''Bathytoma'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of deep-water

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Borsoniidae Borsoniidae is a monophyletic family of small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Conoidea.Bouchet, P. (2011). Borsoniidae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/ ...

Fossil records

This genus is known in the

fossil record A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

s from the

Paleocene The Paleocene ( ), or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 mya (unit), million years ago (mya). It is the first epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), ...

to the

Quaternary The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the ...

(age range: 55.8 to 0.781 million years ago). Fossils are found in the marine strata throughout the world. Fossilworks
/ref>

Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Eastern Indian Ocean (Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa); off Indonesia, New Caledonia, Panglao Island, Sulu Sea, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna, Bohol, Kerala, New Zealand, Philippines, Sea of Japan; off Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia). They are all known from deep waters from 100 m to about 1500 m, but usually at 200–700 m.

Description

The lines of specific distinction appear to be drawn narrowly in this genus and to depend chiefly upon sculpture. The novelty appears intimately related to ''

Bathytoma engonia ''Bathytoma engonia'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Description The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 35 mm. (Original description) The fusiform shell is biconical, with an ...

'' (Watson, 1881) differing by the sharper keel, more elevated tubercles and generally coarser sculpture. The biconical or fusiform shell is medium-sized to rather large. Its periphery is smooth or nodose, angulate or keeled. The peripheral anal sinus is deep. The

columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...

is somewhat swollen, sometimes showing a pleat. The paucispiral

protoconch A protoconch (meaning first or earliest or original shell) is an embryonic or larval shell which occurs in some classes of molluscs, e.g., the initial chamber of an ammonite or the larval shell of a gastropod. In older texts it is also called " ...

consists of 1 to 3 conical or globose

whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). In nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral diagra ...

s, smooth or with faint spiral striae. The operculum is broadly oblanceolate to ovate shape, with an eccentric to terminal nucleus. The ground color of the shell is white to yellowish-brown. Their protoconch morphology seems to infer a non-planktotrophic larval development.Nicolas Puillandre, Alexander V. Sysoev, Baldomero M. Olivera, Arnaud Coulouxd & Philippe Bouchet, ''Loss of planktotrophy and speciation: geographical fragmentation in the deep-water gastropod genus Bathytoma (Gastropoda, Conoidea) in the western Pacific''; Systematics and Biodiversity Volume 8, Issue 3, 2010 DOI:10.1080/14772001003748709
/ref>

Species

Species within the genus ''Bathytoma'' include: * ''

Bathytoma agnata ''Bathytoma agnata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Description The size of an adult varies between 17 mm and 38 mm. (Original description) The solid shell is fusiform and biconical. E ...

'' Hedley & Petterd, 1906 * ''

Bathytoma arbucklei ''Bathytoma arbucklei'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Distribution This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Transkei, Southeast South Africa, at depths between 300 m and 500 m. Description T ...

'' Kilburn, 1986 * ''

Bathytoma atractoides ''Bathytoma atractoides'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Borsoniidae. Description The size of an adult shell varies between 39 mm and 75 mm. (Original description) Shell.—Fusifo ...

'' (Watson, 1881) * ''

Bathytoma badifasciata ''Bathytoma badifasciata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathytoma badifasciata Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: ...

'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † ''

Bathytoma bartrumi ''Bathytoma bartrumi'' is an extinct species of shallow marine sea snail in the family Borsoniidae.Marshall, B. (2015). Bathytoma bartrumi Laws, 1939 †. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www. ...

'' Laws, 1939 * ''

Bathytoma belaeformis ''Bathytoma belaeformis'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Description The length of the shell is 23 mm Distribution This marine species occurs off Cape Point Cape Point () is a promo ...

'' (Sowerby III, 1903) * ''

Bathytoma bitorquata ''Bathytoma bitorquata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Distribution The species is found in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Tanzania Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, ...

'' (Martens, 1901) * ''

Bathytoma boholica ''Bathytoma boholica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathytoma boholica Parth, 1994. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.m ...

'' Parth, 1994 * ''

Bathytoma carnicolor ''Bathytoma carnicolor'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk of the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathytoma carnicolor Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: Wor ...

'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † ''

Bathytoma cataphracta ''Bathytoma cataphracta'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Distribution This extinct marine species was found in the Miocene of Denmark, Italy, Pakistan and in the Oligocene The Oligoce ...

'' Brocchi 1814 * ''

Bathytoma consors ''Bathytoma consors'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathytoma consors Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Regi ...

'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † ''

Bathytoma coweorum ''Bathytoma coweorum'' is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.Marshall, B. (2015). Bathytoma coweorum Beu, 1970 †. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at h ...

'' Beu, 1970 * ''

Bathytoma cranaos ''Bathytoma cranaos'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathytoma cranaos Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Regi ...

'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † '' Bathytoma discors'' Powell, 1942 * ''

'' (Watson, 1881) *'' Bathytoma episoma'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † '' Bathytoma filaris'' (Marwick, 1931) * † '' Bathytoma finlayi'' Laws, 1939 * '' Bathytoma fissa'' (Martens, 1901) * '' Bathytoma formosensis'' Vera-Pelaez, 2004 * † '' Bathytoma fortinodosa'' (Marwick, 1931) * '' Bathytoma gabrielae'' Bozzetti, 2006 * '' Bathytoma gordonlarki'' Tucker & Olivera, 2011 * † '' Bathytoma haasti'' Hutton 1877 * † '' Bathytoma hawera'' (Laws, 1940) * '' Bathytoma hecatorgnia'' (Verco, 1907) * '' Bathytoma hedlandensis'' Tippett & Kosuge, 1994 * '' Bathytoma helenae'' Kilburn, 1974 * † '' Bathytoma hokianga'' Laws, 1947 * '' Bathytoma lacertosus'' (Hedley, 1922) * ''

Bathytoma luehdorfi ''Bathytoma luehdorfi'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Description The size of an adult shell varies between 30 mm and 70 mm. The shell is yellowish brown. The shoulder is concavely fla ...

