The Badr-2000 was an

Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...

i high technology two-stage solid-propelled

Medium-range ballistic missile A medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) is a type of ballistic missile with medium range (aeronautics), range, this last classification depending on the standards of certain organizations. Within the United States Department of Defense, U.S. D ...

that was based on the Argentinian Condor-II ballistic missile. The

is invested a lot of money in the production of the missile, however

failed to produce the facilities required to produce the missile and consequently it did not enter mass production.

Development

In 1984/1985

entered in a program with

Argentina Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America. It covers an area of , making it the List of South American countries by area, second-largest country in South America after Brazil, the fourt ...

and

Egypt Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...

to develop a high-technology two-stage ballistic missile system of approximately 1000 km based on the Pershing II ballistic missile which would be called Condor-II in Argentina, BADR-2000 in

. and Vector in Egypt The missile system under development consisted of all the systems required like computation, command and communication, transport and handling, launch preparation, power supply etc.

would develop the missile while

would help in procuring new technology and

would finance the project. A number of Aerospace and defense companies from

Italy Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe, Western Europe. It consists of Italian Peninsula, a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Alps on its northern land b ...

and

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

aided the project and technical support was handled by a consortium of 16 European companies under the name Consen based in

Switzerland Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland ...

. The project was supposed to be carried out in close collaboration with the Arab League Industrial Development Organisation (ALIDO) centered in

Baghdad Baghdad ( or ; , ) is the capital and List of largest cities of Iraq, largest city of Iraq, located along the Tigris in the central part of the country. With a population exceeding 7 million, it ranks among the List of largest cities in the A ...

. When it came to the missile

preferred to use solid propulsion in both stages as opposed to solid propulsion in first stage and liquid propulsion in the second. The liquid propelled engine which was being developed along with the

i engines could be used in third stage and would turn the missile into a Space delivery vehicle for limited payloads.

concentrated its efforts in the Belat al-Shuhada Factory. The project was supposed the

is in 1985 would then commence Project 395 in effort to construct facilities to produce solid-propellant motors indigenously, many American firms were involved in Project 395 and helped

build Infrastructure to produce the Condor-II missile. Since the project was mostly covert and

itself lacked the production facilities, program progress was slow. In 1987 and 1988 disputes arose between

and

regarding the provision of missiles,

had grown suspicious regarding where its investment was going and in 1987

had signed a contract for 17 Badr-2000 missiles, however it realized that it would not get these missiles. By 1987 the building of three key sites required for the manufacturing of Badr-2000 missile had started. Collaboration ended in 1988 when

was taking the project all by itself, in summer 1988

ian scientist Abdel Kader Helmy was arrested in

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

for transferring missile technology to

declared that in 1989 it took the entire project on its own, by 1989

had invested $400 million in the project and had built a factory to manufacture propellants. In 1989 the Technical Corps for Special Projects(TECO), which was an affiliate of the Ministry of Industry and Military Industrialization (MIMI) which managed Iraq's military procurements, designated Project 395 to the Condor-II missile Program. Some additional military procurements were also imported by

in 1989 and 1990.

had erected an R&D research facility and three other facilities for Project 395, one facility managed production of solid propellants of the Badr-2000 missiles, the other motor cases, the third did final assembly and testing, all of which were part of the Belat Al-Shuhada missile factory. Despite that however the missile could not enter mass production and

did not use any Badr-2000 missiles.

Characteristics

The Badr-2000 was to be a mobile medium-range dual stage ballistic

surface-to-surface missile A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea. They may be fired from hand-held or vehicle mounted devices, from fixed installations, or from a ship. They ar ...

. The Badr-2000 missile was intended to have a range of 1000 km although UNSCOM estimated that the actual range was around 620–750 km. The missile had a weight of 4800 kg and a payload of 350 kg, the payload itself was a separating reentry vehicle. The Badr-2000 missile had a length of 10.3 m and a width of 0.8 m which was the booster, all of this would amount to a CEP of 30–50 m.

