The Aviadvigatel PD-14 (previously known as PS-12) is a high-bypass
turbofan
A turbofan or fanjet is a type of airbreathing jet engine that is widely used in aircraft engine, aircraft propulsion. The word "turbofan" is a combination of references to the preceding generation engine technology of the turbojet and the add ...
that was developed by
Aviadvigatel to power the
Yakovlev MC-21 twin-jet
airliner
An airliner is a type of airplane for transporting passengers and air cargo. Such aircraft are most often operated by airlines. The modern and most common variant of the airliner is a long, tube shaped, and jet powered aircraft. The largest ...
. It is a 14 tf (30,865 lbf) thrust powerplant.
Development
In December 2009, the PD-14 was developed to be 15% more efficient than its
PS-90A2 predecessor and to be installed on the
MC-21 and the
Ilyushin Il-276.
The PD-14 was announced in early 2010 with its development cost estimated at
RUB 35 billion (US$1.1 billion).
In April 2010, Aviadvigatel was expecting to start its certification procedure in 2012.
Its core was first tested on 26 November 2010.
It was displayed for the first time at the 2013 Russian
MAKS air show
MAKS (, ) is an international air show held at Zhukovsky International Airport, the home of the Gromov Flight Research Institute in Zhukovsky, Moscow Oblast, Zhukovsky, southeast of Moscow, Russia. The event was organized by the Russian Ministr ...
.
Flight tests began in 2015 on an
Ilyushin Il-76
The Ilyushin Il-76 (; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose, fixed-wing, four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau as a commercial freighter in 1967, to replace the Antonov An-1 ...
.
Between December 2016 and May 2017, the PD-14 operational performance and working efficiency at all altitudes and speeds were assessed on the Il-76
testbed aircraft
A testbed aircraft is an aeroplane, helicopter or other kind of aircraft intended for flight research or testing the aircraft concepts or on-board equipment. These could be specially designed or modified from serial production aircraft.
Use of ...
at
Gromov Flight Research Institute near Moscow. After two years of exploring the performance at most altitudes,
airspeed
In aviation, airspeed is the speed of an aircraft relative to the air it is flying through (which itself is usually moving relative to the ground due to wind). In contrast, the ground speed is the speed of an aircraft with respect to the sur ...
s and operating modes, the first and second testing stages confirmed its basic operating parameters. A third phase of flight tests started in January 2018 from the
GFRI Zhukovsky Airfield, conducted in co-operation with certification specialists in order to formally confirm the pre-certification findings.
Ground tests were to continue in parallel, and
United Engine Corporation claimed that the engine matched the performance of products from foreign competitors and even surpassed them for
noise
Noise is sound, chiefly unwanted, unintentional, or harmful sound considered unpleasant, loud, or disruptive to mental or hearing faculties. From a physics standpoint, there is no distinction between noise and desired sound, as both are vibrat ...
and emissions.
Bird strike
A bird strike (sometimes called birdstrike, bird ingestion (for an engine), bird hit, or bird aircraft strike hazard (BASH)) is a collision between an airborne animal (usually a bird or bat) and a moving vehicle (usually an aircraft). The term ...
tests on the fan, including
high-speed video and
vibration
Vibration () is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. Vibration may be deterministic if the oscillations can be characterised precisely (e.g. the periodic motion of a pendulum), or random if the os ...
measurements, were conducted together with
fan blade strength tests. The results were expected to reduce the time and cost for attaining full certification status.
United Engine was to deliver five PD-14 engines to Irkut by the end of 2018, following
Rosaviatsia certification. The aim was to start flight tests on the
MC-21 in 2019 for type certification of the variant by 2021.
EASA
The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is an agency of the European Commission with responsibility for civil aviation safety in the European Union. It carries out certification, regulation and standardisation and also performs inve ...
certification was expected, when the engine entered serial production.
In October 2018, Rosaviatsia granted certification for the PD-14, and delivery of the first engines for two MC-21s were then expected by the end of 2018. European certificate validation was planned for 2019.
In January 2020, Irkut received the first PD-14 engines to be installed on an MC-21 airliner, and the first PD-14-powered MC-21-310 variant made its maiden flight on 15 December 2020 from Irkutsk.
In October 2021, the engine successfully passed landmark volcanic ash exposure tests. According to
Anatoly Serdyukov, the thrust of the PD-14 “practically did not decrease” after the engine was exposed to the presence of the ash for one hour.
The first mass-produced batch was delivered to a test facility in February 2025. The new engine features hollow titanium fan blades for reduced weight and incorporates at least 16 new technological solutions. The engine was approved for low-temperature operation.
Design

The 1.9 m (75 in) fan has 18
titanium
Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in ...
alloy blades, providing an 8.5:1
bypass ratio
The bypass ratio (BPR) of a turbofan engine is the ratio between the mass flow rate of the bypass stream to the mass flow rate entering the core. A 10:1 bypass ratio, for example, means that 10 kg of air passes through the bypass duct for eve ...
significantly improved from previous Russian engines, but below the
CFM LEAP's 10:1 or the
Pratt & Whitney PW1000G
The Pratt & Whitney PW1000G family, also marketed as the Pratt & Whitney GTF (geared turbofan), is a family of high-bypass geared turbofan engines produced by Pratt & Whitney. The various models can generate 15,000 to 33,000 Pound (force), pounds ...
