The Austrian nobility () is a

status group The German sociologist Max Weber formulated a three-component theory of stratification that defines a status group (also status class and status estate) as a group of people within a society who can be differentiated by non-economic qualities suc ...

that was officially abolished in 1919 after the fall of

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

. Austria's system of

nobility Nobility is a social class found in many societies that have an aristocracy. It is normally appointed by and ranked immediately below royalty. Nobility has often been an estate of the realm with many exclusive functions and characteristics. T ...

was very similar to that of Germany (see

German nobility The German nobility () and Royal family, royalty were status groups of the Estates of the realm, medieval society in Central Europe, which enjoyed certain Privilege (law), privileges relative to other people under the laws and customs in the Ger ...

), as both countries were previously part of the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. It developed in the Early Middle Ages, and lasted for a millennium ...

(962–1806). Any noble living in the

Habsburg The House of Habsburg (; ), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most powerful dynasties in the history of Europe and Western civilization. They were best known for their inbreeding and for ruling vast realms throughout Europe d ...

-ruled lands, and who owed allegiance to the

dynasty A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a monarchy, monarchical system, but sometimes also appearing in republics. A dynasty may also be referred to as a "house", "family" or "clan", among others. H ...

and therefore to the

emperor The word ''emperor'' (from , via ) can mean the male ruler of an empire. ''Empress'', the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), mother/grandmother (empress dowager/grand empress dowager), or a woman who rules ...

, was also considered part of the Austrian

aristocracy Aristocracy (; ) is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocracy (class), aristocrats. Across Europe, the aristocracy exercised immense Economy, economic, Politics, political, and soc ...

. This applied to any member of the Bohemian, Hungarian, Polish, Croatian, and other nobilities in the Habsburg dominions. Attempting to differentiate between ethnicities can be difficult, especially for nobles during the eras of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (1867–1918). A noble from Galicia, for instance, such as the Count Jordan-Rozwadowski (see section "Noble titles" below under ''Graf/Gräfin'' (count/countess)), could call himself a Polish noble, but he also rightfully belonged to the Austrian nobility. Two categories among the Austrian nobility may be distinguished: the historic nobility that lived in the territories of the Habsburg Empire and who owed allegiance to the head of that dynasty until 1918, and the post-1918 descendants of Austrian nobility—specifically, those who retain Austrian citizenship, whose family originally come from Austria proper,

South Tyrol South Tyrol ( , ; ; ), officially the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, is an autonomous administrative division, autonomous provinces of Italy, province in northern Italy. Together with Trentino, South Tyrol forms the autonomo ...

, northern Italy and

Burgenland Burgenland (; ; ; Bavarian language, Austro-Bavarian: ''Burgnland''; Slovene language, Slovene: ''Gradiščanska''; ) is the easternmost and least populous Bundesland (Austria), state of Austria. It consists of two statutory city (Austria), statut ...

, or who were ennobled at any point under Habsburg rule and identify themselves as belonging to that status group.

History

Imperial nobility

From 1453, the Archduke of Austria had the right to bestow titles and ranks upon non-nobles, as did the Archbishop of Salzburg, as

Salzburg Salzburg is the List of cities and towns in Austria, fourth-largest city in Austria. In 2020 its population was 156,852. The city lies on the Salzach, Salzach River, near the border with Germany and at the foot of the Austrian Alps, Alps moun ...

remained an independent territory. Besides the Holy Roman Emperor (an office which was almost uninterruptedly held by the Archduke (of the

House of Habsburg The House of Habsburg (; ), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most powerful Dynasty, dynasties in the history of Europe and Western civilization. They were best known for their inbreeding and for ruling vast realms throughout ...

) from 1438 to 1806), only a few territorial rulers within the Empire had this right. In an era of Absolutism, the nobility residing in the cities slowly turned itself into the

court A court is an institution, often a government entity, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between Party (law), parties and Administration of justice, administer justice in Civil law (common law), civil, Criminal law, criminal, an ...

nobility (''Hofadel''). Service at the court became the primary goal of the nobility. This in turn initiated an interest in education and the interests of the court. Within the court, a close inner circle, called the ''100 Familien'' (100 families), possessed enormous riches and lands. They also had great influence at the court and thus played an important role in politics and diplomacy. After the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Habsburg rulers, who were Emperors of

Austria Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine Federal states of Austria, states, of which the capital Vienna is the List of largest cities in Aust ...

from 1804 onwards, continued to elevate individuals to nobility until the end of the monarchy in 1918. Some of the noble families even obtained the right to be seated in the '' Herrenhaus'' (House of Lords), the

upper house An upper house is one of two Legislative chamber, chambers of a bicameralism, bicameral legislature, the other chamber being the lower house. The house formally designated as the upper house is usually smaller and often has more restricted p ...

of the '' Reichsrat'' (Imperial Council). Nobles from previously sovereign states such as those in northern Italy (Venice, Mantua, Milan) were also recognized by the authorities and were allowed to keep their titles and rights.