'' (Lischke, 1872) * † '' Bathytoma media'' (Marwick, 1931) * † '' Bathytoma mitchelsoni'' Powell, 1935 * '' Bathytoma mitrella'' (Dall, 1881) * '' Bathytoma murdochi'' Finlay, 1930 * '' Bathytoma neocaledonica'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bathytoma netrion'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † '' Bathytoma ngatapa'' (Marwick, 1931) * † '' Bathytoma nonplicata'' * '' Bathytoma oldhami'' (Smith E. A., 1899) * † '' Bathytoma pacifica'' Squires 2001 * † '' Bathytoma paracantha'' (J.E. Tenison-Woods, 1877) * '' Bathytoma paratractoides'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bathytoma parengonia'' (Dell, 1956) * † '' Bathytoma paucispiralis'' (Powell, 1942) * † '' Bathytoma pergracilis'' (Marwick, 1931) * † '' Bathytoma praecisa'' (Marwick, 1931) * † '' Bathytoma prior'' (Vella, 1954) * † '' Bathytoma proavita'' (Powell, 1942) * ''

Bathytoma prodicia ''Bathytoma prodicia'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae. Description The size of an adult shell varies between 35 mm and 55 mm. Distribution This species occurs in the Indian Ocean off Ea ...

'' Kilburn, 1986 * '' Bathytoma profundis'' (Laseron, 1954) * '' Bathytoma punicea'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bathytoma regnans'' Melvill, 1918 * '' Bathytoma solomonensis'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * '' Bathytoma somalica'' Ardovini, 2015 * ''

Bathytoma stenos ''Bathytoma stenos'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.Bouchet, P. (2015). Bathytoma stenos. In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org ...

'' Puillandre, Sysoev, Olivera, Couloux & Bouchet, 2010 * † '' Bathytoma tenuineta'' (Marwick, 1931) * '' Bathytoma tippetti'' Vera-Peláez, 2004 * '' Bathytoma tuckeri'' Vera-Peláez, 2004 * '' Bathytoma viabrunnea'' (Dall, 1889) * '' Bathytoma virgo'' (Okutani, 1966) * '' Bathytoma visagei'' Kilburn, 1973 * † '' Bathytoma wairarapaensis'' Vella, 1954 ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Bathytoma biconica'' Hedley, 1903: synonym of ''

Benthofascis biconica ''Benthofascis biconica'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conorbidae.WoRMS (2015). Benthofascis biconica (Hedley, 1903). In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://ww ...

'' (Hedley, 1903) * ''Bathytoma colorata'' Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001: synonym of ''

Gemmuloborsonia colorata ''Gemmuloborsonia colorata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turridae. Description The length of the shell attains 45.5 mm. Distribution This marine species occurs at depths between 490 m and 550 m off ...

'' (Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001) * † ''Bathytoma condonana'' F.M. Anderson & B. Martin, 1914: synonym of '' Megasurcula condonana'' (F.M. Anderson & B. Martin, 1914) * † ''Bathytoma excavata'' Suter, 1917: synonym of † '' Austrotoma excavata'' (Suter, 1917) * ''Bathytoma sulcata excavata'' Suter, 1917 synonym of † '' Austrotoma excavata'' (Suter, 1917) * ''Bathytoma gratiosa'' Suter, 1908: synonym of ''Fenestrosyrinx gratiosa'' (Suter, 1908), synonym of '' Taranis gratiosa'' (Suter, 1908) * ''Bathytoma sarcinula'' Hedley, 1905: synonym of ''

Benthofascis sarcinula ''Benthofascis sarcinula'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conorbidae.WoRMS (2015). Benthofascis sarcinula (Hedley, 1905). In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http:// ...

'' (Hedley, 1905) * ''Bathytoma tremperiana'' (Dall, 1911): synonym of '' Megasurcula tremperiana'' (Dall, 1911) * ''Bathytoma tremperiana'' Dall, 1911: synonym of ''

Megasurcula carpenteriana ''Megasurcula carpenteriana'' (Gabb, 1865), also known as Carpenter's turrid, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae, a family previously lumped with others collectively kno ...

'' (Gabb, 1865) * Subgenus ''Bathytoma (Parabathytoma)'' Shuto, 1961 represented as ''Bathytoma'' Harris & Burrows, 1891 * ''Bathytoma (Parabathytoma) helenae'' Kilburn, 1974 represented as ''Bathytoma helenae'' Kilburn, 1974 * ''Bathytoma (Parabathytoma) visagei'' Kilburn, 1973 represented as ''Bathytoma visagei'' Kilburn, 1973

References

* Harris G. F. & Burrows H. W. (1891). ''The Eocene and Oligocene beds of the Paris basin''. Geologists' Association, London 129 pp.: page(s): 113 * Wilson, B. 1994. ''Australian Marine Shells. Prosobranch Gastropods.'' Kallaroo, WA : Odyssey Publishing Vol. 2 370 pp.

External links

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3721858 Extant Thanetian first appearances