The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a

multilateral development bank An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence is subject to international law. Its owners or shareholders are generally national governments, alt ...

and

international financial institution An international financial institution (IFI) is a financial institution that has been established (or chartered) by more than one country, and hence is subject to international law. Its owners or shareholders are generally national governments, alt ...

that aims to collectively improve economic and social outcomes in

Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...

. It is the world's second largest multi-lateral development institution. Headquartered in

Beijing Beijing, Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital city of China. With more than 22 million residents, it is the world's List of national capitals by population, most populous national capital city as well as ...

, China, the bank currently has 110 members, including 12 prospective members from around the world. The breakdown of the 110 members by continents are as follows: 42 in Asia, 26 in

Europe Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and Asia to the east ...

, 22 in

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surfac ...

, 10 in

Oceania Oceania ( , ) is a region, geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Outside of the English-speaking world, Oceania is generally considered a continent, while Mainland Australia is regarded as its co ...

, 8 in

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...

, and 2 in

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...

. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015, after ratifications were received from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock. The

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is the Earth, global intergovernmental organization established by the signing of the Charter of the United Nations, UN Charter on 26 June 1945 with the stated purpose of maintaining international peace and internationa ...

has addressed the launch of AIIB as having potential for "scaling up financing for sustainable development" and to improve the global economic governance. The starting capital of the bank was

US$ The United States dollar (Currency symbol, symbol: Dollar sign, $; ISO 4217, currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and International use of the U.S. dollar, several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introdu ...

100 billion, equivalent to of the capital of the

Asian Development Bank The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank to promote social and economic development in Asia. The bank is headquartered in Metro Manila, Philippines and maintains 31 field offices around the world. The bank was establishe ...

and about half that of the

World Bank The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development ...

. The bank was first proposed by

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...

in 2013 and the initiative was launched at a ceremony in Beijing in October 2014. It has since received the highest

credit rating A credit rating is an evaluation of the credit risk of a prospective debtor (an individual, a business, company or a government). It is the practice of predicting or forecasting the ability of a supposed debtor to pay back the debt or default. The ...

s from the three biggest rating agencies in the world, and has been seen since its inception as a potential rival or an alternative to the World Bank and the

International Monetary Fund The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 191 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of las ...

(IMF).

History

The proposal for the creation of an "Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank" was first made by the Vice Chairman of the China Center for International Economic Exchanges, a Chinese government think tank, at the Bo'ao Forum in April 2009. The initial context was to make better use of Chinese foreign currency reserves during the

2008 financial crisis The 2008 financial crisis, also known as the global financial crisis (GFC), was a major worldwide financial crisis centered in the United States. The causes of the 2008 crisis included excessive speculation on housing values by both homeowners ...

. The initiative was officially launched by

General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party The general secretary of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party ( zh, s=中国共产党中央委员会总书记, p=Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Zhōngyāng Wěiyuánhuì Zǒngshūjì) is the leader of the Chinese Communist Part ...

Xi Jinping Xi Jinping, pronounced (born 15 June 1953) is a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China), chairman of the Central Military Commission ...

on a state visit to Indonesia in October 2013. The Chinese government has been frustrated with what it regards as the slow pace of reforms and governance, and wants greater input in global established institutions like the IMF,

and

which it claims are heavily dominated by American, European and Japanese interests. At inception, the AIIB was explicitly linked to China's Belt and Road Initiative. The AIIB was subsequently broadened to include investments with states that are not involved with the BRI and its mission characterized more generally as building "infrastructure for tomorrow," with a focus on green infrastructure and connectivity. In April 2014, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang delivered a keynote speech at the opening of the Boao Forum for Asia and said that China was ready to intensify consultations with relevant parties in and outside Asia on the preparations for the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank. The Asian Development Bank Institute published a report in 2010 which said that the region requires $8 trillion to be invested from 2010 to 2020 in infrastructure for the region to continue economic development. In a 2014 editorial, ''

The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...