Burgenland

On the former status of nobility in

, which was part of the Kingdom of Hungary until 1921, see

Hungarian nobility The Kingdom of Hungary held a Nobility, noble class of individuals, most of whom owned landed property, from the 11th century until the mid-20th century. Initially, a diverse body of people were described as noblemen, but from the lat ...

Jewish nobles

A few very wealthy Jewish families were ennobled after the ''Toleranzedikt vom 1782'' ("1782 Edict of Tolerance") decreed by Emperor Joseph II. Under this Edict, very wealthy

Jew Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly inte ...

ish bankers, and later entrepreneurs and industrialists—some of them

court Jew In early modern Europe, particularly in Germany, a court Jew (, ) or court factor (, ) was a Jewish banker who handled the finances of, or lent money to, royalty and nobility. In return for their services, court Jews gained social privileges, inc ...

s—could also b
ennobled
for their services. Jews had been ennobled mostly, as was common with all newly ennobled families, with lesser noble ranks, but also with

peerage A peerage is a legal system historically comprising various hereditary titles (and sometimes Life peer, non-hereditary titles) in a number of countries, and composed of assorted Imperial, royal and noble ranks, noble ranks. Peerages include: A ...

s such as ''

Freiherr (; male, abbreviated as ), (; his wife, abbreviated as , ) and (, his unmarried daughters and maiden aunts) are designations used as titles of nobility in the German-speaking areas of the Holy Roman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and in ...

'' (

Baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often Hereditary title, hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than ...

). The few Jewish families elevated into the nobility were not required to forswear their faith, but some of these families converted to

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion, which states that Jesus in Christianity, Jesus is the Son of God (Christianity), Son of God and Resurrection of Jesus, rose from the dead after his Crucifixion of Jesus, crucifixion, whose ...

in order to become more accepted. Although elevation into the nobility meant recognition for civic contributions and services, and entailed a rise in

social status Social status is the relative level of social value a person is considered to possess. Such social value includes respect, honour, honor, assumed competence, and deference. On one hand, social scientists view status as a "reward" for group members ...

, it did not alter the fact that Jews were, for the most part, still only "tolerated" at best. Jews could not freely choose the place and duration of their stay and had to regularly ask for permission from the authorities. This placed a huge burden on Jewish families; if the head of the family died, all his relatives had to leave the city. The right to purchase real estate was forbidden to Jews, even if they belonged to the nobility. This regulation stayed in place until 1860, when it was abolished by Emperor

Franz Joseph I Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I ( ; ; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the Grand title of the emperor of Austria, other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 1848 until his death ...

and Jewish citizens were given equal rights. When the banker and protector of arts Raymund Karl Wetzler von Plankenstern was created a '' Reichsfreiherr'' (Baron of the Empire) by Empress Maria Theresia, he converted to

Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

ism while still young. His mansion in Vienna was a center of the

fine art In European academic traditions, fine art (or, fine arts) is made primarily for aesthetics or creative expression, distinguishing it from popular art, decorative art or applied art, which also either serve some practical function (such as ...

s and he was a close friend of

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 1756 – 5 December 1791) was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition and proficiency from an early age ...

, as his son Alexander was of

Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. He is one of the most revered figures in the history of Western music; his works rank among the most performed of the classical music repertoire ...

. Despite these difficulties, by 1821 there were at least eleven ennobled Jewish families living in Vienna alone: the

Rothschild Rothschild () is a name derived from the German ''zum rothen Schild'' (with the old spelling "th"), meaning "to the red shield", in reference to the houses where these family members lived or had lived. At the time, houses were designated by signs ...

, Arnstein, Eskeles, Gomperz, Kuffner, Lieben, Auspitz, Schey von Koromla, Todesco, Goluchowski-Glochowsky, Wertheimstein, Weißmann and Wiernes families. In 1830 the Jewish von Neumann family were elevated into the nobility. The elevation into the nobility of wealthy Jews also started the process of assimilation of Jewish families into the Austrian

upper class Upper class in modern societies is the social class composed of people who hold the highest social status. Usually, these are the wealthiest members of class society, and wield the greatest political power. According to this view, the upper cla ...

