing area.

Submarine action in Palawan Passage (23 October 1944)

(Note: This action is referred to by Morison as 'The Fight in Palawan Passage', and elsewhere, occasionally, as the 'Battle of Palawan Passage'.)

As it sortied from its base in Brunei, Kurita's powerful "Center Force" consisted of five battleships (, , , , and ), ten heavy cruisers (, , , , , , , , and ), two light cruisers ( and ) and 15 destroyers. The ''Yamato'' and ''Musashi'' were two of the largest warships in service at the time, each displacing more than 60,000 tons.

Kurita's ships passed Palawan Island around midnight on 22–23 October. The American submarines and were positioned together on the surface close by. At 01:16 on 23 October, ''Darter''s radar detected the Japanese formation in the Palawan Passage at a range of . Her captain promptly made visual contact. The two submarines quickly moved off in pursuit of the ships, while ''Darter'' made the first of three contact reports. At least one of these was picked up by a radio operator on ''Yamato'', but Kurita failed to take appropriate antisubmarine precautions.

''Darter'' and ''Dace'' traveled on the surface at full power for several hours and gained a position ahead of Kurita's formation, with the intention of making a submerged attack at first light. This attack was unusually successful. At 05:24, ''Darter'' fired a salvo of six torpedoes, at least four of which hit Kurita's flagship, the heavy cruiser ''Atago''. Ten minutes later, using her stern tubes to launch another spread of torpedoes, ''Darter'' made two hits on ''Atago''s sister ship, ''Takao''. At 05:56, ''Dace'' made four torpedo hits on the heavy cruiser ''Maya'' (sister to ''Atago'' and ''Takao''). ''Atago'' and ''Maya'' both went down quickly with significant loss of life. ''Atago'' sank so rapidly that Kurita was forced to swim to survive, though he was rescued by the Japanese destroyer and then later transferred to the battleship ''Yamato''.

''Takao'' turned back to Brunei, escorted by two destroyers, and was followed by the two submarines. On 24 October, as the submarines continued to shadow the damaged cruiser, ''Darter'' ran aground on the Bombay Shoal. All efforts to get her off failed; she was abandoned, and her entire crew was rescued by ''Dace''. Efforts to scuttle ''Darter'' over the course of the next week all failed, including torpedoes from ''Dace'' and that hit the reef (and not ''Darter'') and deck-gun shelling from ''Dace'' and later . After multiple hits from his 6-inch deck guns, the ''Nautilus'' commander determined on 31 October that the equipment on ''Darter'' was only good for scrap and left her there. The Japanese did not bother with the wreck.

''Takao'' retired to Singapore, being joined in January 1945 by ''Myōkō'', as the Japanese deemed both crippled cruisers irreparable and left them moored in the harbor as floating anti-aircraft batteries.

Battle of the Sibuyan Sea (24 October 1944)

Despite its impressive strength, the U.S. Third Fleet was not well-placed to deal with the looming Japanese threat. On 22 October, Halsey had detached two of his carrier groups to the fleet base at Ulithi to take on provisions and rearm. When ''Darter''s contact report came in, Halsey recalled Davison's group, but allowed Vice Admiral John S. McCain, with the strongest of TF 38's carrier groups, to continue towards Ulithi. Halsey finally recalled McCain on 24 October—but the delay meant the most powerful American carrier group played little part in the coming battle and Third Fleet was therefore effectively deprived of nearly 40% of its air strength for most of the engagement. On the morning of 24 October, only three groups were available to strike Kurita's force, and the one best positioned to do so— Gerald F. Bogan's Task Group 38.2 (TG 38.2)—was by mischance the weakest of the groups, containing only one large carrier——and the light carriers and .

Meanwhile, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi directed three waves of aircraft from his First Air Fleet based on Luzon against the carriers of Rear Admiral Frederick Sherman's TG 38.3 (whose aircraft were also being used to strike airfields in Luzon to prevent Japanese land-based air attacks on Allied shipping in Leyte Gulf). Each of Ōnishi's strike waves consisted of some 50 to 60 aircraft.

Most of the attacking Japanese planes were intercepted and shot down or driven off by Hellcats of Sherman's combat air patrol, most notably by two fighter sections from led by Commander David McCampbell (who shot down a record nine of the attacking planes in this one action, after which he managed to return and land ''in extremis'' on because the ''Essex''s deck was too busy to accommodate him although he had run short of fuel).

However, one Japanese aircraft (a Yokosuka D4Y3 "Judy") slipped through the defences, and at 09:38 hit the light carrier with a armor-piercing bomb. Just prior to the bomb hitting the carrier ten fighter planes had landed on the flight deck from a previous mission and in the hangar deck six fully loaded and fueled Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers were waiting for the next mission. One of the torpedo bombers was directly hit by this bomb as it pierced the ship and exploded, triggering the other five torpedo bombers to also explode. The bomb hit the area of the ship where not only most of the torpedoes were stored but also bombs that were not stored securely. The resulting explosion caused a severe fire in ''Princeton''s hangar and her emergency sprinkler system failed to operate. As the fire spread rapidly, a series of secondary explosions followed. The fire was gradually brought under control, but at 15:23 there was an enormous explosion (probably in the carrier's bomb stowage aft), causing more casualties aboard ''Princeton'', and even heavier casualties—241 dead and 412 wounded—aboard the light cruiser which was coming back alongside to assist with the firefighting. ''Birmingham'' and the three destroyers , and remained with the stricken carrier after she fell out of formation. The destroyers initially attempted to come alongside and spray the burning carrier to help the ship's crew suppress the fires, but they repeatedly collided with ''Princeton'' in the heavy seas. ''Birmingham'' then came alongside instead, as her larger hull could better absorb collisions. ''Birmingham'' was so badly damaged, she was forced to retire. The light cruiser and destroyers ''Morrison'' and ''Irwin'' were also damaged. All efforts to save ''Princeton'' failed, and after the remaining crew members were evacuated, she was finally scuttled—torpedoed by ''Reno''—at 17:50. Of ''Princeton''s crew, 108 men were killed, while 1,361 survivors were rescued by nearby ships. USS ''Princeton'' was the largest American ship lost during the battles around Leyte Gulf, and the only fast carrier sunk in combat during the war. 17 Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters and 12 Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with ''Princeton''.

