bailo ''Bailo'' or ''baylo'' (plural ''baili'' or ''bayli'') is a Venetian title that derives from the Latin term '' baiulus'', meaning "porter, bearer". In English, it may be translated bailiff, or otherwise rendered as bailey, baili, bailie, bailli o ...

, also spelled baylo (pl. / ) was a diplomat who oversaw the affairs of the

Republic of Venice The Republic of Venice, officially the Most Serene Republic of Venice and traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and Maritime republics, maritime republic with its capital in Venice. Founded, according to tradition, in 697 ...

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

, the capital of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

, and was a permanent fixture in the city around 1454. The traumatic outcomes of Venice's wars with the Ottomans made it clear to its rulers that in the Ottoman case the city would have to rely chiefly on diplomatic and political means rather than offensive military efforts to maintain and defend its position in the eastern Mediterranean. The bailo's job was very extensive because he was both Venice's political and foreign ambassador. He was very important in maintaining a good relationship between the

Ottoman Sultan The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to Dissolution of the Ottoman Em ...

and the Venetian government. He was also there to represent and protect Venetian political interests. In Constantinople the ''bailo'' worked to resolve any misunderstandings between the Ottomans and Venetians. To do this they established contacts and friendships with influential Ottomans and by doing this, they were able to protect their own interests. Unfortunately there were instances where there were difficulties finding replacements. This was often due to not enough qualified replacements, refusal to accept the position and the replacement dying before reaching Constantinople.

Etymology

Like English ''

bailiff A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian – a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. There are different kinds, and their offices and scope of duties vary. Another official sometimes referred to as a '' ...

'', the Venetian word derives from Latin ''

baiulus A bailiff is a manager, overseer or custodian – a legal officer to whom some degree of authority or jurisdiction is given. There are different kinds, and their offices and scope of duties vary. Another official sometimes referred to as a '' ...

'', which originally meant "

porter (carrier) A porter, also called a bearer, is a person who carries objects or cargo for others. The range of services conducted by porters is extensive, from shuttling luggage aboard a train (a railroad porter) to bearing heavy burdens at altitude in i ...

". The Ottoman term was ''bālyōs'' or ''bālyoz''.

The bailate – the Venetian embassy

Sometime between the

fall of Constantinople The Fall of Constantinople, also known as the Conquest of Constantinople, was the capture of Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire. The city was captured on 29 May 1453 as part of the culmination of a 55-da ...

in 1453 and the outbreak of the Second Ottoman–Venetian War in 1499, the ''baili'' relocated to the center of

Galata Galata is the former name of the Karaköy neighbourhood in Istanbul, which is located at the northern shore of the Golden Horn. The district is connected to the historic Fatih district by several bridges that cross the Golden Horn, most nota ...

. After another war the relocated to one of Galata’s suburbs, to an embassy called Vigne di Pera. This house was used as a summer home and as a refuge from the plague. After the

War of Cyprus War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organize ...

, the embassy in Galata relocated to Vigne di Pera permanently. Most ''baili'' preferred this location over the one in Galata because it had less restrictions in after-hours travel, and its location proved ideal in smuggling slaves.Dursteler 2006, pp. 25–27. Vigne di Pera was a large complex surrounded by wall, with smaller complexes located inside. It had a large enough area to play ball in, a small chapel and housing quarters for the ''bailo''’s postal carriers (to prevent the bailo from getting sick). There were two parts to the embassy, a public and private area. The private area housed the ''bailo'', his company, his

Janissary A janissary (, , ) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman sultan's household troops. They were the first modern standing army, and perhaps the first infantry force in the world to be equipped with firearms, adopted dur ...

corps, and the secretarial staff. The public area was used as a receiving area for dignitaries and other important people, as well as a banquet hall for special occasions and parties.

Functions, duties and responsibilities

One of the major responsibilities of the ''bailo'' was to collect information on the Ottoman Empire. They usually got this information though their wide networks of friends, their household and an informal spy network. This informal spy network consisted of moles: those who worked in the

Imperial Arsenal The Imperial Arsenal () was the main base and naval shipyard of the Ottoman Empire from the 16th century to the end of the Empire. It was located on the Golden Horn in the Ottoman capital, Constantinople (modern Istanbul). Etymology The Ottoma ...

in Galata, banished men and women, merchants and their associates and even people who worked within the Ottoman bureaucracy. The ''baili'' also set up moles in other foreign embassies. The ''bailo'' had the responsibility to promote and protect Venetian trade. This became the case after the

Battle of Lepanto The Battle of Lepanto was a naval warfare, naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League (1571), Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of t ...