Abolition of nobility in 1919

With the same date, the ''Habsburgergesetz'' of 1919 ("Habsburg Law"), which legally dethroned, exiled and confiscated the properties of the Imperial House of Habsburg, the ''Adelsaufhebungsgesetz'' (Arbitration Act) of 3 April 1919 ("Law on the Abolition of Nobility") abolished nobility as well as all noble privileges, titles and names in Austria. In other monarchies of Europe, Austrian noble families may use their noble titles as well as

nobiliary particle A nobiliary particle is a type of onomastic particle used in a surname or family name in many Western cultures to signal the nobility of a family. The particle used varies depending on the country, language and period of time. In some languages, it ...

s such as '' von'' and '' zu'' in their names and they still retain noble status there. This may sometimes be confusing, as descendants of nobles are sometimes referred to with noble names abroad. Also, members of noble families often hold multiple citizenships, as was the case for Otto von Habsburg (eldest son of the last Emperor of Austria-Hungary and father of Karl Habsburg-Lothringen), who was also a citizen of Germany. The Austrian law does not apply to artistic, performer or

stage name A stage name or professional name is a pseudonym used by performers, authors, and entertainers—such as actors, comedians, singers, and musicians. The equivalent concept among writers is called a ''nom de plume'' (pen name). Some performers ...

s, where ''von'' is sometimes used, as in the case of conductor Herbert von Karajan or the musician Hubert von Goisern. However, stage names are never recognized for official purposes. Members of the lower nobility especially (such as

civil servant The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership. A civil service offic ...

s) found this radical step of abolition degrading and humiliating, since working towards and finally earning a noble title was a way for them and their families to rise within society. Members of the higher nobility were able to absorb the formal abolition more easily. They lost their titles and privileges, but kept their social networks, manners, standing and riches. Federal President Michael Hainisch called the official abolition The law abolishing nobility and titles was never repealed, even during the period of Austrofascism (1934–1938). Following the ''

Anschluss The (, or , ), also known as the (, ), was the annexation of the Federal State of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938. The idea of an (a united Austria and Germany that would form a "German Question, Greater Germany") arose after t ...

'' to

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German Reich, German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a Totalit ...

(1938–1945), this law remained on the books, although it was not enforced, allowing Austrian nobles to use titles freely again.

Current status

Although noble titles and the particles ''von'' and ''zu'' are no longer legal, some persons are still unofficially referred to by their titles. For example, the late Karl Schwarzenberg was occasionally still referred to as ''

Fürst ' (, female form ', plural '; from Old High German ', "the first", a translation of the Latin ') is a German language, German word for a ruler as well as a princely title. ' were, starting in the Middle Ages, members of the highest nobility who ...

'' zu Schwarzenberg (Prince zu Schwarzenberg) in the media; he held Czech and Swiss citizenship, not Austrian. Unlike the nobility in

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; ; ) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. In a narrow, geographic sense, it roughly encompasses the territories of present-day Czechia that fall within the Elbe River's drainage basin, but historic ...

(Czechoslovakia), Poland, Russia, or the former Prussian territories, the Austrian nobility never had its lands and riches confiscated in Austria (except the Imperial House of Habsburg, which had its properties legally confiscated by the Austrian republican government on 3 April 1919, through the Habsburg Law). Social measures were introduced by the republican government in order to create more equality amongst the citizens and finance public projects, which put a strain on the traditional land-holding

gentry Gentry (from Old French , from ) are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. ''Gentry'', in its widest connotation, refers to people of good social position connected to Landed property, landed es ...

and aristocracy, resulting in the forced sale of many palaces and lands due to the expense of their upkeep. However, there was no measure by the government specifically to target nobility and take away their possessions. Still, the nobility today are sometimes nonetheless treated slightly differently from other citizens. Austrian nobility still plays a large part in movies made after World War II (for example, '' Sissi'' and ''

The Sound of Music ''The Sound of Music'' is a musical with music by Richard Rodgers, lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II, and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It is based on the 1949 memoir of Maria von Trapp, '' The Story of the Trapp Family Singers''. ...