Planes from the carriers ''Intrepid'' and of Bogan's group attacked at about 10:30, scoring hits on the battleships ''Nagato'', ''Yamato'', and ''Musashi'', and badly damaging the heavy cruiser ''Myōkō'' which retired to Borneo via Coron Bay. A second wave from ''Intrepid'', ''Essex'' and later attacked, with VB-15 Helldivers and VF-15 Hellcats from ''Essex'', scoring another 10 hits on ''Musashi''. As she withdrew, listing to port, a third wave from ''Enterprise'' and hit her with an additional 11 bombs and eight torpedoes. After being struck by at least 17 bombs and 19 torpedoes, ''Musashi'' finally capsized and sank at about 19:35.

In all, five fleet carriers and one light carrier of Third Fleet flew 259 sorties with bombs carried by Helldivers and torpedoes launched by TBF Avengers against Center Force on 24 October, but this weight of attack was not nearly sufficient to neutralize the threat from Kurita. The largest effort of the Sibuyan Sea attack was directed against just one battleship, ''Musashi'', which was sunk, and the cruiser ''Myōkō'' was also crippled by an aerial torpedo. Nevertheless, every other ship in Kurita's force remained battleworthy and able to advance. It would be the desperate action and great sacrifice of the much weaker force of six slow escort carriers, three destroyers, four destroyer escorts, and 400 aircraft at the Battle off Samar, utterly lacking in credible weapons to sink armored ships, to stop Kurita. It also contrasts with the 527 sorties flown by Third Fleet against Ozawa's much weaker carrier decoy Northern Force on the following day.

Kurita turned his fleet around to get out of range of the aircraft, passing the crippled ''Musashi'' as his force retreated. Halsey assumed that this retreat signified that his threat was dealt with for the time being. Kurita, however, waited until 17:15 before turning around again to head for the San Bernardino Strait. As a result of a momentous decision taken by Admiral Halsey and some unclear communication of his plans, Kurita was able to proceed through the San Bernardino Strait during the night to make an unexpected and dramatic appearance off the coast of Samar the following morning, directly threatening the Leyte landings.

Task Force 34 / San Bernardino Strait

After the Japanese Southern and Center forces had been detected, but before it had been engaged or Ozawa's carriers had been located, Halsey and the staff of Third Fleet, aboard the battleship , prepared a contingency plan to deal with the threat from Kurita's Center Force. Their intention was to cover San Bernardino Strait with a powerful task force of fast battleships supported by two of Third Fleet's equally swift carrier groups. The battleship force was to be designated Task Force 34 (TF34) and to consist of four battleships, five cruisers, and 14 destroyers under the command of Vice Admiral Willis A. Lee. Rear Admiral Ralph E. Davison of TG38.4 was to be in overall command of the supporting carrier groups.

At 15:12 on 24 October, Halsey sent an ambiguously worded telegraphic radio message to his subordinate task group commanders giving details of this contingency plan:

Halsey sent information copies of this message to Admiral Nimitz at Pacific Fleet headquarters and Admiral King in Washington, but he did not include Admiral Kinkaid (Seventh Fleet) as an information addressee. The message was picked up by Seventh Fleet anyway as it was common for admirals to direct radio operators to copy all message traffic they detected whether intended for them or not. Because Halsey intended TF34 as a contingency to be formed and detached ''when'' he ordered it, by writing "will be formed," he meant the future tense, but he neglected to say when TF34 ''would'' be formed or under what circumstances. This omission led Admiral Kinkaid of Seventh Fleet to believe Halsey was speaking in the present tense, so he concluded TF34 ''had been formed'' and would take station off the San Bernardino Strait. Kinkaid's light escort carrier group, lacking battleships for naval action and set up to attack ground troops and submarines, not capital ships, positioned itself south of the strait to support the invasion force. Admiral Nimitz, in Pearl Harbor, reached exactly the same conclusion.

Halsey did send out a second message at 17:10 clarifying his intentions in regard to TF34:

Unfortunately, Halsey sent this second message by voice radio, so Seventh Fleet did not intercept it (due to the range limitations of the ship-to-ship voice radio networks in use at the time) and Halsey did not follow up with a telegraphic message to Nimitz or King, or vitally, Kinkaid. The serious misunderstanding caused by Halsey's imperfect wording of his first message and his failure to notify Nimitz, King, or Kinkaid of his second clarifying message had a profound influence on the subsequent course of the battle as Kurita's major force almost overwhelmed Kinkaid's unprepared lighter force on the doorstep of the Leyte landings.

Halsey's decision (24 October 1944)

Third Fleet's aircraft failed to locate Ozawa's Northern Force until 16:40 on 24 October. This was largely because Third Fleet had been preoccupied with attacking Kurita's sizable Center Force and defending itself against the Japanese air strikes from Luzon. Thus the one Japanese force that remained to be discovered – Ozawa's tempting decoy of a large carrier group, which actually had only 108 aircraft – was the only force the Americans had not been able to find. On the evening of 24 October, Ozawa intercepted a (mistaken) American communication describing Kurita's withdrawal; he therefore began to withdraw, too. However, at 20:00, Toyoda ordered all his forces to attack "counting on divine assistance." Trying to draw Third Fleet's attention to his decoy force, Ozawa reversed course again and headed southward towards Leyte.

Halsey fell for the Japanese decoy, convinced the Northern Force constituted the main Japanese threat, and he was determined to seize what he saw as a golden opportunity to destroy Japan's last remaining carrier strength. Believing Center Force had been neutralized by Third Fleet's air strikes earlier in the day in the Sibuyan Sea, and its remnants were retiring, Halsey radioed (to Nimitz and Kinkaid):

The words "with three groups" proved dangerously misleading. In the light of the intercepted 15:12 24 October "... will be formed as Task Force 34" message from Halsey, Admiral Kinkaid and his staff assumed, as did Admiral Nimitz at Pacific Fleet headquarters, that TF 34—commanded by Vice Admiral Lee—had now been formed as a separate entity. They assumed that Halsey was leaving this powerful surface force guarding the San Bernardino Strait (and covering Seventh Fleet's northern flank), while he took his three available carrier groups northwards in pursuit of the Japanese carriers. But Task Force 34 had not been detached from his other forces, and Lee's battleships were on their way northwards with Third Fleet's carriers. As Woodward wrote: "Everything was pulled out from San Bernardino Strait. Not so much as a picket destroyer was left".

