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Baloch nationalism () is an ideology that asserts that the
Baloch people
The Baloch ( ) or Baluch ( ; , plural ) are a nomadic, Pastoralism, pastoral, ethnic group which speaks the Western Iranian, Western Iranic Balochi language and is native to the Balochistan region of South Asia, South and Western Asia, encompas ...
, an
Iranic
Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are the collective ethnolinguistic groups who are identified chiefly by their native usage of any of the Iranian languages, which are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European langu ...
ethnic group
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people with shared attributes, which they collectively believe to have, and long-term endogamy. Ethnicities share attributes like language, culture, common sets of ancestry, traditions, society, re ...
native to
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
,
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
and
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...
, form a distinct
nation
A nation is a type of social organization where a collective Identity (social science), identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, t ...
.
Baloch ethnicity and nationalism

Baloch people are an
Iranic
Iranian peoples, or Iranic peoples, are the collective ethnolinguistic groups who are identified chiefly by their native usage of any of the Iranian languages, which are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages within the Indo-European langu ...
ethnic group native to southeastern
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) and also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Iraq to the west, Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Armenia to the northwest, the Caspian Sea to the north, Turkmenistan to the nort ...
, southwestern
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
and southern
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...
.
The Baloch nationalist movement's demands have ranged from greater cultural, economic and political rights, to political autonomy, to outright
secession
Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a Polity, political entity. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal i ...
and the creation of an independent state of Balochistan. The movement is
secular
Secularity, also the secular or secularness (from Latin , or or ), is the state of being unrelated or neutral in regards to religion. The origins of secularity can be traced to the Bible itself. The concept was fleshed out through Christian hi ...
and was originally inspired by
Marxist–Leninist liberation movements.
The movement claims to receive considerable support from the
Baloch diaspora
The Baloch diaspora () refers to Baloch people, and their descendants, who have immigrated to places outside the Balochistan region of South-West Asia – a region stretching from southwestern Pakistan to southeastern Iran and southern Afghanis ...
in
Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country located on the southeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in West Asia and the Middle East. It shares land borders with Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Oman’s coastline ...
, the
UAE
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East, at the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is a federal elective monarchy made up of seven emirates, with Abu Dhabi serving as i ...
,
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
,
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...
, and other countries. Pakistan has repeatedly made claims that the Baloch nationalists have received funding from
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
, although these have been denied by
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
. Similarly, Afghanistan has acknowledged providing covert support to the Baloch nationalist militants. In the 1960s and 1970s, the
Republic of Afghanistan provided sanctuary to Baloch militants. The Republic of Afghanistan had established training camps in
Kandahar
Kandahar is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on Arghandab River, at an elevation of . It is Afghanistan's second largest city, after Kabul, with a population of about 614,118 in 2015. It is the capital of Kandahar Pro ...
to train Baloch militants and also to provide arms and ammunition.
Modern Baloch nationalism
Baloch nationalism in its modern form began in the form of the
Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan based in
Mastung in 1929, led by
Yousaf Aziz Magsi Nawab Mir Yousaf Aziz Magsi was a Baloch people, Baloch leader and co-founder of the Anjuman-e-Ittehad-e-Balochan-wa-Balochistan alongside Abdul Aziz Kurd. In 2011, a commemorative seminar was held at the National Language Authority in Islamabad. ,
Abdul Aziz Kurd and others.
In November 1929, Yousaf Aziz Magsi published an article stating the aims of the group, namely:
# Unification and independence of Balochistan;
# A democratic, socialist system guided by Islamic universalism;
# Abolition of the
sardar
Sardar, also spelled as Sardaar (, , 'commander', literally 'headmaster'), is a title of royal family, royalty and nobility that was originally used to denote princes, noblemen, chiefs, kings and other Aristocracy (class), aristocrats. It ha ...
i-
jirga
A jirga (, ''jərga'') is an assembly of leaders that makes decisions by consensus according to Pashtunwali, the Pashtun social code. It is conducted in order to settle disputes among the Pashtuns, but also by members of other ethnic groups who ...
system;
# Free, compulsory education for the Baloch, and equality for Baloch women;
# Promotion of
Baloch culture.
[''Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development'', Taj Mohammad Breseeg, 2004]
Simultaneously with the formation of the Anjuman, Baloch intellectuals in
Karachi
Karachi is the capital city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, largest city in Pakistan and 12th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a popul ...
formed a nationalist organisation, called the Baloch League.
In February 1937, the Anjuman reorganised and became the
Kalat State National Party, carrying on the Anjuman's political agenda of an independent united state of Balochistan. They demanded the independence of the ancient
Khanate of Kalat
The Khanate of Kalat, also known as the Brahui Confederacy, was a Brahui Khanate that originated in the modern-day Kalat region of Pakistan. Formed in 1666 due to the threat of Mughal expansion in the region,"Baluchistan" ''Imperial Gazet ...