''), and is still featured regularly in the media and literature. The social events of nobles are still covered extensively in tabloids. Apart from the prohibition of their titles, some former nobles still make up some of the richest families in Austria, such as the Esterházy, Mayr-Melnhof and Mautner-Markhof. Many members of the Austrian nobility today work in the traditional fields of diplomacy, politics, have business and financial interests, or are philanthropists or

socialite A socialite is a person, typically a woman from a wealthy or aristocratic background, who is prominent in high society. A socialite generally spends a significant amount of time attending various fashionable social gatherings, instead of having ...

s. It was estimated that there were about 20,000 Austrian nobles in 2005. That year, an association was founded, the ''Vereinigung der Edelleute in Österreich'' (Association of Austrian Nobles, or V.E.Ö.), which sees itself as the successor of the ''Vereinigung katholischer Edelleute in Österreich'' (Catholic Association of Austrian Nobles, or V.E.Ö.), founded in 1922 but banned under the

Nazis Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...

in 1938. This was challenged under the Nobility Abolition Act.

Categories of nobility

Austria's nobility was divided into three categories: the mediatized nobility (''standesherrlicht''), the higher nobility (''hoher Adel''), and the lower nobility (''niederer Adel''):

Non-ruling members of the imperial family

Non-ruling members of the imperial family held various titles: *The wife of the

(''

Kaiser Kaiser ( ; ) is the title historically used by German and Austrian emperors. In German, the title in principle applies to rulers anywhere in the world above the rank of king (). In English, the word ''kaiser'' is mainly applied to the emperors ...

'') bore the title of empress ('' Kaiserin'') and was styled ''Her Imperial Majesty''. * Agnates of the imperial family and their authorized wives bore the title of archduke/archduchess ('' Erzherzog''/'' Erzherzogin'') and styled ''

Imperial and Royal Highness Imperial and Royal Highness (abbreviation HI&RH) is a style possessed by someone who either through birth or marriage holds two individual styles, '' Imperial Highness'' and ''Royal Highness''. ''His/Her Imperial Highness'' is a style used by membe ...

'' ('' Kaiserliche und königliche Hoheit''). Legitimate but

morganatic Morganatic marriage, sometimes called a left-handed marriage, is a marriage between people of unequal social rank, which in the context of royalty or other inherited title prevents the principal's position or privileges being passed to the spous ...

descendants of the imperial family were excluded from the line of succession, but might sometimes receive lesser titles with noble rather than royal prerogatives, e.g.: * Prince von Hohenberg, later further created

duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of Royal family, royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and above sovereign princes. As royalty or nobi ...

('' Herzog'') and styled ''

Highness Highness (abbreviation HH, oral address Your Highness) is a formal style used to address (in second person) or refer to (in third person) certain members of a reigning or formerly reigning dynasty. It is typically used with a possessive adjec ...

'' ('' Hoheit'') * Prince von Montenuovo, * Duke of Reichstadt, * Margrave von Burgau, * Count von Meran,

Titles of mediatized nobility

(English titles with German equivalents) * Prince/Princess of the Holy Roman Empire ('' Reichsfürst''/''Reichsfürstin'') * Imperial Count/Countess (''

Reichsgraf Imperial Count (, ) was a title in the Holy Roman Empire. During the medieval era, it was used exclusively to designate the holder of an imperial county, that is, a fief held directly (Imperial immediacy, immediately) from the emperor, rather th ...

''/''Reichsgräfin'') : A title with the prefix ''Reichs-'' indicates its being granted by a past Holy Roman Emperor, ranking above other titles of the same or higher nominal rank.

Titles of higher nobility

(English titles with German equivalents) Blason Maison de Schwarzenberg

* Prince/Princess (''

''/''Fürstin'') * Margrave/Margravine ('' Markgraf/Markgräfin'') * Count/Countess (''

Graf (; feminine: ) is a historical title of the German nobility and later also of the Russian nobility, usually translated as "count". Considered to be intermediate among noble ranks, the title is often treated as equivalent to the British title ...

/Gräfin'')

Titles of lower nobility

(English titles with German equivalents) * Baron/Baroness (''

''/'' Freifrau'' and '' Freiin'') * Knight ('' Ritter'') (no female version existed) * '' Edler''/'' Edle'' : In German, a distinction between baronesses exists, a ''Freifrau'' being a baroness by marriage and ''Freiin'' being a baroness by birth. The title of ''Ritter'' is equivalent to the British

baronet A baronet ( or ; abbreviated Bart or Bt) or the female equivalent, a baronetess (, , or ; abbreviation Btss), is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The title of baronet is mentioned as early as the 14th ...