First stage rocket

The first stage booster was 800 mm in diameter cased in maraging steel and filled with cast HTPB.

Thrust vectoring Thrust vectoring, also known as thrust vector control (TVC), is the ability of an aircraft, rocket or other vehicle to manipulate the direction of the thrust from its engine(s) or motor(s) to Aircraft flight control system, control the Spacecra ...

for missile control in pitch and yaw for this stage was provided by a flexible joint

nozzle A nozzle is a device designed to control the direction or characteristics of a fluid flow (specially to increase velocity) as it exits (or enters) an enclosed chamber or pipe (material), pipe. A nozzle is often a pipe or tube of varying cross ...

with

Hydraulic cylinder A hydraulic cylinder (also called a linear hydraulic motor) is a mechanical actuator that is used to give a unidirectional force through a unidirectional stroke. It has many applications, notably in construction equipment ( engineering vehicles ...

s by stored and pressurized

Helium Helium (from ) is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol He and atomic number 2. It is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic, inert gas, inert, monatomic gas and the first in the noble gas group in the periodic table. Its boiling point is ...

. The flexible joint consisted of rings of elastomeric material enforced with

steel Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that demonstrates improved mechanical properties compared to the pure form of iron. Due to steel's high Young's modulus, elastic modulus, Yield (engineering), yield strength, Fracture, fracture strength a ...

Second stage rocket

The Argentinians used the MMH

fuel A fuel is any material that can be made to react with other substances so that it releases energy as thermal energy or to be used for work (physics), work. The concept was originally applied solely to those materials capable of releasing chem ...

and N₂O₄

Oxidizer An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or " accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the , , or ''electron donor''). In ot ...

for the liquid propelled version. The

is however would use

UDMH Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (abbreviated as UDMH; also known as 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, heptyl or Geptil) is a chemical compound with the formula H2NN(CH3)2 that is primarily used as a rocket propellant. At room temperature, UDMH is a colorle ...

and MON 7 as

oxidizer An oxidizing agent (also known as an oxidant, oxidizer, electron recipient, or electron acceptor) is a substance in a redox chemical reaction that gains or " accepts"/"receives" an electron from a (called the , , or ''electron donor''). In ot ...

. For Thrust vector control the missile used a gimbaled nozzle controlled by electromechanical systems. The second-stage engine would burn for no more than 40 seconds, two pyrotechnic valves would be responsible for shutting the engine down when desired

altitude Altitude is a distance measurement, usually in the vertical or "up" direction, between a reference datum (geodesy), datum and a point or object. The exact definition and reference datum varies according to the context (e.g., aviation, geometr ...

and

velocity Velocity is a measurement of speed in a certain direction of motion. It is a fundamental concept in kinematics, the branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of physical objects. Velocity is a vector (geometry), vector Physical q ...

had been achieved. At the sustainer phase the roll axis would be controlled by cold gas thruster systems located in the reentry vehicle.

Legacy

After the

Gulf War , combatant2 = , commander1 = , commander2 = , strength1 = Over 950,000 soldiers3,113 tanks1,800 aircraft2,200 artillery systems , page = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GAOREPORTS-PEMD-96- ...

UNSCOM supervised the destruction of all Badr-2000 missiles as well as production facilities. All production facilities were reduced to facilities that could only produce non-proscribed missile designs under UNSCOM supervision, nine solid propellant facility buildings were destroyed and two testing facility buildings were also destroyed however no motor-casing production facility was damaged.

would later use the technology used in Badr-2000 for the single-stage Short-range "Badr-2000 Junior" ( Ababil-100 which is also called al Fat'h) which lacked the flexible joint

would later attempt to acquire the 120 km single-stage rocket called Sakr-200 from

, the fate of this attempt is unknown. Some sources also suggest that

sought to design another long-range ballistic missile whose design was again based on the Badr-2000 and Al-Fat'h ballistic missiles.

References