Warning signs ignored

Halsey and his staff officers ignored information from a night reconnaissance aircraft operating from the light carrier that Kurita's powerful surface force had turned back towards the San Bernardino Strait and that, after a long blackout, the navigation lights in the strait had been turned on. When Rear Admiral Gerald F. Bogan—commanding TG 38.2—radioed this information to Halsey's flagship, he was rebuffed by a staff officer, who tersely replied "Yes, yes, we have that information." Vice Admiral Lee, who had correctly deduced that Ozawa's force was on a decoy mission and indicated this in a blinker message to Halsey's flagship, was similarly rebuffed.

Commodore Arleigh Burke and Commander James H. Flatley of Mitscher's staff had come to the same conclusion. They were sufficiently worried about the situation to wake Mitscher, who asked, "Does Admiral Halsey have that report?" On being told that Halsey did, Mitscher—knowing Halsey's temperament—commented, "If he wants my advice he'll ask for it" and went back to sleep.

The entire available strength of Third Fleet continued to steam northwards towards Ozawa's decoy force, leaving the San Bernardino Strait completely unguarded. Nothing lay between the battleships of Kurita's Center Force and the American landing vessels, except for Kinkaid's vulnerable escort carrier group off the coast of Samar.

Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October 1944)

As of 2025, the Battle of Surigao Strait was the last battleship-to-battleship action in history, one of only two battleship-versus-battleship naval battles in the Pacific campaign of World War II. (The other was the naval battle during the Guadalcanal Campaign, where sank the ). It is also the most recent battle in which one force (in this case, the U.S. Navy) was able to " cross the T" of its opponent. However, by the time that the battleship action was joined, the Japanese line was very ragged and consisted of only one battleship (''Yamashiro''), one heavy cruiser, and one destroyer, so that the "crossing of the T" was notional and had little effect on the outcome of the battle.

Japanese forces

Nishimura's "Southern Force" consisted of the old battleships (flag) and , the heavy cruiser , and four destroyers, , , and . This task force left Brunei after Kurita at 15:00 on 22 October, turning eastward into the Sulu Sea and then northeasterly past the southern tip of Negros Island into the Mindanao Sea. Nishimura then proceeded northeastward with Mindanao Island to starboard and into the south entrance to the Surigao Strait, intending to exit the north entrance of the Strait into Leyte Gulf, where he would add his firepower to that of Kurita's force.

The Japanese Second Striking Force was commanded by Vice Admiral Kiyohide Shima and comprised heavy cruisers (flag) and , the light cruiser , and the destroyers , , , and .

The Japanese Southern Force was attacked by U.S. Navy bombers on 24 October but sustained only minor damage.

Nishimura was unable to synchronize his movements with Shima and Kurita because of the strict radio silence imposed on the Center and Southern Forces. When he entered the Surigao Strait at 02:00, Shima was behind him, and Kurita was still in the Sibuyan Sea, several hours from the beaches at Leyte.

Engagement

As the Japanese Southern Force approached the Surigao Strait, it ran into a deadly trap set by Seventh Fleet. Rear Admiral Jesse Oldendorf had a substantial force comprising
* six battleships: , , , , , and , which carried 48 14-inch (356 mm) and 16 16-inch (406 mm) guns;
* four heavy cruisers (flagship), , , and HMAS ''Shropshire'', which carried 35 8-inch (203 mm) guns;
* four light cruisers , , , and , which carried 54 6-inch (152 mm) guns; and
* 28 destroyers and 39 motor torpedo boats ( Patrol/Torpedo (PT) boats) with smaller guns and torpedoes.

Five of the six battleships had been sunk or damaged in the attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequently repaired or, in the cases of ''California'' and ''West Virginia'', rebuilt. The sole exception was ''Mississippi'', which had been in Iceland on convoy-escort duty at that time. To pass through the narrows and reach the invasion shipping, Nishimura would have to run the gauntlet of torpedoes from the PT boats and destroyers before advancing into the concentrated fire of 14 battleships and cruisers deployed across the far mouth of the strait.

At 22:36, ''PT-131'' (Ensign Peter Gadd) was operating off Bohol when it made contact with the approaching Japanese ships. The PT boats made repeated attacks for more than three and a half hours as Nishimura's force streamed northward. No torpedo hits were scored, but the PT boats did send contact reports which were of use to Oldendorf and his force.

Nishimura's ships passed unscathed through the gauntlet of PT boats. However, their luck ran out a short time later, as they were subjected to devastating torpedo attacks from the American destroyers deployed on both sides of their axis of advance. At about 03:00, both Japanese battleships were hit by torpedoes. ''Yamashiro'' was able to steam on, but ''Fusō'' was torpedoed by and fell out of formation, sinking forty minutes later. Two of Nishimura's four destroyers were sunk; the destroyer ''Asagumo'' was hit and forced to retire, but later sank.

Sinking of ''Fusō''

The traditional account of the sinking of ''Fusō'' was that she exploded into two halves that remained floating for some time. Samuel Morison states that the bow half of ''Fusō'' was sunk by gunfire from , and the stern half sank off Kanihaan Island; this version took into account that battleships were known sometimes to be cut into two or even three sections which could remain afloat independently. However, ''Fusō'' survivor Hideo Ogawa, interrogated in 1945, in an article on the battleship's last voyage, stated: "Shortly after 0400 the ship capsized slowly to starboard and Ogawa and others were washed away," without specifically mentioning the bisection. ''Fusō'' was hit on the starboard side by two or possibly three torpedoes. One of these started an oil fire, and as the fuel used by ships was poorly refined and easily ignited, burning patches of fuel could have led to the description from Allied observers of ''Fusō'' "blowing up". Ten sailors survived the ship's sinking and were repatriated to Japan after the war.

Battle continues

At 03:16, ''West Virginia''s radar picked up the surviving ships of Nishimura's force at a range of . ''West Virginia'' tracked them as they approached in the pitch black night. At 03:53, she fired the eight guns of her main battery at a range of , striking ''Yamashiro'' with her first salvo. She went on to fire a total of 93 shells. At 03:55, ''California'' and ''Tennessee'' joined in, firing 63 and 69 shells, respectively, from their guns. Radar fire control allowed these American battleships to hit targets from a distance at which the Japanese battleships, with their inferior fire control systems, could not return fire.