'' newspaper wrote that the new bank could allow Chinese capital to finance these projects and allow it a greater role to play in the economic development of the region commensurate with its growing economic and political clout. But until March 2015, China in the ADB has only 5.47 percent voting right, while Japan and US have a combined 26 percent voting right (13 percent each) with a share in subscribed capital of 15.7 percent and 15.6 percent, respectively. Dominance by both countries and slow reforms underlie China's wish to establish the AIIB, while both countries worry about China's increasing influence. In June 2014 China proposed doubling the registered capital of the bank from $50 billion to $100 billion and invited India to participate in the founding of the bank. Thank was founded in Beijing in October 2014. On 24 October 2014, twenty-one countries signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) regarding the AIIB in Beijing, China: Bangladesh, Brunei, Cambodia, India, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Mongolia, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Qatar, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Uzbekistan and Vietnam. Indonesia's joining was slightly delayed due to their new presidential administration not being able to review the membership in time. Indonesia signed the MOU on 25 November 2014. The U.S. allegedly tried to keep Australia and South Korea from becoming prospective founding members, after they expressed an interest in it. However, both Australia and South Korea applied to join the bank in March 2015. Hong Kong's

Financial Secretary Financial secretary is an administrative and executive government position within the governance of a state, corporation, private or public organization, small group or other body with financial assets. A financial secretary oversees policy con ...

John Tsang announced in his budget speech in February 2015 that the territory would join the AIIB. It did however not become one of the prospective founding members and negotiated as part of the Chinese delegation. In early March 2015, the United Kingdom's

Chancellor of the Exchequer The chancellor of the exchequer, often abbreviated to chancellor, is a senior minister of the Crown within the Government of the United Kingdom, and the head of HM Treasury, His Majesty's Treasury. As one of the four Great Offices of State, t ...

, George Osborne, announced that the UK had decided to apply to join the Bank, becoming the third Western country to do so after Luxembourg and New Zealand. The announcement was criticised by the U.S. Obama Administration. A US government official told ''

Financial Times The ''Financial Times'' (''FT'') is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic Current affairs (news format), current affairs. Based in London, the paper is owned by a Jap ...

'', "We are wary about a trend toward constant accommodation of China, which is not the best way to engage a rising power." The official further stated that the British decision was taken after "no consultation with the US." In response, the UK indicated that the subject had been discussed between Chancellor Osborne and US Treasury Secretary Jack Lew for several months preceding the decision. It was further stated that joining the bank as a founding member would allow the UK to influence the development of the institution. By encouraging Chinese investments in the next generations of nuclear power plants, Osborne announced that "the

City of London The City of London, also known as ''the City'', is a Ceremonial counties of England, ceremonial county and Districts of England, local government district with City status in the United Kingdom, city status in England. It is the Old town, his ...

would become the base for the first clearing house for the yuan outside Asia." Following the criticism, the White House National Security Council, in a statement to ''The Guardian'', declared,

Our position on the AIIB remains clear and consistent. The United States and many major global economies all agree there is a pressing need to enhance infrastructure investment around the world. We believe any new multilateral institution should incorporate the high standards of the World Bank and the regional development banks. Based on many discussions, we have concerns about whether the AIIB will meet these high standards, particularly related to governance, and environmental and social safeguards ..The international community has a stake in seeing the AIIB complement the existing architecture, and to work effectively alongside the World Bank and Asian Development Bank.

After the UK's decision to join the AIIB, a surge of new applications followed, including several other European states – including Germany, France and Italy – with a total number reaching 53 by the end of March. German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble stated, "We want to contribute our long-standing experience with international financial institutions to the creation of the new bank by setting high standards and helping the bank to get a high international reputation." In March 2015, the South Korean Ministry of Strategy and Finance announced that it, too, is planning to join the AIIB, citing its potential in helping South Korean companies win deals in infrastructural projects as well expanding South Korea's influence in international banking as a founding member. States could indicate their interest in becoming a Prospective Founding Member until 31 March 2015. Negotiations took place in the framework of five Chief Negotiators Meetings (CNMs) which took place between November 2014 and May 2015. The Articles of Agreement, the legal framework of the bank, were concluded in the fifth CNM. It was signed on 29 June 2015 by 50 of the named 57 prospective founding members in Beijing, while the other seven signed later. On 25 December 2015, the Articles of Agreement entered into force. On 16 January 2016, the board of governors of the bank convened its inaugural meeting in Beijing and declared the bank open for business. Jin Liqun was elected as the bank's president for a five-year term. 17 states (Australia, Austria, Brunei, China, Georgia, Germany, Jordan, Luxembourg, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea and the United Kingdom) together holding 50.1% of the initial subscriptions of Authorized Capital Stock, had deposited the instrument of ratification for the agreement, triggering entry into force, and making them all founding members and bringing the Articles of Agreement, the bank's charter, into force. 35 other states followed later, taking the amount of Authorized Capital Stock held by the 29 members of the bank to 74%.