(i.e., hereditary knight), and ''Edler'' means "noble". Use of

s, such as the prepositions "von", "zu", variations such as "van" and "vom", or combinations ("von und zu"), common until after World War I (non-German-speaking nobility preferred to use "de"), were also banned by the 1919 Law on the Abolition of Nobility.

Titles of nobility

Below is an incomplete list of Austrian noble families, listed by rank of title.Source: ''Der Gotha'' Note that some members of a family were sometimes given higher titles by the

because of merit.

Title A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify their generation, official position, military rank, professional or academic qualification, or nobility. In some languages, titles may be ins ...

style Style, or styles may refer to: Film and television * ''Style'' (2001 film), a Hindi film starring Sharman Joshi, Riya Sen, Sahil Khan and Shilpi Mudgal * ''Style'' (2002 film), a Tamil drama film * ''Style'' (2004 film), a Burmese film * '' ...

s, and

rights Rights are law, legal, social, or ethics, ethical principles of freedom or Entitlement (fair division), entitlement; that is, rights are the fundamental normative rules about what is allowed of people or owed to people according to some legal sy ...

could only be conferred by the monarch. In some cases, they could even be revoked because of fall from favour.

''Fürst/Fürstin'' (prince/princess)

The style of address was usually "

Serene Highness His/Her Serene Highness (abbreviation: HSH, second person address: Your Serene Highness) is a style (manner of address), style used today by the reigning families of Liechtenstein, Monaco and Thailand. Until 1918, it was also associated with the p ...

" ('' Durchlaucht'') or the lower style of "Princely Grace" (''Fürstliche Gnaden''). Although '' Herzog'' ("duke") was officially a higher title than ''Fürst'', the former was rare in Austria, except among sovereign and mediatized houses (e.g., the

House of Liechtenstein The House of Liechtenstein (), from which the principality takes its name, is the family which reigns by hereditary right over the principality of Liechtenstein. Only Dynasty#Dynast, dynastic members of the family are eligible to inherit the thro ...

as ''Herzog von Jägerndorf und Troppau'', and the House of Croÿ as ''Herzog von Croÿ''). The princely

title A title is one or more words used before or after a person's name, in certain contexts. It may signify their generation, official position, military rank, professional or academic qualification, or nobility. In some languages, titles may be ins ...

was the most prestigious of the Austrian nobility, usually borne by heads of families whose cadets were generally counts/countesses, although in some mediatized princely families (''Reichsfürsten'') members were allowed to bear the same title as cadets of royalty: prince/princess (''Prinz/Prinzessin'') with the style of Serene Highness.

''Markgraf/Markgräfin'' (margrave/margravine)

* Csáky-Pallavicini * Pallavicini

''Graf/Gräfin'' (count/countess)

Mediatized counts were often entitled to the style of "Illustrious Highness" ('' Erlaucht''). Ranking below them were the comital families of ancient lineage, wealth and influence who were recognized as such in Austria, but had not been Counts of the Empire (''Reichsgrafen'') prior to 1806; these counts bore the lower style of "High-born" (''

Hochgeboren Hochgeboren (, "high-born"; ) is a form of address for the titled members of the German nobility, German and Austrian nobility, ranking just below the German mediatisation, sovereign and mediatised dynasties. The actual address is ''"Euer" Hochgeb ...

'').

''Freiherr/Freifrau/Freiin'' (baron/baroness)

There was no official style, but ''"Gnädiger Herr"'' (Gracious Lord), ''"Gnädige Frau"'', or ''"Gnädiges Fräulein"'' (Gracious Lady) were common forms of address. Although strictly speaking the title was ''Freiherr'', the usage of "Baron" in written and verbal communication was very common, even if incorrect. The title ''Freiin'' was also often replaced for "''geborene'' (

née The birth name is the name of the person given upon their birth. The term may be applied to the surname, the given name or to the entire name. Where births are required to be officially registered, the entire name entered onto a births registe ...

) ''Baronin''", which was strictly speaking also incorrect since a ''Baronin'' would have been married already.

''Ritter'' (knight)

There was no official style, but ''"Gnädiger Herr"'' was a common form of address. The title was for males only; no female version existed. Female members of a family with the title ''Ritter'' however were often addressed as "''Edle von''", which was incorrect unless the family already carried the ''Edler'' honour before being raised to the ''Ritter'' class.

''Edler/Edle''

The rank of '' Edler'' carried no official style, but ''"Gnädiger Herr"'' or ''"Gnädige Frau"'' were common forms of address.