History's last salvo

The other three U.S. battleships also had difficulty as they were equipped with less advanced gunnery radar. ''Pennsylvania'' was unable to find a target and her guns remained silent. ''Maryland'' eventually succeeded in visually ranging on the splashes of the other battleships' shells, and then fired a total of 48 projectiles. only fired once in the battle-line action, a full salvo of twelve 14-inch shells. This was the last salvo ever fired by a battleship against another battleship in history, closing a significant chapter in naval warfare.

''Yamashiro'' and ''Mogami'' were crippled by a combination of 16-inch and 14-inch armor-piercing shells, as well as the fire of Oldendorf's flanking cruisers. The cruisers that had the latest radar equipment fired well over 2,000 rounds of armor-piercing 6-inch and 8-inch shells. ''Louisville'' (Oldendorf's flagship) fired 37 salvos—333 rounds of 8-inch shells. The Japanese command had apparently lost grasp of the tactical picture, with all ships firing all batteries in several directions, "frantically showering steel through 360°." ''Shigure'' turned and fled but lost steering and stopped dead. At 04:05 ''Yamashiro'' was struck by a torpedo fired by the destroyer , and suddenly sank at about 04:20, with Nishimura on board. ''Mogami'' and ''Shigure'' retreated southwards down the Strait. The destroyer was hit by friendly fire during the night battle, but did not sink.

The rear of the Japanese Southern Force—the "Second Striking Force" commanded by Vice Admiral Shima—had departed from Mako and approached Surigao Strait about astern of Nishimura. Shima's run was initially thrown into confusion by his force nearly running aground on Panaon Island after failing to factor the outgoing tide into their approach. Japanese radar was almost useless due to excessive reflections from the many islands. The American radar was equally unable to detect ships in these conditions, especially PT boats, but ''PT-137'' hit the light cruiser ''Abukuma'' with a torpedo that crippled her and caused her to fall out of formation. Shima's two heavy cruisers, ''Nachi'' and ''Ashigara'', and four destroyers next encountered remnants of Nishimura's force. Shima saw what he thought were the wrecks of both Nishimura's battleships and ordered a retreat before coming into range of the U.S. battleships and cruisers. His flagship ''Nachi'' collided with ''Mogami'', flooding ''Mogami''s steering room and causing her to fall behind in the retreat; ''Mogami'' was further damaged by American carrier aircraft the next morning, abandoned and scuttled by a torpedo from ''Akebono''. Aside from the collision damage to heavy cruiser ''Nachi'' and a PT torpedo hit to light cruiser ''Abukuma'', Shima's forces were unscathed.

First ''kamikaze'' attacks of the Pacific War

While the Battle off Samar was raging between the Japanese surface fleet and Taffy3, Taffy1's escort carriers were supporting the American surface ships after the Battle of Surigao Strait when daylight broke (the nighttime Surigao Strait action meant no carrier aircraft could participate until after dawn, during which the defeated Japanese southern fleet was in full retreat). As a result of Taffy1 being so far south of Samar, not many Taffy1 airplanes participated in the Battle off Samar. While in the air southwest of Leyte Gulf, the aircraft and ships of Taffy1 were immediately ordered to assist Taffy3 off of Samar but they had to return to the escort carriers to refuel and rearm.

After the carrier aircraft returned from aerial attacks on the retreating Japanese naval forces from Surigao Strait, the Japanese launched the first pre-planned ''kamikaze'' (suicide "special attack" planes) attacks of World War II against Taffy1 from Davao. The escort carrier was hit by a ''kamikaze'' first, killing 16 crewmen. A Japanese submarine also successfully launched a torpedo at ''Santee'', striking her starboard side. Four Avenger torpedo bombers and two Wildcat fighters on ''Santee'' were destroyed in this attack. Emergency repairs saved ''Santee'' from sinking.

The escort carrier was shortly afterwards hit by a ''kamikaze'', killing 71 sailors. ''Suwannee'' was hit by another ''kamikaze'' around noon on 26 October that caused even more damage and killed 36 more crewmen. This second ''kamikaze'' strike caused a large fire that was not extinguished until nine hours later. A total of 107 sailors were killed and over 150 were wounded on ''Suwannee'' in the ''kamikaze'' attacks on 25–26 October. Five Avenger torpedo bombers and nine Hellcat fighters on ''Suwannee'' were destroyed.

Results

Of Nishimura's seven ships, only ''Shigure'' survived long enough to escape the debacle. It was sunk by American submarine on 24 January 1945 off Kota Bharu, Malaya, with 37 dead. Shima's ships survived the Battle of Surigao Strait, but they were sunk in further engagements around Leyte. The Southern Force provided no further threat to the Leyte landings.

Battle off Samar (25 October 1944)

Prelude

Halsey's decision to take all the available strength of Third Fleet northwards to attack the carriers of the Japanese Northern Force had left San Bernardino Strait completely unguarded.

Senior officers in Seventh Fleet (including Kinkaid and his staff) generally assumed Halsey was taking his three available carrier groups northwards (McCain's group, the strongest in Third Fleet, was still returning from the direction of Ulithi), but leaving the battleships of TF 34 covering the San Bernardino Strait against the Japanese Center Force. In fact, Halsey had not yet formed TF 34, and all six of Willis Lee's battleships were on their way northwards with the carriers, as well as every available cruiser and destroyer of Third Fleet.

Kurita's Center Force therefore emerged unopposed from San Bernardino Strait at 03:00 on 25 October and steamed southward along the coast of the island of Samar. In its path stood only Seventh Fleet's three escort carrier units (call signs 'Taffy' 1, 2, and 3), with a total of sixteen small, very slow, and unarmored escort carriers, which carried up to 28 airplanes each, protected by a screen of lightly armed and unarmored destroyers and smaller destroyer escorts (DEs). Despite the losses in the Palawan Passage and Sibuyan Sea actions, the Japanese Center Force was still very powerful, consisting of four battleships (including the giant ''Yamato''), six heavy cruisers, two light cruisers and eleven destroyers.

Battle

Kurita's force caught Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague's Task Unit 77.4.3 ('Taffy 3') by surprise. Sprague directed his carriers to launch their planes, then ran for the cover of a rain squall to the east. He ordered the destroyers and DEs to make a smoke screen to conceal the retreating carriers.

Kurita, unaware that Ozawa's decoy plan had succeeded, assumed he had found a carrier group from Halsey's Third Fleet. Having just redeployed his ships into anti-aircraft formation, he further complicated matters by ordering a "General Attack", which called for his fleet to split into divisions and attack independently.