AIIB within PRC policy thinking

Fostering long-term economic development

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank can be construed as a natural inter-national extension of the infrastructure-driven economic development framework that has sustained the rapid economic growth of China since the adoption of the

Chinese economic reform Reform and opening-up ( zh, s=改革开放, p=Gǎigé kāifàng), also known as the Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle, refers to a variety of economic reforms termed socialism with Chinese characteristics and socialist marke ...

under Chinese leader

Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping also Romanization of Chinese, romanised as Teng Hsiao-p'ing; born Xiansheng (). (22 August 190419 February 1997) was a Chinese statesman, revolutionary, and political theorist who served as the paramount leader of the People's R ...

. It stems from the notion that long-term economic growth can only be achieved through systematic, and broad-based investments in infrastructure assets – in contrast with the more short-term "export-driven" and "domestic consumption" development models favored by mainstream Western

Neoclassical economists Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation (pricing) of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model. According to this line of thought, the value of a goo ...

and pursued by many developing countries in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century with generally disappointing results.

Infrastructure as regional integration and foreign policy tool

In his 29 March 2015 speech at the Boao Forum for Asia (BFA) annual conference, Xi Jinping said:

e Chinese economy is deeply integrated with the global economy and forms an important driving force of the economy of Asia and even the world at large. ��China's investment opportunities are expanding. Investment opportunities in infrastructure connectivity as well as in new technologies, new products, new business patterns, and new business models are constantly springing up. ��China's foreign cooperation opportunities are expanding. We support the multilateral trading system, devote ourselves to the Doha Round negotiations, advocate the Asia-Pacific free trade zone, promote negotiations on regional comprehensive economic partnership, advocate the construction of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), boost economic and financial cooperation in an all-round manner, and work as an active promoter of economic globalization and regional integration.

Xi insisted also that the Silk Road Fund and the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank would foster "economic connectivity and a new-type of industrialization n the Asia Pacific area and huspromote the common development of all countries as well as the peoples' joint enjoyment of development fruits." Academic

Suisheng Zhao Suisheng Zhao (; born September 17, 1954) is a Chinese-American Political science, political scientist currently serving as professor of Chinese politics and Chinese foreign policy, foreign policy at the University of Denver, University of Denver ...

writes that China's launching of the AIIB was intended by China to reduce tensions caused by the United States' efforts to delay reform of the Bretton Woods system, intended to provide international public goods, and intended to provide China with increased participation in international rule-making.

Legal basis and membership

The Articles of Agreement form the legal basis for the Bank. 57 Prospective Founding Members (PFM) named in annex A of the agreement are eligible to sign and ratify the Articles, thus becoming a member of the Bank. Other states, which are parties to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the Asian Development Bank may become members after approval of their accession by the bank. The Articles were negotiated by the Prospective Founding Members, with Hong Kong joining the negotiations via China.

Members

The 57 Prospective Founding Members can become Founding Members through: * Signing the Articles of Agreement in 2015 * Ratifying the Articles of Agreement in 2015 or 2016 All Prospective Founding Members have signed the Articles, 52 of which have ratified them, comprising 92% of the shares of all PFM. The formal actions towards becoming a Founding Member are shown below, as well as the percentage of the votes and of the shares, in the event all prospective founding states become parties, and no other members are accepted. In March 2017, 13 other states were granted prospective membership: 5 regional (

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the Durand Line, east and south, Iran to the Afghanistan–Iran borde ...