, which was later incorporated into Pakistan in 1955.
The party was dominated by more secular-minded, anti-imperialist and populist elements, such as
Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo
Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Urdu/ Baloch: میرغوث بخش بزنجو ) was a Pakistani politician from Balochistan. He served as the 3rd Governor of Balochistan.
Early life
He was born in Nall Khuzdar Balochistan in either December 1917 or 19 ...
,
Mir Gul Khan Naseer and Abdul Aziz Kurd. When parliamentary elections were held in the State of Kalat, the party was the largest winner with a considerable majority.
In 2017, the World Baloch Organisation placed advertisements on taxis in
London
London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...
to say ''#FreeBalochistan'' along with slogans such as "Stop enforced disappearances" and "Save the Baloch people". These were initially allowed but later denied permission by
Transport for London
Transport for London (TfL) is a local government body responsible for most of the transport network in London, United Kingdom.
TfL is the successor organization of the London Passenger Transport Board, which was established in 1933, and His ...
. The World Baloch Organisation claimed that this was a result of pressure from the Pakistani Government after the British High Commissioner in Islamabad was summoned to appear before the Pakistani Foreign Secretary.
Surveys
A survey in 2009 by the
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world. It ...
found that 58% of respondents in Balochistan chose "Pakistani" as their primary mode of identification, 32% chose their ethnicity and 10% chose both equally.
In 2012, Gallup conducted a survey for the United Kingdom's
Department for International Development
The Department for International Development (DFID) was a Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom, ministerial department of the government of the United Kingdom, from 1997 to 2020. It was responsible for administering foreign aid ...
that revealed that 37 percent of Baloch were in favour of
independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state, in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of ...
. Amongst
Balochistan's Pashtun
Pashtuns (, , ; ;), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are an Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in southern and eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan. They were historically also referred to as Afghans until 1964 after the ...
population support for independence was lower at 12 percent. Sixty-seven percent of Balochistan's population favoured greater provincial
autonomy
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy is the capacity to make an informed, uncoerced decision. Autonomous organizations or institutions are independent or self-governing. Autonomy can also be ...
.
See also
*
Balochistan Liberation Army
The Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) is a Baloch ethnonationalist militant organization based in the Balochistan region. Operating primarily from safe havens scattered across southern Afghanistan, BLA perpetrates attacks in neighboring Paki ...
*
Insurgency in Balochistan
The insurgency in Balochistan () is an ongoing insurgency by Baloch separatist insurgents and various Islamist militant groups against the governments of Iran in the province of Sistan and Baluchestan and Pakistan in the province of Baloch ...
*
Saraikistan
The Saraikistan province movement is the proposal to create a new province in Pakistan by carving out the Saraiki-speaking southern regions of Punjab. Bahawalpur or Multan have been proposed as the capital of Saraikistan.
The movement for Sarai ...
*
Separatist movements of Pakistan
*
Sindhudesh
The Sindhudesh movement is a separatist movement that advocates to create a country for the Sindhi people by establishing a sovereign state called Sindhudesh (, ) in the region of Sindh.
The movement was founded by G. M. Syed, after Bangladesh ...
*
Sindhudesh Liberation Army
The Sindhudesh Liberation Army (also known as Sindh Liberation Army or SLA) is a Sindhi Militant organization based in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It became publicly known in 2010 after it claimed responsibility for a targeted bomb blast on ra ...
Citations
General and cited references
* Selig Harrison, ''In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations'', Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, New York, 1981
* Selig Harrison (Winter 1980–1981)
Baluch Nationalism and Superpower Rivalry(), ''International Security'', Vol. 5 No. 3. pp. 152–163.
* Paul Titus and Nina Swidler (February 2000)
Knights, Not Pawns: Ethno-Nationalism and Regional Dynamics in Post-Colonial Balochistan ''International Journal of Middle East Studies'', Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 47–69.
External links
The Resurgence of Baluch Nationalism Frederic Grare,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) is a nonpartisan international affairs think tank headquartered in Washington, D.C., with operations in Europe, South Asia, East Asia, and the Middle East, as well as the United States. Foun ...
, Paper No. 65, January 2006
Balochistan's history of insurgencyPakistan: The Worsening Conflict in Balochistan International Crisis Group
The International Crisis Group (ICG; also known as the Crisis Group) is a global non-profit, non-governmental organisation founded in 1995. It is a think tank, used by policymakers and academics, conducting research and analysis on global crises. ...
, Asia Report No. 119, 14 September 2006
{{Ethnic nationalism
Baloch society
Balochistan
History of Balochistan
Nationalist movements in Asia