's 12:1 for the MC-21 from 2017.
The 3D
aerodynamics
Aerodynamics () is the study of the motion of atmosphere of Earth, air, particularly when affected by a solid object, such as an airplane wing. It involves topics covered in the field of fluid dynamics and its subfield of gas dynamics, and is an ...
shaped first high-pressure turbine stage has advanced
cooling
Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or Phase transition, phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling.
The Heat transfer, transfer of Internal energy, thermal energ ...
channels.
[
Twenty new materials were developed for the powerplant, including monocrystalline alloys for vanes, and high-strength nickel and titanium alloys for shafts and disks.][
]
Developed from the PS-12 (an uprated PS-90A), the 122–153 kN (27,500–34,500 lbf) thrust powerplant is designed by Aviadvigatel and manufactured by the Perm Engine Company.
The two-shaft turbofan has a high-pressure core from the PS-12 with an eight-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine, and four low-pressure stages.
The high-bypass engine does not employ an exhaust mixer, fuel burn should be reduced by 10–15% from the CFM International CFM56
The CFM International CFM56 (U.S. military designation F108) series is a Franco-American family of high-bypass turbofan aircraft engines made by CFM International (CFMI), with a thrust range of . CFMI is a 50–50 joint-owned company of Safran ...
and it could power an upgraded Tupolev Tu-204
The Tupolev Tu-204 () is a twin-engined medium- range narrow-body jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar-SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1995, it was in ...
.
Derivatives
PD-8
With development commencing in 2019, the PD-8 is a de-rated model at 78 kN (17,500 lbf) primarily intended for the Yakovlev SJ-100 as well as the Beriev Be-200 and Ilyushin Il-212. The engine is intended to replace several engines used in existing Russian aircraft, such as the Franco- Russian PowerJet SaM146 and the Russo Russo may refer to:
* Russo (surname)
* Russo (footballer, 1915–1980), full name Adolpho Milman, Brazilian football forward and manager
* Russo (footballer, born 1976), full name Ricardo Soares Florêncio, Brazilian football defender
* Russo brot ...
- Ukrainian Progress D-436.
Engine test flights began at the Gromov Flight Research Institute in 2022 using an Ilyushin Il-76LL testbed aircraft
A testbed aircraft is an aeroplane, helicopter or other kind of aircraft intended for flight research or testing the aircraft concepts or on-board equipment. These could be specially designed or modified from serial production aircraft.
Use of ...
as well as ground testing being conducted by UEC-Perm Engines. In June 2023, it was announced that development work had completed, with qualification and development tests commencing at TsAGI
The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (also (Zhukovsky) Central Institute of Aerodynamics, , TsAGI) is a Russian national research centre for aviation. It was founded in Moscow by Russian aviation pioneer Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky on Decemb ...
. In early 2024, it was announced that TsAGI
The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (also (Zhukovsky) Central Institute of Aerodynamics, , TsAGI) is a Russian national research centre for aviation. It was founded in Moscow by Russian aviation pioneer Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky on Decemb ...
had completed aerodynamic tests of a SJ-100 aircraft equipped with PD-8 engines and modified pylons and nacelles. In 2024, the engine manufacturer was implementing a strategy of using computer modelling of the PD-8 for testing in order to reduce the number of required real engine tests, so as to accelerate PD-8 certification.
In February 2025, Vladimir Artjakov of Rostec stated that the first engines had been delivered to the Yakovlev Production Centre in Komsomolsk-on-Amur
Komsomolsk-on-Amur ( rus, Комсомольск-на-Амуре, r=Komsomolsk-na-Amure, p=kəmsɐˈmolʲsk nɐ‿ɐˈmurʲə) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the west bank of the Amur R ...
, in preparation for flight testing on the Superjet 100. Shortly after, ground engine runs commenced on the first aircraft.
On 17 March 2025, the maiden flight of the PD-8 with a modified Superjet took place at Dzyomgi Airport in Komsomolsk-on-Amur
Komsomolsk-on-Amur ( rus, Комсомольск-на-Амуре, r=Komsomolsk-na-Amure, p=kəmsɐˈmolʲsk nɐ‿ɐˈmurʲə) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the west bank of the Amur R ...
. The aircraft spent approximately 40 minutes in flight, reaching a speed of 270 knots and an altitude of 10,000 feet. A second test flight took place with the aircraft reaching an altitude of 25,000 feet. The two hour flight consisted of several tests including engine shutdown and restart in mid-flight. An further flight on 7 April 2025 lasted three hours, reaching an altitude of 37,000 feet.
PD-35
Launched in the summer of 2016 by United Engine Corporation through Aviadvigatel and NPO Saturn
UEC NPO Saturn, PJSC () is a Russian aircraft engine manufacturer, formed from the mergers of Rybinsk Motors and Lyul'ka-Saturn (after Arkhip Mikhailovich Lyulka) in 2001. Saturn's engines power many former Eastern Bloc aircraft, such as the Tu ...
, the thrust PD-35 was to be developed until 2025 for 180 billion rubles ($3 billion), including 60 billion for test benches and laboratory equipment, to power future wide-body aircraft
A wide-body aircraft, also known as a twin-aisle aircraft and in the largest cases as a jumbo jet, is an airliner with a fuselage wide enough to accommodate two passenger aisles with seven or more seats abreast. The typical fuselage diameter is ...
including the Russo-Chinese project CRAIC CR929 (since continued solely by the Chinese partner). The long engine will weigh , its fan was planned to be in diameter and its scaled up PD-14 core to have a nine-stage high-pressure compressor and two-stage turbine.
On 19 January 2018, the Russian government awarded UEC-Aviadvigatel a ₽64.3 billion ($1.13 billion) contract to develop a PD-35-1 demonstrator by 2023, including wide-chord composite fan blades and fan case, a 23:1 compressor pressure ratio, ceramic matrix composite
In materials science ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials and a subgroup of ceramics. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic Matrix (composite), matrix. The fibers and the matrix both can consist o ...
s, made of silicon carbide-silicon carbide (SiC-SiC) and carbon-silicon carbide (C-SiC), and advanced cooling for 1,450 °C (2,640 °F) temperatures. The engine might power the Ilyushin IL-96-400, the Il-76
The Ilyushin Il-76 (; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose, fixed-wing, four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau as a commercial freighter in 1967, to replace the Antonov An-12. ...
airlifter, the Il-78 tanker and an Antonov An-124 replacement Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA. A de-rated version would also meet the An-124 thrust requirements.
At the end of 2022, the PD-35 was postponed until at least 2029.
Other proposed derivatives
*PD-8V turboshaft 6.8 7.68 – 9680 shp for Mi-24/35 8/17 and other medium heavy heli.
*PD-10 is a derated model for the SSJ-130 at .
*PD-12V: turboshaft
A turboshaft engine is a form of gas turbine that is optimized to produce shaft horsepower rather than jet thrust. In concept, turboshaft engines are very similar to turbojets, with additional turbine expansion to extract heat energy from the ex ...
variant for the Mil Mi-26 heavy lift helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which Lift (force), lift and thrust are supplied by horizontally spinning Helicopter rotor, rotors. This allows the helicopter to VTOL, take off and land vertically, to hover (helicopter), hover, and ...
, development started in 2016, 11,500 shp (up to 14,500 shp).
* PD-14А, derated modification of the engine to for Yakovlev МС-21-200, also it could replace 12 tf Soloviev D-30 powering the Beriev A-40 aircraft.
* PD-14M, uprated to , and PD-16, uprated to , with more compressor and turbine stages, for the Yakovlev МС-21-400 stretch to 230-seat and its long-range derivative with a cruise Thrust-specific fuel consumption
Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) is the fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output. TSFC may also be thought of as fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust (newtons, or N), hence ''thrust-specific''. This fig ...
; and could replace the 16-tf PS-90A powering the Tupolev Tu-204
The Tupolev Tu-204 () is a twin-engined medium- range narrow-body jet airliner capable of carrying 210 passengers, designed by Tupolev and produced by Aviastar-SP and Kazan Aircraft Production Association. First introduced in 1995, it was in ...
/214 narrowbody, the Ilyushin Il-96
The Ilyushin Il-96 () is a Russian Four-engined jet aircraft, four-engined jet long-haul Wide-body aircraft, wide-body airliner designed by Ilyushin in the former Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in R ...
-300 widebody, and the Il-76
The Ilyushin Il-76 (; NATO reporting name: Candid) is a multi-purpose, fixed-wing, four-engine turbofan strategic airlifter designed by the Soviet Union's Ilyushin design bureau as a commercial freighter in 1967, to replace the Antonov An-12. ...
M-90A freighter.
*PD-18R geared turbofan
The geared turbofan is a type of turbofan aircraft engine with a planetary gearbox between the low pressure compressor / turbine and the fan, enabling each to spin at its optimum speed. The benefit of the design is lower fuel consumption and m ...
, , it could reach a cruise Thrust-specific fuel consumption
Thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) is the fuel efficiency of an engine design with respect to thrust output. TSFC may also be thought of as fuel consumption (grams/second) per unit of thrust (newtons, or N), hence ''thrust-specific''. This fig ...
of and could replace the PS-90A1 on the Il-96-400T freighter.
Applications
* PD-8: SJ-100, Beriev Be-200, Ilyushin Il-212
* PD-10: SJ-130
* PD-12V: Mil Mi-26
* PD-14: Yakovlev MC-21, Ilyushin Il-276
* PD-35 : CRAIC CR929, Ilyushin Il-96
The Ilyushin Il-96 () is a Russian Four-engined jet aircraft, four-engined jet long-haul Wide-body aircraft, wide-body airliner designed by Ilyushin in the former Soviet Union and manufactured by the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association in R ...
, Ilyushin Il-106 PAK VTA
Specifications
See also
References
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Aviadvigatel PD-14
High-bypass turbofan engines
PD-14
2010s turbofan engines