, Armenia, Fiji, Timor Leste and Hong Kong, China) and 8 non-regional: Belgium, Canada, Ethiopia, Hungary, Ireland, Peru, Sudan and Venezuela. In May 2017, 7 states were granted prospective membership: 3 regional (Bahrain, Cyprus, Samoa) and 4 non-regional (Bolivia, Chile, Greece, Romania). In June 2017, 3 other states were granted prospective membership: 1 regional (Tonga) and 2 non-regional (Argentina, Madagascar). In 2018, 7 other states were granted prospective membership: 1 regional (Lebanon) and 6 non-regional (Algeria, Ghana, Libya, Morocco, Serbia, Togo). In 2019, 9 other states were granted prospective membership: 9 non-regional (Djibouti, Rwanda, Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Tunisia, Uruguay, Croatia, Senegal). In 2020, Liberia were granted prospective membership. In 2021, 2 states were granted prospective membership:1 regional (Iraq) and 1 non-regional (Nigeria). In 2023, 4 states were granted prospective membership: 4 non-regional (Mauritania, El Salvador, Solomon Islands, Tanzania). They become members after finishing their domestic procedures. As of March 2025, the total number of countries approved for membership of AIIB is 110 (Regional Members: 49, Non-Regional Members: 51, Prospective Members: 10). Countries holding at least 2.0% of either the total subscriptions or voting powers are in bold. Members Prospective Members

Dependent territories

The Articles of Agreement provide for non-sovereign entities to become members of the bank. In addition to the requirements for sovereign states, the membership of dependent territories must be supported by the state responsible for its external relations.

Non-members

The Czech Republic, Nigeria, Iraq, Colombia, Ukraine are considering joining the AIIB as members. Mexico, Japan and the United States have no immediate intention to participate. Taiwan's request to become a Prospective Founding Member was rejected by China as it does not consider the former to be a sovereign state. * Taiwan applied for PFM to join the AIIB via Taiwan Affairs Office on 31 March 2015, possibly under the name "Chinese Taipei", but was rejected by the Multilateral Interim Secretariat of the AIIB on 13 April, without any reason stated. However, mainland China claims that there is the possibility for Taiwan to obtain membership at a later date.Taiwan unable to become AIIB prospective founding member: China
Retrieved 13 April 2014. Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that Taiwan should avoid creating a "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan" situation. ROC Finance Minister Chang Sheng-ford announced in April 2016 that Taiwan was not being treated with "dignity" or "respect" during the registration process and Taiwan eventually chose to leave the decision to join to the new president. United States – No commitment * The United States' officials have expressed concerns about whether the AIIB would have high standards of governance, and whether it would have environmental and social safeguards. The United States is reported to have used diplomatic pressure to try and prevent key allies, such as Australia, from joining the bank, and expressed disappointment when others, such as Britain, joined. The US' opposition to the AIIB, as well as its attempt to dissuade allies from joining was seen as a manifestation of a multifaceted containment strategy. Japan – "Under Consideration" / No commitment * Masato Kitera, Tokyo's envoy in Beijing, stated previously that Japan might join the AIIB. Japanese Finance Minister Tarō Asō previously indicated interest in joining the AIIB, but later switched his stance. Yoshihide Suga, Japan's Cabinet Secretary, told the public that Japan was still seeking China's full explanation of the AIIB as he stated, "As of today, Japan will not join AIIB and a clear explanation has not been received from China" and "Japan is dubious about whether (the AIIB) would be properly governed or whether it would damage other creditors". He also stated that Japan is no longer considering whether or not to join the bank. The Japanese Government Spokesman also announced that Japan would not join the AIIB. Japanese prime minister Shinzō Abe also added that Japan does not need to join the bank. But two years later, in May 2017, Shinzō Abe said joining the AIIB, created in part to fund the initiative, could be an option if governance questions were resolved. Toshihiro Nikai, secretary-general of the ruling party Liberal Democratic Party, suggested joining the AIIB.