''Erbsälzer''

This title belonged to the patricians of the free city of

Werl The pilgrimage town Werl (; Westphalian language, Westphalian: ''Wiärl'') is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia and belongs to the Soest, Germany, Soest district in the Arnsberg administrative district. The official name of pilgrimage town has been ...

, in Germany, who had the hereditary (erb-) right to exploit the nearby salt mines (''salz''). Thus this title was not granted in Austria, but merely recognized there. * (von) Lilien * (von) Papen

Untitled noble families or status unknown

Gallery

File:Wilhelm Gause Hofball in Wien.jpg, Aristocrats gathering around Emperor Franz Joseph at a

ball A ball is a round object (usually spherical, but sometimes ovoid) with several uses. It is used in ball games, where the play of the game follows the state of the ball as it is hit, kicked or thrown by players. Balls can also be used for s ...

in the Hofburg Imperial Palace, painting by Wilhelm Gause (1900). File:Ludwig von Mises.jpg, Ludwig Edler von Mises File:Elisabeth Clary-Aldringen.jpg, Elisabeth-Alexandrine de Ficquelmont, princess von Clary-und-Aldringen and her daughter, Edmée, countess di Robilant e Cereaglio File:Countess Isabella Esterházy de Galánta 1911.JPG, Countess Isabella Esterházy de Galánta File:Countess Drascovich, Vienna 1912.JPG, Countess Draskovich with Prince Ferdinand von Auersperg File:Countess Schönborn 1912.JPG, A young countess of the Schönborn family File:Countess Marietta Silva-Tarouca 1906.JPG, Countess Marietta Silva-Tarouca with her daughters File:Sascha Kolowrat-Krakowsky.jpg, Count Alexander Kolowrat File:Baron Alphonse de Rothschild.JPG, Alphonse von

File:Clam-Gallas wedding 1914.JPG, The Countess Clam-Gallas (left, wearing an ermine

coat A coat is typically an outer garment for the upper body, worn by any gender for warmth or fashion. Coats typically have long sleeves and are open down the front, and closing by means of buttons, zippers, hook-and-loop fasteners (AKA velcro), ...

) with Countess Gabrielle Clam-Gallas and Adolf, Prince von Auersperg (right couple) File:SKKH Erzherzog Karl von Österreich.jpg, Archduke Karl of Austria, Prince Imperial of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia File:Karl von Schwarzenberg.jpg, Karel, 12th Prince zu Schwarzenberg

Notes

References

Literature

* * von Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard. ''Adel''. Vienna. 1923. * Frank-Döfering, Peter. ''Adelslexikon des österreichischen Kaisertums 1804–1918'' (in German).

Herder A herder is a pastoralism, pastoral worker responsible for the care and management of a herd or flock of domestic animals, usually on extensive management, open pasture. It is particularly associated with nomadic pastoralism, nomadic or transhuma ...

, Vienna 1989. . *. * Siegert, Heinz. ''Adel in Österreich''(in German). Vienna 1971. * Stekl, Hannes. ''Adel und Bürgertum in der Habsburgermonarchie 18. bis 20. Jahrhundert''(in German). Oldenbourg, Vienna 2004. * Walterskirchen, Gudula. ''Blaues Blut für Österreich'' (in German). Amalthea, Vienna 2000. * Walterskirchen, Gudula. ''Der verborgene Stand. Adel in Österreich heute'' (in German). Amalthea, Vienna 2007. * Der Gotha. Supplement. ''Der "Österreich-Gotha". Mit Ergänzungswerken zum deutschen Adel'' (in German). Saur, Munich 1997. * Arthur Achleitner: ''Stöffele. Life Portrait of a Tyrolean Heroic Priest.'' Heinrich Kirsch, Vienna 1904; 2nd ed.: J. Habbel, Regensburg and Vienna n.d. (1918). S. 25–27 * Johannes Laichner: ''Stephan Krismer. Karrer Stöffele. A Pioneer of Faith in Tumultuous Times.'' Karres 2016. S. 12–15 .

External links

Vereinigung der Edelleute in Österreich
Homepage of the Association of Austrian Nobles * Database of all Austrian noble families
Tiroler Adler
Database of all Tyrolean noble families

Online encyclopedia about nobility in Austria
Heraldisch-Genealogische Gesellschaft ADLER Wien
Homepage of Heraldic Genealogy Society EAGLE in Vienna
The new Nobility in the Czech Lands and Danubian Monarchy
Homepage of Jan Županič und Michal Fiala (Prague) {{DEFAULTSORT:Austrian Nobility