The destroyer was the closest to the enemy. On his own initiative, Lieutenant Commander Ernest E. Evans steered his hopelessly outclassed ship into the Japanese fleet at flank speed. ''Johnston'' fired its torpedoes at the heavy cruiser ''Kumano'', damaging her and forcing her out of line. Seeing this, Sprague gave the order "small boys attack", sending the rest of Taffy 3's screening ships into the fray. Taffy 3's two other destroyers, and , and the destroyer escort , attacked with suicidal determination, drawing fire and disrupting the Japanese formation as ships turned to avoid their torpedoes. As the ships approached the enemy columns, Lt. Cdr. Robert Copeland of ''Samuel B. Roberts'' told all hands via bullhorn that this would be "a fight against overwhelming odds from which survival could not be expected." As the Japanese fleet continued to approach, ''Hoel'' and ''Roberts'' were hit multiple times, and quickly sank. After expending all of its torpedoes, ''Johnston'' continued to fight with its 5-inch guns, until it was sunk by a group of Japanese destroyers.

As they were preparing their aircraft for attack, the escort carriers returned the Japanese fire with all the firepower they had: one 5-inch gun per carrier. The officer in tactical command had instructed the carriers to "open with pea shooters," and each ship took an enemy vessel under fire as soon as it came within range. fired on a cruiser, and is believed to have registered five hits, one amid the superstructure that caused smoke. targeted a heavy cruiser, claiming a hit on the cruiser's No. 2 turret, with a second just below the first. sighted a cruiser, and claimed at least three hits. reported hits on multiple targets, two between the superstructure and forward stack and another on the No. 1 turret of a heavy cruiser.

Meanwhile, Rear Admiral Thomas Sprague (no relation to Clifton) ordered the sixteen escort carriers in his three task units to immediately launch all their aircraft – totaling 450 planes – equipped with whatever weapons they had available, even if these were only machine guns or depth charges. The escort carriers had planes more suited for patrol and anti-submarine duties, including older models such as the FM-2 Wildcat, although they also had the TBM Avenger torpedo bombers, in contrast to Halsey's fleet carriers which had the newest aircraft with ample anti-shipping ordnance. However, the fact that the Japanese force had no air cover meant that Sprague's planes could attack unopposed by Japanese fighter aircraft. Consequently, the air counterattacks were almost unceasing, and some, especially several of the strikes launched from Felix Stump's Task Unit 77.4.2 (Taffy 2), were heavy.

The carriers of Taffy 3 turned south and retreated through the shellfire. ''Gambier Bay'', at the rear of the American formation, became the focus of the battleship ''Yamato'' and sustained multiple hits before capsizing at 09:07. Four Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with ''Gambier Bay''. Several other carriers were damaged but were able to escape.

Admiral Kurita withdraws

The ferocity of the American defense seemingly confirmed the Japanese assumption that they were engaging major fleet units rather than merely escort carriers and destroyers. The confusion of the "General Attack" order was compounded by the air and torpedo attacks, when Kurita's flagship ''Yamato'' turned north to evade torpedoes and lost contact with the battle.

Kurita abruptly broke off the fight and gave the order "all ships, my course north, speed 20", apparently to regroup his disorganized fleet. Kurita's battle report stated he had received a message indicating a group of American carriers was steaming north of him. Preferring to expend his fleet against capital ships rather than transports, Kurita set out in pursuit and thereby lost his opportunity to destroy the shipping fleet in Leyte Gulf, and disrupt the vital landings at Leyte. After failing to intercept the carriers, which were much farther north, Kurita finally retreated towards San Bernardino Strait. Three of his heavy cruisers had been sunk, and the determined resistance had convinced him that persisting with his attack would only cause further Japanese losses.

Poor communication between the separate Japanese forces and a lack of air reconnaissance meant that Kurita was never informed that the deception had been successful, and that only a small and outgunned force stood between his battleships and the vulnerable transports of the invasion fleet. Thus, Kurita remained convinced that he had been engaging elements of Third Fleet, and it would only be a matter of time before Halsey surrounded and annihilated him. Rear Admiral Clifton Sprague wrote to his colleague Aubrey Fitch after the war, "I ... stated o Admiral Nimitzthat the main reason they turned north was that they were receiving too much damage to continue and I am still of that opinion and cold analysis will eventually confirm it."

Almost all of Kurita's surviving force escaped. Halsey and Third Fleet's battleships returned too late to cut him off. ''Nagato'' and ''Kongō'' had been moderately damaged by air attack from Taffy 3's escort carriers. Kurita had begun the battle with five battleships. On their return to their bases, only ''Yamato'' and ''Haruna'' remained battleworthy.

As the desperate surface action was coming to an end, Vice Admiral Takijirō Ōnishi put his Japanese Special Attack Units into operation from bases on Luzon, launching ''kamikaze'' attacks against the Allied ships in Leyte Gulf and the escort carrier units off Samar. This was the second ever organized ''kamikaze'' attack by the Japanese in World War II after the ''kamikaze'' attack on Taffy1 a few hours earlier off of Surigao Strait. The escort carrier of Taffy 3 was hit by a ''kamikaze'' aircraft and sank after a series of internal explosions. Six Grumman FM-2 Wildcat fighters and five Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers went down with ''St. Lo''. Three other Taffy3 escort carriers, , and ''White Plains'', were also damaged in the same ''kamikaze'' attack.

Battle off Cape Engaño (25–26 October 1944)

Vice-Admiral Jisaburō Ozawa's "Northern Force", built around the four aircraft carriers of the 3rd Carrier Division (—the last survivor of the six carriers that had attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941—and the light carriers , , and ), included two World War I battleships partially converted to carriers ( and —the two aft turrets had been replaced by a hangar, aircraft handling deck and catapult, but neither ship carried any aircraft in this battle), three light cruisers (, , and ), and nine destroyers. Ozawa's carrier group was a decoy force, divested of all but 108 aircraft, intended to lure the American fleet away from protecting the transports at the landing beaches on Leyte island. Coincidentally, the name of the cape for which the battle is named, , is Spanish for .