Shareholding structure

The Authorized Capital Stock of the bank is $100 billion (

US dollar The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries. The Coinage Act of 1792 introduced the U.S. dollar at par with the Spanish silver dollar, divided it int ...

s), divided into 1 million shares of $100,000 each. Twenty percent are paid-in shares (and thus have to be transferred to the bank), and 80% are callable shares. The allocated shares are based on the size of each member country's economy (calculated using GDP Nominal (60%) and GDP PPP (40%)) and whether they are an Asian or Non-Asian Member. The total number of shares will determine the fraction of authorized capital in the bank. Of the prospective founding members, three states decided not to subscribe to all allocated shares: Malaysia, Portugal, and Singapore, resulting in 98% of available shares being subscribed. Three categories of votes exist: basic votes, share votes and Founding Member votes. The basic votes are equal for all members and constitute 12% of the total votes, while the share votes are equal to the number of shares. Each Founding Member furthermore gets 600 votes. An overview of the shares, assuming when all 57 Prospective Founding Members have become Founding Members is shown below (values in bold do not depend on the number of members):

Governance

The bank's governance structure is composed of the Board of Governors as the top-level and highest decision-making body. It is composed of 1 governor for each member state of the bank and in principle meets once a year. The board of directors, composed of 12 governors, each representing one or more member is responsible for daily operations and tasks delegated to it by the board of governors. Nine of those members are from within the Asia-Pacific region and three representing members outside the region. Of the non-regional directors, 1 constituency is made up of EU member states having the Euro as their currency, and 1 from other European countries. New members are considered for admission only once a year. An overview of the constituencies is shown below: {, class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;" , - ! Country of Director !! Countries of Alternates !! Countries of Advisors !! Other Constituencies , - , , ,
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{{Flagu, Vanuatu {, class="wikitable" , - , colspan="4" style="text-align: center; background:Gainsboro" , Senior Management of AIIB , - style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;" ! colspan=2 , Country ! Name ! Position in AIIB , - ! {{flagicon, CHN ,

, Jin Liqun , President , - ! {{flagicon, IND ,

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Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

, {{nowrap,

Ludger Schuknecht Ludger Schuknecht (born 2 December 1962 in Gelsenkirchen) is a German economist who has been serving as vice president and Corporate Secretary of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank since 2021. From 2018 to 2021, Schuknecht was one of fou ...

, Vice President and Corporate Secretary , - ! {{flagicon, PAK ,

Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...

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, Quan Zheng , Acting Vice President, Policy and Strategy , - ! {{flagicon, RUS ,

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, Rajat Misral , {{nowrap, Acting Chief Investment Officer, Public Sector (Region 1) & Financial Institutions and Funds (Global) Clients and Director General, Public Sector Clients Department Region 1 , - ! {{flagicon, SWE ,

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

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, Antoine Castel , Chief Risk Officer , - ! {{flagicon, NZL , {{nowrap,

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, Andrew Cross , Chief Financial Officer , - ! {{flagicon, BRA ,

Brazil Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in South America. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, fifth-largest country by area and the List of countries and dependencies by population ...

, Alberto Ninio , General Counsel

Reception

The former President of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, has said that the need for infrastructure in developing countries is great so that the activities of new organizations would be welcome. The World Bank, IMF, and Asian Development bank have all cooperated with the AIIB as a complement to the Bretton Woods institutions and which further increases overall capacity for development funds. Economist C. Fred Bergsten describes the AIIB as "helping meet a clear need for more infrastructure funding throughout Asia (and elsewhere)."{{Cite book , last=Bergsten , first=C. Fred , url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255691875 , title=The United States vs. China : the quest for global economic leadership , date=2022 , isbn=978-1-5095-4735-7 , location=Cambridge , pages=267 , oclc=1255691875 He concludes that the AIIB "has adhered to internationally agreed norms and best practices, and is innovating some of its own." Additionally, Bergsten writes that China's role in the AIIB "has clearly met the U.S. request for China to function as a 'responsible stakeholder' in the world economy."

Geopolitical implication in Asia-Pacific and beyond

There is no consensus in the United States about the role of the AIIB. John Ikenberry sees the AIIB as part of "China's emerging institutional statecraft,"{{cite news , first1=G. John , last1=Ikenberry , title= China's emerging institutional statecraft: The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the prospects for counter-hegemony , url= https://www.brookings.edu/research/chinas-emerging-institutional-statecraft/ , access-date=10 November 2017 , work= Brookings , date=April 2017 but argues that it is not clear whether the institution will tie China more deeply into the existing order or become a vehicle to challenge the order. Phillip Lipscy (

Stanford University Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly referred to as Stanford University, is a Private university, private research university in Stanford, California, United States. It was founded in 1885 by railroad magnate Leland Stanford (the eighth ...

) argues that the United States and Japan should support the AIIB to encourage China's peaceful global leadership and discourage China from pursuing coercive or military options.{{cite news, author1= Phillip Lipscy , title= Who's Afraid of the AIIB: Why the United States Should Support China's Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank , url= https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2015-05-07/whos-afraid-aiib , work=Foreign Affairs , date=7 May 2015 On the other hand, Paola Subacchi (

Chatham House The Royal Institute of International Affairs, also known as Chatham House, is a British think tank based in London, England. Its stated mission is "to help governments and societies build a sustainably secure, prosperous, and just world". It ...

) argues that the AIIB represents a threat to US-dominated global governance.{{cite news, author1= Paola Subacchi , title= The AIIB Is a Threat to Global Economic Governance , url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/03/31/the-aiib-is-a-threat-to-global-economic-governance-china/ , work=Foreign Policy , date=31 March 2015 Think-tanks such as Chatham House, the China Studies Centre at the

University of Sydney The University of Sydney (USYD) is a public university, public research university in Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1850, it is the oldest university in both Australia and Oceania. One of Australia's six sandstone universities, it was one of the ...

and the World Pensions Council (WPC) have argued that the successful establishment of a new supranational financial powerhouse headquartered in PRC would be facilitated by the large number of participating developed economies.{{cite news , first1=M. Nicolas J. , last1=Firzli , title= China's Asian Infrastructure Bank and the 'New Great Game', url= https://www.academia.edu/19535167 , access-date=20 January 2016 , work=Analyse Financière, date=October 2015{{cite news, author1= Kerry Brown, title= The UK Shows Leadership, and Strategic Clarity, in Joining AIIB , url= http://www.chathamhouse.org/expert/comment/17261/ , work=Chatham House Asia Programme , date=20 March 2015 These experts observe that the establishment of the Beijing-based AIIB does not necessitate rivalry, when economic cooperation is possible, and that the decision by the UK to participate advances its own interests even if some of its allies are opposed.

Environmental record

Although the proposed bank declared "AIIB will learn from the best practice in the world and adopt international standards of environmental protection," Oxford scholar of economics and energy policy Yuge Ma has argued that this may be complicated in developing Asian countries.

Political influence

In June 2023, Bob Pickard, a Canadian national and the global communications director and official spokesperson of AIIB resigned, and fled from China.{{cite news , last1=Chen , first1=Laurie , title=Former Canadian AIIB official says he was 'advised' to flee China after resignation , url=https://globalnews.ca/news/9770347/bob-pickard-aiib-china/ , access-date=15 June 2023 , work=

Global News Global News is the news and Current affairs (news format), current affairs division of the Canadian Global Television Network. The network is owned by Corus Entertainment, which oversees all of the network's national news programming as well as ...

, agency=

Reuters Reuters ( ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters. It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters is one of the largest news agencies in the world. The agency ...

, date=2023-06-15 Pickard said that the AIIB was dominated by

Chinese Communist Party The Communist Party of China (CPC), also translated into English as Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and One-party state, sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Founded in 1921, the CCP emerged victorious in the ...

(CCP) members who operate as an in-house secret police. He also claimed that all information going to AIIB's president, Jin Liqun, was filtered through those CCP officials, whose offices were the closest to Jin. Pickard went on to state that the AIIB has one of the most toxic cultures imaginable. Later the same day,

Chrystia Freeland Christina Alexandra Freeland (born August 2, 1968) is a Canadian politician and journalist who has served as the Member of Parliament (Canada), member of Parliament (MP) for University—Rosedale (federal electoral district), University—Rose ...

