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''Austrosimulium'' is a
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of about 30 species
A species () is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. It is the basic unit of Taxonomy (biology), ...
of black flies that are distributed in Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller isl ...
and New Zealand
New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...
. There are 2 subgenera
In biology, a subgenus ( subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.
In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the ge ...
: ''Austrosimulium
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ''Novaustrosimulium
''Novaustrosimulium'' is a subgenus of ''Austrosimulium'', a genus made up of black flies. The flies in this subgenus are found exclusively in Australia.
Species
*'' A. bancrofti'' Taylor, 1918 (type species
In International_Code_of_Zoolo ...
'' which are exclusively Australian. ''Austrosimulium'' is a sister genus to the monospecific '' Paraustrosimulium'' of South America.
Some species are known to spread the protozoa
Protozoa (: protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris. Historically ...
n blood parasite ''Leucocytozoon tawaki
''Leucocytozoon '' (or ''Leukocytozoon'') is a genus of parasitic Alveolata, alveolates belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa (which also includes the malaria parasites).
The species of this genus use either blackflies (''Simulium'' species) or a ...
'' in penguin
Penguins are a group of aquatic flightless birds from the family Spheniscidae () of the order Sphenisciformes (). They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Only one species, the Galápagos penguin, is equatorial, with a sm ...
s.
In New Zealand, where they are known as ''sandflies
Sandfly or sand fly is a colloquial name for any species or genus of flying, biting, blood-sucking dipteran (fly) encountered in sandy areas. In the United States, ''sandfly'' may refer to certain horse flies that are also known as "greenhead ...
'' or namu (in Māori
Māori or Maori can refer to:
Relating to the Māori people
* Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group
* Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand
* Māori culture
* Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the Co ...
from Proto-Austronesian
Proto-Austronesian (commonly abbreviated as PAN or PAn) is a proto-language. It is the reconstructed ancestor of the Austronesian languages, one of the world's major language families. Proto-Austronesian is assumed to have begun to diversify in ...
*''ñamuk'' "mosquito
Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a Family (biology), family of small Diptera, flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word ''mosquito'' (formed by ''Musca (fly), mosca'' and diminutive ''-ito'') is Spanish and Portuguese for ''little fly''. Mos ...
", compare with ), three species – '' A. australense'', '' A. tillyardianum'' and '' A. ungulatum'' – bite humans.
Species
These 30 species belong to the genus ''Austrosimulium'': ; Subgenus Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925 : ''Austrosimulium albovelatum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium alveolatum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 genus, subgenera: ''Austrosimulium (subgenus), Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ' ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium australense
''Austrosimulium australense'', known as the New Zealand black fly or more commonly sandfly (namu in Māori), is a species of small fly of the family Simuliidae, endemic to New Zealand. Females consume blood for nutrients to produce eggs, and i ...
'' (Schiner, 1868) (New Zealand, Stewart Island
Stewart Island (, ' glowing skies', officially Stewart Island / Rakiura, formerly New Leinster) is New Zealand's third-largest island, located south of the South Island, across Foveaux Strait.
It is a roughly triangular island with a la ...
)
: ''Austrosimulium bicorne
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium campbellense
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 ( Campbell Island)
: ''Austrosimulium cornutum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Queen Victoria (1819–1901), Queen of the United Kingdom and Empress of India
* Victoria (state), a state of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, a provincial capital
* Victoria, Seychelles, the capi ...
, NSW
New South Wales (commonly abbreviated as NSW) is a state on the east coast of :Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south, and South Australia to the west. Its coast borders the Coral and Tasman Seas to the east. T ...
, Tasmania
Tasmania (; palawa kani: ''Lutruwita'') is an island States and territories of Australia, state of Australia. It is located to the south of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, and is separated from it by the Bass Strait. The sta ...
))
: ''Austrosimulium crassipes
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Victoria, NSW, Queensland
Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...
))
: ''Austrosimulium dugdalei
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (North Island))
: ''Austrosimulium dumbletoni
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Crosby, 1976 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium extendorum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 genus, subgenera: ''Austrosimulium (subgenus), Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ' ...
'' Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (Stewart Island))
: ''Austrosimulium fiordense
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium fulvicorne
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Mackerras & Mackerras, 1950 (Australia (Queensland
Queensland ( , commonly abbreviated as Qld) is a States and territories of Australia, state in northeastern Australia, and is the second-largest and third-most populous state in Australia. It is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Austr ...
))
: ''Austrosimulium laticorne
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium longicorne
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand)
: ''Austrosimulium mirabile
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948 (Australia (Queensland))
: ''Austrosimulium montanum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Mackerras & Mackerras, 1952 (Australia (NSW, Victoria))
: ''Austrosimulium multicorne
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium stewartense
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (Stewart Island, South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium tillyardianum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand)
: ''Austrosimulium tonnoiri
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium ungulatum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (New Zealand (South Island, Stewart Island))
: ''Austrosimulium unicorne
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 genus, subgenera: ''Austrosimulium (subgenus), Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ' ...
'' Dumbleton, 1973 (New Zealand (South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium vailavoense
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Craig, Craig & Crosby, 2012 (New Zealand (Stewart Island, South Island))
: ''Austrosimulium vexans
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' (Mik, 1881) (Auckland Islands
The Auckland Islands ( Māori: ''Motu Maha'' "Many islands" or ''Maungahuka'' "Snowy mountains") are an archipelago of New Zealand, lying south of the South Island. The main Auckland Island, occupying , is surrounded by smaller Adams Island ...
)
; Subgenus Novaustrosimulium
''Novaustrosimulium'' is a subgenus of ''Austrosimulium'', a genus made up of black flies. The flies in this subgenus are found exclusively in Australia.
Species
*'' A. bancrofti'' Taylor, 1918 (type species
In International_Code_of_Zoolo ...
Dumbleton, 1973
: ''Austrosimulium bancrofti
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ''Novaustrosimulium'' which are exc ...
'' (Taylor, 1918) (Australia)
: ''Austrosimulium furiosum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ''Novaustrosimulium'' which are exc ...
'' (Skuse, 1889) (Australia)
: ''Austrosimulium magnum
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and ''Novaustrosimulium'' which are exc ...
'' Mackerras & Mackerras, 1955 (Australia (Queensland))
: ''Austrosimulium pestilens
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: '' Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are e ...
'' Mackerras & Mackerras, 1948 (Australia (Queensland, NSW, Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (abbreviated as NT; known formally as the Northern Territory of Australia and informally as the Territory) is an states and territories of Australia, Australian internal territory in the central and central-northern regi ...
))
: ''Austrosimulium torrentium
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' Tonnoir, 1925 (Australia (Tasmania, NSW, Victoria))
: ''Austrosimulium victoriae
''Austrosimulium'' is a genus of about 30 species of black flies that are distributed in Australia and New Zealand. There are 2 subgenera: ''Austrosimulium'' whose species are principally from New Zealand, and '' Novaustrosimulium'' which are ex ...
'' (Roubaud, 1906) (Australia)
Literature cited
External links
* * * * https://web.archive.org/web/20130208160901/http://www.waitakere.govt.nz/AbtCit/ei/EcoWtr/macroinv/macroinvertebrates.asp , page with many Macroinvertebrates listed, described and illustrated Simuliidae Culicomorpha genera {{Chironomoidea-stub