Ozawa's force was not located until 16:40 on 24 October, largely because Sherman's TG38.3—the northernmost of Halsey's groups and responsible for searches in this sector—had been preoccupied with the action in the Sibuyan Sea, and in defending itself against the Japanese air strikes from Luzon. Thus Ozawa's group—the one Japanese force that wanted to be discovered—was the only force the Americans had not been able to find. The force that Halsey was taking north with him—three groups of Mitscher's TF38—was overwhelmingly stronger than the Japanese Northern Force. Between them, these groups had five large fleet carriers (''Intrepid'', ''Franklin'', ''Lexington'', and ''Essex''), five light carriers (''Independence'', , ''Langley'', ''Cabot'' and ), six modern battleships (, , , ''New Jersey'', and ''Washington''), eight cruisers (two heavy and six light), and 41 destroyers. The air groups of the ten U.S. carriers present contained 600–1,000 aircraft.

At 02:40 on 25 October, Halsey detached TF34, built around Third Fleet's six battleships and commanded by Vice Admiral Lee. As dawn approached, the ships of Task Force 34 drew ahead of the carrier groups. Halsey intended Mitscher to make air strikes followed by the heavy gunfire of Lee's battleships.

Around dawn on 25 October, Ozawa launched 75 aircraft, the bulk of his few aircraft, to attack Third Fleet. Most were shot down by American combat air patrols, and no damage was done to the U.S. ships. A few Japanese planes survived and made their way to land bases on Luzon.

During the night, Halsey had passed tactical command of TF38 to Admiral Mitscher, who ordered the American carrier groups to launch their first strike wave, of 180 aircraft, at dawn—before the Northern Force had been located. When the search aircraft made contact at 07:10, this strike wave was orbiting ahead of the task force. At 08:00, as the attack went in, its escorting fighters destroyed Ozawa's combat air patrol of about 30 planes. The U.S. air strikes continued until the evening, by which time TF38 had flown 527 sorties against the Northern Force, sinking ''Zuikaku'', the light carriers ''Chitose'' and ''Zuihō'', and the destroyer ''Akizuki'', all with heavy loss of life. The light carrier ''Chiyoda'' and the cruiser ''Tama'' were crippled. Ozawa transferred his flag to the light cruiser ''Ōyodo''.

Crisis – U.S. Seventh Fleet's calls for help

Shortly after 08:00 on 25 October, desperate messages calling for assistance began to come in from Seventh Fleet, which had been engaging Nishimura's "Southern Force" in battle in Surigao Strait since 02:00. One message from Kinkaid, sent in plain language, read: "My situation is critical. Fast battleships and support by air strikes may be able to keep enemy from destroying CVEs and entering Leyte." Halsey recalled in his memoirs that he was shocked at this message, recounting that the radio signals from Seventh Fleet had come in at random and out of order because of a backlog in the signals office. It seems that he did not receive this vital message from Kinkaid until around 10:00. Halsey later claimed he knew Kinkaid was in trouble, but he had not dreamed of the seriousness of this crisis.

One of the most alarming signals from Kinkaid reported, after their action in Surigao Strait, Seventh Fleet's own battleships were critically low on ammunition. Even this failed to persuade Halsey to send any immediate assistance to Seventh Fleet. In fact, Seventh Fleet's battleships were not as short of ammunition as Kinkaid's signal implied, but Halsey did not know that.

From away in Pearl Harbor, Admiral Nimitz had been monitoring the desperate calls from Taffy3, and sent Halsey a terse message: "TURKEY TROTS TO WATER GG FROM CINCPAC ACTION COM THIRD FLEET INFO COMINCH CTF SEVENTY-SEVEN X WHERE IS RPT WHERE IS TASK FORCE THIRTY FOUR RR THE WORLD WONDERS." The first four words and the last three were "padding" used to confuse enemy cryptanalysis (the beginning and end of the true message were marked by double consonants). The communications staff on Halsey's flagship correctly deleted the first section of padding but mistakenly retained the last three words in the message finally handed to Halsey. The last three words—probably selected by a communications officer at Nimitz's headquarters—may have been meant as a loose quote from Tennyson's poem on "The Charge of the Light Brigade", suggested by the coincidence that this day, 25 October, was the 90th anniversary of the Battle of Balaclava—and was not intended as a commentary on the current crisis off Leyte. Halsey, however, when reading the message, thought that the last words—"THE WORLD WONDERS"—were a biting piece of criticism from Nimitz, threw his cap to the deck and broke into "sobs of rage". Rear Admiral Robert Carney, his chief of staff, confronted him, telling Halsey "Stop it! What the hell's the matter with you? Pull yourself together."

Eventually, at 11:15, more than three hours after the first distress messages from Seventh Fleet had been received by his flagship, Halsey ordered TF34 to turn around and head southwards towards Samar. At this point, Lee's battleships were almost within gun range of Ozawa's force. Two and a half hours were then spent refuelling TF34's accompanying destroyers.

After this succession of delays, it was too late for TF34 to give any practical help to Seventh Fleet, other than to assist in picking up survivors from Taffy3, and too late even to intercept Kurita's force before it made its escape through San Bernardino Strait.

Nevertheless, at 16:22, in a desperate and even more belated attempt to intervene in the events off Samar, Halsey formed a new task group—TG34.5—under Rear Admiral Oscar C. Badger II, built around Third Fleet's two fastest battleships—''Iowa'' and ''New Jersey'', both capable of a speed of more than —and TF34's three cruisers and eight destroyers, and sped southwards, leaving Lee and the other four battleships to follow. As Morison observes, if Badger's group had succeeded in intercepting the Japanese Center Force, it may have been outgunned by Kurita's battleships.

Cruisers and destroyers of TG34.5, however, caught the —the last straggler from Center Force—off San Bernardino Strait, and sank her with all hands, including the survivors from ''Chikuma''.

Final actions

When Halsey turned TF34 southwards at 11:15, he detached a task group of four of its cruisers and nine of its destroyers under Rear Admiral DuBose, and reassigned this group to TF38. At 14:15, Mitscher ordered DuBose to pursue the remnants of the Japanese Northern Force. His cruisers finished off the light carrier ''Chiyoda'' at around 17:00, and at 20:59 his ships sank the destroyer ''Hatsuzuki'' after a very stubborn fight.

When Ozawa learned of the deployment of DuBose's relatively weak task group, he ordered battleships ''Ise'' and ''Hyūga'' to turn southwards and attack it, but they failed to locate DuBose's group, which they heavily outgunned. Halsey's withdrawal of all six of Lee's battleships in his attempt to assist Seventh Fleet had now rendered TF38 vulnerable to a surface counterattack by the decoy Northern Force.

