Asiatic Salamander

The Asiatic salamanders (family Hynobiidae) are primitive salamanders found all over Asia, and in European Russia. They are closely related to the giant salamanders (family Cryptobranchidae), with which they form the suborder Cryptobranchoidea. About half of hynobiids currently described are endemic to Japan.

Hynobiid salamanders practice external fertilization, or spawning. And, unlike other salamander families which reproduce internally, male hynobiids focus on egg sacs rather than females during breeding. The female lays two egg sacs at a time, each containing up to 70 eggs. Parental care is common.

A few species have very reduced lungs, or no lungs at all. Larvae can sometimes have reduced external gills if they live in cold and very oxygen-rich water.

Fossils of hynobiids are known from the Miocene to the present in Asia and Eastern Europe, though fossils of Cryptobranchoids more closely related to hynobiids than to giant salamanders extend back to the Middle Jurassic.

Phylogeny

Cladograms based on the work of Pyron and Wiens (2011) and modified using Mikko Haaramo

Classification

Currently, 81 species are known. These genera make up the Hynobiidae:

Subfamily Hynobiinae

* Genus ''Afghanodon''
** '' Afghanodon mustersi'' (Smith, 1940)

* Genus '' Batrachuperus'' (Chinese stream salamanders)
** '' Batrachuperus karlschmidti'' Liu, 1950
** '' Batrachuperus londongensis'' Liu and Tian, 1978
** '' Batrachuperus pinchonii'' (David, 1872)
** '' Batrachuperus tibetanus'' Schmidt, 1925
** '' Batrachuperus yenyuanensis'' Liu, 1950

* Genus '' Hynobius'' - (Asian salamanders)
**'' Hynobius abei'' Sato, 1934
**'' Hynobius abuensis'' Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
**'' Hynobius akiensis'' Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius amakusaensis'' Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
**'' Hynobius amjiensis'' Gu, 1992
**''Hynobius arisanensis'' Maki, 1922
**'' Hynobius bakan'' Matsui, Okawa, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius boulengeri'' (Thompson, 1912)
**'' Hynobius chinensis'' Günther, 1889
**''Hynobius dunni'' Tago, 1931
**'' Hynobius formosanus'' Maki, 1922
**'' Hynobius fossigenus'' Okamiya, Sugawara, Nagano, and Poyarkov, 2018
**'' Hynobius fucus'' Lai and Lue, 2008
**'' Hynobius glacialis'' Lai and Lue, 2008
**'' Hynobius guabangshanensis'' Shen, 2004
**'' Hynobius guttatus'' Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius hidamontanus'' Matsui, 1987
**'' Hynobius hirosei'' Lantz, 1931
**'' Hynobius ikioi'' Matsui, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2017
**'' Hynobius iwami'' Matsui, Okawa, Nishikawa, and Tominaga, 2019
**'' Hynobius katoi'' Matsui, Kokuryo, Misawa, and Nishikawa, 2004
**'' Hynobius kimurae'' Dunn, 1923
**'' Hynobius kuishiensis'' Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius leechii'' Boulenger, 1887
**''Hynobius lichenatus'' Boulenger, 1883
**'' Hynobius maoershanensis'' Zhou, Jiang, and Jiang, 2006
**''Hynobius mikawaensis'' Matsui, Misawa, Nishikawa, and Shimada, 2017
**'' Hynobius naevius'' (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
**'' Hynobius nebulosus'' (Temminck and Schlegel, 1838)
**'' Hynobius nigrescens'' Stejneger, 1907
**'' Hynobius okiensis'' Sato, 1940
**'' Hynobius osumiensis'' Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
**''Hynobius oyamai'' Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius quelpaertensis'' Mori, 1928
**'' Hynobius retardatus'' Dunn, 1923
**''Hynobius sematonotos'' Tominaga, Matsui, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius setoi'' Matsui, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius setouchi'' Matsui, Okawa, Tanabe, and Misawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius shinichisatoi'' Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
**'' Hynobius sonani'' (Maki, 1922)
**'' Hynobius stejnegeri'' Dunn, 1923
**'' Hynobius takedai'' Matsui and Miyazaki, 1984
**''Hynobius tokyoensis'' Tago, 1931
**'' Hynobius tosashimizuensis'' Sugawara, Watabe, Yoshikawa, and Nagano, 2018
**''Hynobius tsuensis'' Abé, 1922
**''Hynobius tsurugiensis'' Tominaga, Matsui, Tanabe, and Nishikawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius turkestanicus'' Nikolskii, 1910
**'' Hynobius unisacculus'' Min, Baek, Song, Chang, and Poyarkov, 2016
**'' Hynobius utsunomiyaorum'' Matsui and Okawa, 2019
**'' Hynobius vandenburghi'' Dunn, 1923
**'' Hynobius yangi'' Kim, Min, and Matsui, 2003
**'' Hynobius yiwuensis'' Cai, 1985

* Genus ''Liua'' (Wushan salamanders)
** ''Liua shihi'' (Liu, 1950)
** ''Liua tsinpaensis'' (Liu and Hu, 1966)
* Genus ''Pachyhynobius'' (stout salamanders)
** ''Pachyhynobius shangchengensis'' Fei, Qu, and Wu, 1983
* Genus ''Paradactylodon'' (Middle Eastern stream salamanders)
** ''Paradactylodon persicus'' (Eiselt and Steiner, 1970)
* Genus ''Pseudohynobius''
** ''Pseudohynobius flavomaculatus'' (Hu and Fei, 1978)
** ''Pseudohynobius guizhouensis'' Li, Tian, and Gu, 2010
** ''Pseudohynobius jinfo'' Wei, Xiong, and Zeng, 2009
** ''Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis'' Xu and Zeng, 2007
** ''Pseudohynobius puxiongensis'' (Fei and Ye, 2000)
** ''Pseudohynobius shuichengensis'' Tian, Gu, Li, Sun, and Li, 1998
* Genus ''Ranodon'' (Semirichensk salamanders)
** ''Ranodon sibiricus'' Kessler, 1866
* Genus '' Salamandrella'' (Siberian salamanders)
**''Salamandrella keyserlingii'' Dybowski, 1870
**''Salamandrella tridactyla'' Nikolskii, 1905

Subfamily Onychodactylinae

* Genus ''Onychodactylus'' (clawed salamanders)
** ''Onychodactylus fischeri'' (Boulenger, 1886)
** ''Onychodactylus fuscus'' Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2014
** ''Onychodactylus intermedius'' Nishikawa and Matsui, 2014
** ''Onychodactylus japonicus'' (Houttuyn, 1782)
** ''Onychodactylus kinneburi'' Yoshikawa, Matsui, Tanabe, and Okayama, 2013
** ''Onychodactylus koreanus'' Min, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
** ''Onychodactylus nipponoborealis'' Kuro-o, Poyarkov, and Vieites, 2012
** ''Onychodactylus tsukubaensis'' Yoshikawa and Matsui, 2013
** ''Onychodactylus zhangyapingi'' Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012
** ''Onychodactylus zhaoermii'' Che, Poyarkov, and Yan, 2012

References

External links

AmphibiaWeb: Hynobiidae

Tree of Life: Hynobiidaelivingunderworld.org

{{Taxonbar, from=Q827251

Cryptobranchoidea

Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope