Añafil

The ''buisine'' and the ''añafil'' were variations of a type of straight medieval trumpet usually made of metal, also called a herald's trumpet. While arguably the same instrument, the two names represent two separate traditions, in which a Persian-Arabic-Turkic instrument called the ''Nafir'' entered European culture in different places and times.

The term ''buisine'' (Old French; also, ''busine'', ''buysine'', ''buzine'') descends from ''Buccina'', a Roman military horn. The horn was mainly used for military and ceremonial purposes. When Europeans went to the crusades, the instrument was seen as a proper military target (in the same way a flag or pendant was), something to capture and bring home.

The term ''añafil'' descends from '' al-Nafir'', the Persian-Arab Islamic trumpet which was used by Moorish armies in Spain, before the Crusades. By the Reconquista (722–1492) when residents of the future Spain retook the Iberian Peninsula, ''añafil'' was part of the nation's language. The image that is among Europe's earliest representation of the instrument came from this tradition, in the 13th century Spanish work, the ''Cantigas de Santa Maria''.

The ''buisine''—''añafil'' is precursor of today's fanfare trumpet, it had a very long and slender body, usually one to two metres in length (some were reported to have been at least six feet in length) that tapered toward the end into a slightly flared bell. It is commonly seen in paintings being played by angels and often also bearing the banner of a nobleman. As the herald's trumpet was widely used in Fanfares. These instruments would serve as a sort of timekeeper to announce events and meetings. Their long, tubed shape would allow them to hang flags and banners, which made them popular for events and ceremonies.

The term ''buisine'' is first found in the Chanson de Roland, and it was probably a general term for horns and trumpets rather than referring to a specific instrument. Early trumpets were slightly curved, but the term was applied to straight trumpets imported from the Middle East during the Crusades.

The modern German word for trombone, '' Posaune'', is a corruption of ''buisine'' by way of ''busaun''.

History

There were multiple different instruments that were used in the Middle Ages that can be described as medieval trumpets. Historians believe that the advancement of trumpets came from a variety of people. The use of animal horns were used as instruments in Oriental and Roman cultures. Advanced craftsman used these concepts to design the first metal instruments.

The ''anafil'' was introduced to the Iberian Peninsula at the time of the Muslim conquest which created Al-Andalus,. and maintained for centuries the name Moorish ''nafil'', since the Andalusian Arabs used it to execute the sharp parts of the fanfares and military touches. Later, it was introduced to Europe by the Saracen armies and the Christian armies of the Crusades.

The ''buisine'' is referenced as the forerunner of all brass instruments. The brass instrument known as the ''busine'' first appeared in Southern Italy in the 11th century. It was introduced in two forms; one with a conical, curved tube called the Cornu, and one with a straight, cylindrical shape. A smaller version of the ''buisine'', known as the ''clarion'', was also popular during these times. The clarion plays in the same register as its counterparts, but plays in a higher pitch due to its smaller structure. The Roman ''cornu'' was popular in Europe and the Orient, while the ''buisine'' and ''clarion'' were mostly used in England and France.

From the late Middle Ages, the ''anafil'' begins to lose its character as a war instrument to become a messenger and instrument of protocol. As an instrument of heraldry it took on courtly character in European courts. Progressively, the long tube of the anafil began to curve, and in the Renaissance it continues to curve in the shape of an "S" and twist into loops. By the early 1400s it had shifted into a double coiled S-shape, in one form being called the ''clarion.'' It evolved until it merged with the baroque trumpet, and was gradually assimilated by the new trumpets and bagpipes. In the 19th century this metal wind instrument incorporates keys and pistons that give it the appearance and functionality of today's metal instruments.

At present it is a unique and characteristic instrument of the processions of the Semana Santa de Cabra (Córdoba), where it is called ''abejorro'' (bumblebee). Its modern equivalent is the '' nafīr'', which in the Maghrib is sounded from the minarets in the month of Ramadan.

File:Cloisters Apocalypse - 2nd Trumpet - fire on the sea.jpg, Cloisters Apocalypse, an angel sounds an ''añafil'' (the 2nd trumpet) and fire rains on the sea.
File:Cloisters Apocalypse - 7th Trumpet - Adoration in heaven.jpg, An angel plays the 7th trumpet, an añafil, in adoration of God
File:7th Trumpet - Adoration in heaven (13th century).gif, The Seventh Trumpet (''añafil''), adoration in Heaven, in a miniature preserved in the Trinity College Library, Dublin, late 13th century.
File:2nd trumpet, Battistero di Padova 2.jpg, Fresco in the Baptistery of the Cathedral of Padua, 14th century by Giusto de' Menabuoi (Apocalypse). Angel sounding the second trumpet in an apocalypse-themed painting, using a ''buisine''.
File:Lincoln Cathedral, Angel with Trumpet (32143013531).jpg, Trumpet-playing member of the Angel Choir at Lincoln Cathedral dates from the second half of the 13th century.
File:The Seven Angels with the Trumpets, from The Apocalypse, Latin Edition, 1511 MET DP816078.jpg, The Seven Angels with the Trumpets, from The Apocalypse, Latin Edition, 1511
File:Busine player and religious figure, IRHT 062062 2.jpg, Buisine player and religious figure, Manuscript of Saint-Esprit. 1450-1460 A.D.

Sound

Unlike modern day trumpets, the buisine does not have piston or rotary valves to change pitches chromatically. This limited players to only set notes given within a specific harmonic series. The buisine makes a loud, buzzing sound which makes them so popular for events and ceremonies. The buisine, unlike coiled trumpets, sends vibration through the tube uninterrupted. This results in a louder sound as well as the sound appearing to come from a distance. The sound of buisine can be compared to that of a military bugle. The instrument plays in a lower register. The sound can be described as powerful, heroic, and substantial. The notes in this register come off as rounded and full. This register can go as low as C4. These notes come off as distinct, strong, and eerie. They are often used to help depict battle stories. The powerful, distinct notes in this register make this instrument useful for events and ceremonies. They are able to attract attention and employ feelings of royalty and power.

Possible descendants

File:SlideTrumpet.jpg, Slide trumpet, a predecessor of the trombone
File:Natural Trumpet MET DP220760.jpg, Baroque trumpet made by Johann Wilhelm Haas (German, Nuremberg 1649–1723), late 17th century. The next stage of the long natural trumpets was to bend them to be more compact.
File:Clarion, by Tobias Stimmer.jpg, Clarion, 16th century.

References

External links

Buisine
(Encyclopædia Britannica)

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Brass instruments
Medieval musical instruments
Natural horns and trumpets