At about 23:10, the American submarine torpedoed and sank the light cruiser ''Tama'' of Ozawa's force. This was the last act of the Battle off Cape Engaño, and—apart from some final air strikes on the retreating Japanese forces on 26 October—the conclusion of the Battle for Leyte Gulf.

Weighing the decisions of Halsey

Criticism

Halsey was questioned for his decision to take TF 34 north in pursuit of Ozawa, and for failing to detach it when Kinkaid first appealed for help. A piece of U.S. Navy slang for Halsey's actions is ''Bull's Run'', a phrase combining Halsey's newspaper nickname "Bull" (he was known as "Bill" Halsey) with an allusion to the Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War, which Union troops lost due to poor organization and lack of decisive action.

Clifton Sprague—commander of Task Unit 77.4.3 in the Battle off Samar—was later bitterly critical of Halsey's decision, and of his failure to clearly inform Kinkaid and Seventh Fleet that their northern flank was no longer protected: "In the absence of any information ... it was logical to assume that our northern flank could not be exposed without ample warning." Regarding Halsey's failure to turn TF 34 southwards when Seventh Fleet's first calls for assistance off Samar were received, Morison writes:

Vice Admiral Lee said in his action report as Commander of TF 34: "No battle damage was incurred nor inflicted on the enemy by vessels while operating as Task Force Thirty-Four."

Halsey's defense

In his dispatch after the battle, Halsey justified the decision to go north as follows:

Halsey also argued that he had feared leaving TF 34 to defend the strait without carrier support as that would have left it vulnerable to attack from land-based aircraft, while leaving one of the fast carrier groups behind to cover the battleships would have significantly reduced the concentration of air power going north to strike Ozawa.

However, Morison states that Admiral Lee said after the battle that he would have been fully prepared for the battleships to cover the San Bernardino Strait without air cover, as each of the escort carriers of TF 77 had up to 28 planes on them, but little surface ship protection, from Kurita's traditional naval force, which lacked air support.

Potential mitigating factors

The fact that Halsey was aboard one of the two fast battleships (''New Jersey''), and "would have had to remain behind" with TF 34 while the bulk of his fleet charged northwards, may have influenced his decision, but it would have been perfectly feasible to have taken one or both of Third Fleet's two fastest battleships with some or all of the large carriers in the pursuit of Ozawa, while leaving the rest of the battle line off the San Bernardino Strait. Halsey's original plan for TF 34 was for four, not all six, of Third Fleet's battleships.

Halsey was certainly philosophically against dividing his forces. He believed strongly in the current naval doctrine of force concentration, as indicated by his writings both before World War II and in his subsequent articles and interviews defending his actions. In addition, Halsey may well have been influenced by the recent criticisms of Admiral Raymond Spruance, who was criticized for excessive caution in the Battle of the Philippine Sea, allowing the bulk of the Japanese fleet to escape. Halsey's chief of staff, Rear Admiral Robert "Mick" Carney, was also wholeheartedly in favor of taking all of Third Fleet's available forces northwards to attack the Japanese carriers.

Halsey also did not believe reports of just how badly compromised Japan's naval air power was, and had no idea that Ozawa's decoy force only had 100 aircraft. Although in a letter to Nimitz just three days before the Battle off Samar, Halsey wrote that Mitscher believed "Jap naval air was wiped out", which Spruance and Mitscher concluded from shooting down over 433 carrier based planes at the Marianas Turkey Shoot, Halsey ignored Mitscher's insights, and later stated that he did not want to be " shuttle bombed" (whereby attacking planes from Ozawa's force could refuel and rearm at bases on land, allowing them to attack again on the return flight), or to give them a "free shot" at the U.S. forces in Leyte Gulf.

Halsey may have considered Kurita's damaged battleships and cruisers, lacking carrier support, as little threat, but ironically, through his own failures to adequately communicate his intentions, he managed to demonstrate that unsupported battleships could still be dangerous.

In his master's thesis submitted at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Lieutenant Commander Kent Coleman argues that the division of command hierarchies of Third Fleet, under Halsey reporting to Nimitz, and Seventh Fleet, under Kinkaid reporting to General MacArthur, was the primary contributor to the near-success of Kurita's attack. Coleman concludes that "the divided U.S. naval chain of command amplified problems in communication and coordination between Halsey and Kinkaid. This divided command was more important in determining the course of the battle than the tactical decision made by Halsey and led to an American disunity of effort that nearly allowed Kurita's mission to succeed."

Losses

Due to the long duration and size of the battle, accounts vary as to the losses that occurred as a part of the Battle of Leyte Gulf and losses that occurred shortly before and shortly after. One account of the losses, by Samuel E. Morison, lists the following vessels:

Allied losses

The United States lost at least 11 warships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf:
* One light aircraft carrier:
* Two escort carriers: and (the first major warship sunk by a ''kamikaze'' attack)
* Two destroyers: and
* One destroyer escort:
* One PT boat: ''USS PT-493''
* Four other ships (including the submarine ), along with , were damaged.
More than 1,600 sailors and aircrew of the Allied escort carrier units were killed. The losses in the Battle of Leyte Gulf were not evenly distributed. Very minimal Allied casualties occurred at the overwhelming Allied victories at the Battle of Surigao Strait and the Battle off Cape Engaño. At the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, the Japanese attack on the light aircraft carrier ''Princeton'' led to the loss of 108 killed on ''Princeton'' and 241 killed and 412 wounded on the light cruiser ''Birmingham'' due to secondary explosions on ''Princeton'' that caused severe damage to ''Birmingham''. 123 troops were killed and over 150 were wounded in the first pre-planned ''kamikaze'' attacks of World War II on Taffy1's aircraft carriers near Surigao Strait. At the mismatched Battle off Samar alone, five of the seven ships of the combined actions were lost, along with 23 aircraft lost, and 1,161 killed and missing and 913 wounded, comparable to the combined losses at the Battle of Midway and Battle of Coral Sea. The destroyer ''Heermann'', despite her unequal fight with the enemy, finished the battle with only six of her crew dead. As a result of communication errors and other failures, a large number of survivors from Taffy 3 were not rescued for several days, and died unnecessarily as a consequence. HMAS ''Australia'' suffered 30 officers and sailors dead, and another 62 servicemen wounded in a kamikaze-like attack on 21 October 1944, at the start of the battle. At the Battle of Surigao Strait, 39 American troops were killed, 114 were wounded, and one PT boat (USS ''PT-493'') was sunk.