, when the ''bailo''’s head ordered them to protect the integrity of their merchant powers from the English, Dutch and Florentines. The ''baili'' barely paid attention to commercial matters. saying it was too complicated to be bothered with, but every time there was a new sultan they made sure any agreements made with the previous sultan were followed though (this was made to protect Venetian citizens, goods and property, and this required a lot of attention from the ''bailo'' to make sure they were not being double crossed). Protecting the business interests of the Venetians involved in international commerce was also a function of the ''bailo''. This was done especially if the person requested the ''bailo'' in settling debts with other people. They had to make sure business was good and were responsible for the Venetian subjects in Constantinople, especially if they died. ''Baili'' also acted as judges on the Venetian subjects because of their superior status. They usually presided over commercial and legal matters. Another responsibility was that he was in charge of all the trade in Ottoman lands and replacing consuls whenever he wanted to. The ''bailo'' was forbidden to actually do commerce such as trading themselves or represent other people commercially because situations might arise and fast become complicated and the ''bailo'' would be held accountable for whatever that person may have done; also, the integrity of the mission would become compromised. Although forbidden to engage in commercial acts, the did so anyway.

The life of a ''bailo''

All of the ''baili'' were drawn from the ranks of the Venetian patriciate; this was a fundamental requirement, and most were drawn from the top tier of this oligarchy which dominated Venetian political life. Many ''baili'' did not marry – this can be attributed to the fact that most held this position to give their family economic prestige, and had other male siblings who carried on the family name. The ''bailo'' was also involved in the

Latin Rite Latin Rite may refer to: *The Latin Church, a ''sui iuris'' church of the Catholic Church *The Latin liturgical rites, a family of Christian rites and uses which includes the Roman Rite *The Roman Rite The Roman Rite () is the most common ritua ...

communities of the Ottoman Empire. They did things like getting churches that could be used by Venetians, and representing the Roman Catholics. The ''baili'' had active social lives and were present in confraternities, protected the company of the holy sacrament, patronized artists and artisans in the creation of religious objects and decorations for Latin-rite churches of Constantinople and Galata. One spiritual and diplomatic duty was to free Christian slaves unless they voluntarily converted to Islam. The major problem with this is that the ''bailo'' couldn’t release too many slaves or they would anger the sultan. The ''bailo'' actually had funds reserved for freeing slaves and, because of this, they were often accosted by many people asking for the ''bailo''’s help. These funds either came out of their own pocket or from church donations from Venice. There were many reasons as to why many members of the patriciate did not want to become a ''bailo''. There was a health risk associated with going to Constantinople – the long journey seemed to kill people and more seemed to be dying in the city itself. After several deaths during the voyage to Constantinople, the Venetian government allowed doctors to accompany the ''baili'' to keep them from dying. In case of hostilities, the ''baili'' were often in danger of being held hostage, but this was just a loose form of house arrest and the ''bailo'' was even allowed leave the house, especially if it was for religious purposes. It was rare that ''baili'' were executed, but the possibility of this happening was a further deterrent to holding this office. Money was hard to come by and most ''baili'' had to fund themselves. This was especially hard if they had no money in the first place. Often the ''bailo'' resorted to borrowing money from merchants, but this became increasing difficult as these merchants realized it took almost a year for the ''bailo'' to pay them back and started to refuse the ''bailo''’s requests.Dursteler 2001, pp. 16–19.

Visit to Corfu

Giacomo Casanova Giacomo Girolamo Casanova (; ; 2 April 1725 – 4 June 1798) was an Italian adventurer who was born in the Republic of Venice and travelled extensively throughout Europe. He is chiefly remembered for his autobiography, written in French and pu ...

mentions in his memoirs that during his stay in

Corfu Corfu ( , ) or Kerkyra (, ) is a Greece, Greek island in the Ionian Sea, of the Ionian Islands; including its Greek islands, small satellite islands, it forms the margin of Greece's northwestern frontier. The island is part of the Corfu (regio ...

, the ''bailo'' of Constantinople stopped on the island on his way to Constantinople aboard a 72-gun

frigate A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied. The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed and maneuvera ...

named ''Europa''. Having a greater rank than that of the ''Provveditore'' of Corfu, the flag of the ''bailo'', bearing the colours of the captain-general of the

Venetian Navy The Venetian navy () was the navy of the Venetian Republic which played an important role in the history of the republic and the Mediterranean world. It was the premier navy in the Mediterranean Sea for many centuries between the medieval and ea ...

, was raised during his one-week stay on the island, while the flag with the colours of the ''Provveditore'' was lowered.

References

Bibliography

* * *Goffman, Daniel. “Negotiating with the Renaissance state: the Ottoman Empire and the new diplomacy” in The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire. Ed. Virginia Aksan & Daniel Goffman. Cambridge University Press, 2007.

External links

*{{Commonscatinline, Bailo of Constantinople
Notes on the origins of the diplomatic corps: Constantinople in the 1620s
History of Istanbul Ottoman Empire–Republic of Venice relations