On 24–25 October, in two American submarine battles that were related to Japanese naval convoys involved in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, two American submarines were lost in actions that led to the deaths of 1,938 American troops. sank numerous ships in a large Japanese convoy that was on the way to reinforce Japanese troops in Leyte and Leyte Gulf. ''Tang'' then accidentally sank herself in a circular run on the very last torpedo that she had in her arsenal. Seventy-eight men were killed, while nine were captured by the Japanese. sank the unmarked hell ship , which was transporting American prisoners of war (POWs) from the Philippines to Formosa as a response to the Formosa Air Battle and the imminent invasion of the Philippines. 1,773 POWs died due to the rest of the Japanese convoy refusing to rescue them. This was the largest loss of life of American troops at sea in history. ''Shark'' was sunk immediately by Japanese escort ships. All 87 crewmen on ''Shark'' died.

Japanese losses

The Japanese lost 26 warships during the Battle of Leyte Gulf:
* One fleet aircraft carrier: (flagship of the decoy Northern Forces and last of the original attacking Pearl Harbor carriers still afloat).
* Three light aircraft carriers: , , and .
* Three battleships: (former flagship of the Japanese Combined Fleet), (flagship of the Southern Force) and .
* Six heavy cruisers: (flagship of the Center Force), , , , , and .
* Four light cruisers: , , , and .
* Nine destroyers: , , , , , , , , and .

Listed Japanese losses include only those ships sunk in the battle. After the nominal end of the battle, several damaged ships were faced with the option of either making their way to Singapore, close to Japan's oil supplies but where comprehensive repairs could not be undertaken, or making their way back to Japan, where there were better repair facilities but scant oil. The ''Nachi'' was lost to aerial attack while under repair at Manila Bay. The cruiser ''Kumano'' and battleship ''Kongō'' were sunk retreating to Japan. Cruisers ''Takao'' and ''Myōkō'' were stranded, unrepairable, in Singapore. Many of the other survivors of the battle were bombed and sunk at anchor in Japan, unable to move without fuel.

Aftermath

The Battle of Leyte Gulf secured the beachheads of the U.S. Sixth Army on Leyte against attack from the sea. However, months of hard fighting would be required before the island was completely in Allied hands at the end of December 1944: the Battle of Leyte on land was fought in parallel with an air and sea campaign in which the Japanese reinforced and resupplied their troops on Leyte, while the Allies attempted to interdict them and establish air-sea superiority for a series of amphibious landings in Ormoc Bay—engagements collectively referred to as the Battle of Ormoc Bay.

The Imperial Japanese Navy had suffered the greatest loss of ships and crew in its entire history. Its failure to dislodge the Allied invaders from Leyte meant the inevitable loss of the Philippines, which in turn meant Japan would be all but cut off from its occupied territories in Southeast Asia. These territories provided resources that were vital to Japan, in particular the oil needed for her ships and aircraft. This problem was compounded because the shipyards and sources of manufactured goods, such as ammunition and fuel refineries, were in Japan itself. Additionally, the loss of Leyte opened the way for the invasion of the Ryukyu Islands in 1945.

The remaining major surface ships returned to their bases to languish, entirely or almost entirely inactive, for the remainder of the war. Just as Japanese naval airpower had been crippled in June 1944 at the Battle of the Philippine Sea, the naval engagements at Leyte likewise broke the IJN's surface fleet as a meaningful threat to Allied command of the sea. The only major operation by these surface ships between the Battle for Leyte Gulf and the surrender of Japan was a suicidal sortie in April 1945 (part of Operation Ten-Go), in which the battleship ''Yamato'' and her escorts were destroyed in a lopsided engagement by American carrier aircraft.

The first organized use of ''kamikaze'' aircraft took place following the Leyte landings. A ''kamikaze'' hit the Australian heavy cruiser HMAS ''Australia'' on 21 October. Organized suicide attacks by the "Special Attack Force" (Japanese Special Attack Units) began on 25 October during the closing phase of the Battle off Samar, sinking the escort carrier ''St. Lo''.

J. F. C. Fuller writes of the outcome of Leyte Gulf:

Memorials

* At the U.S. Naval Academy, in Alumni Hall, a concourse is dedicated to Lt. Lloyd Garnett and his shipmates on , who earned their ship the reputation as the "destroyer escort that fought like a battleship" in the Battle of Leyte Gulf.
* The ''Essex''-class aircraft carrier was named for the battle.
* The ''Ticonderoga''-class cruiser is named for the battle.
* The ''Dealey''-class destroyer escort was named in honor of Lt. Cmdr. Ernest E. Evans, commanding officer of the .
* At Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego, California, several monuments are dedicated to Taffy 3 and the sailors lost during and after the Battle off Samar
* The Battle of Surigao Strait Memorial, in Surigao City overlooking the strait, was opened by city government and private partners on the 75th anniversary of the battle, October 25, 2019.

See also

* United States Navy in World War II
* Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II
* Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
* Leyte-Samar Naval Base
* WWII carrier-versus-carrier engagements between Allied and Japanese naval forces:
** Battle of the Coral Sea
** Battle of Midway
** Battle of the Eastern Solomons
** Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands
** Battle of the Philippine Sea

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

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External links

* Public domain documents and primary sources at HyperWar Foundation
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Battle Experience: Battle for Leyte Gulf
ominch Secret Information Bulletin No. 22*
Return to the Philippines
reports and other documents
* Orders of battle at NavWeaps.com:
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by Tim Lanzendörfer

The Battle for Leyte Gulf Revisited
by Irwin J. Kappes

Japan's TA-Operation: A Blueprint for Disaster
by Irwin J. Kappes
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by A. P. Tully

Oral history interview with Edward Gilbert, a member of the Army Boat Regiment during the Battle of Leyte Gulf
from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leyte Gulf, Battle Of

Conflicts in 1944
1944 in the Philippines
Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
Naval aviation operations and battles
History of Leyte (province)
History of Samar (province)
World War II aerial operations and battles of the Pacific theatre
Naval battles of World War II involving Australia
Naval battles of World War II involving Japan
Naval battles of World War II involving the United States
October 1944 in Oceania
Sibuyan Sea