, the Deputy Prime Minister of Canada and Finance Minister announced that Canada is freezing ties with the AIIB while carrying out an investigation of the allegations and Canada's involvement in the AIIB. In the following day, the AIIB launched an internal investigation and welcomed the Canadian review, but called the allegation "baseless." In December 2023, the Canadian Finance Ministry announced that it would be expanding its investigation to include "an analysis of AIIB investments, its governance and management frameworks, as well as an examination of whether its environmental and social governance safeguards are effective and sufficient". In the United Kingdom, AIIB faced criticism for having seconded

HM Treasury His Majesty's Treasury (HM Treasury or HMT), and informally referred to as the Treasury, is the Government of the United Kingdom’s economic and finance ministry. The Treasury is responsible for public spending, financial services policy, Tax ...

staff. Conservative MP Tim Loughton, who was impacted by a Chinese cyber campaign, called for an audit of the UK's relationship with the AIIB. According to a report by the

Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament The Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament (ISC) is a statutory joint committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, appointed to oversee the work of the UK intelligence community. The committee was established in 1994 by the In ...

, Sir Danny Alexander's appointment as vice-president of the AIIB was partially influenced by the Chinese government, intending to lend credibility to Chinese investments through his name.

Comparison with ADB and IBRD

{, class="wikitable" style="text-align:right" , +($ million) ! colspan="2", !AIIB!! ADB!! IBRD{{cite web , year=2018 , title=Management's Discussion & Analysis and Financial Statements June 30, 2022 , url=https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/16796f0d7a20087d312ec8634ace777c-0040012022/original/IBRD-Financial-Statements-June-2022.pdf , url-status=live , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812203021/https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/16796f0d7a20087d312ec8634ace777c-0040012022/original/IBRD-Financial-Statements-June-2022.pdf , archive-date=12 August 2022 , publisher= International Bank for Reconstruction and Development , - , style="text-align:left" colspan="2", Established , 2016, , 1966 , , 1944 , - , style="text-align:left" colspan="2", Date as of , , 31 December 2017, , 31 December 2021 , , 30 June 2022 , - , style="text-align:left" rowspan="2", Member , , style="text-align:left", Total , , 84, , 68 , , 189 , - , style="text-align:left", (Regional, Non-regional, Prospective) , , , , 49, 19, 0 , , – , - , style="text-align:left" colspan="2" , Credit rating , , AAA, , AAA , , AAA , - , style="text-align:left" rowspan="2", Capital , , style="text-align:left", Subscribed , , 95,001, , 148,903 , , 286,636 , - , style="text-align:left", Paid-in , , 19,000, , 7,447 , , 20,499 , -, , style="text-align:left" colspan="2" , Total assets , , 18,973, , 282,084 , , 317,542 , - , style="text-align:left" colspan="2", Lending , , 4,220, , 137,860 , , 227,092

Lending results

AIIB loans are fully transparent and publicly accessible on AIIB's website.{{Cite book , last=Garlick , first=Jeremy , title=Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption , date=2024 , publisher= Bloomsbury Academic , isbn=978-1-350-25231-8{{Rp, page=85

2016

During 2016, AIIB committed a total of $1.73 billion to nine projects, among which six projects are joint initiatives with other international lenders such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. It had achieved its loan target of $1.2 billion for the first year.{{cite web , title=Approved Projects , publisher=AIIB , url=https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/approved/index.html{{cite web , date=26 January 2017 , title=AIIB hits its first-year lending target , work=

Nikkei Asia ''Nikkei Asia'', known as ''Nikkei Asian Review'' between 2013 and 2020, is a major Japan-based English-language weekly news magazine focused on the Asian continent, although it also covers broader international developments. It is headquartere ...

, url=http://asia.nikkei.com/magazine/20170126/Politics-Economy/AIIB-hits-its-first-year-lending-target {, class="wikitable sortable" , +2016 AIIB lending !Approval date !! Country !! Purpose !! Amount M$ !! Co-lenders , - , 24 June 2016 , , Tajikistan , , Road improvement , , style="text-align:right", 27.5 , , European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , - , 24 June 2016 , , Bangladesh , , Power distribution lines , , style="text-align:right", 165.0 , , none , - , 24 June 2016 , , Pakistan , , Motorway construction , , style="text-align:right" , 100.0 , , Asian Development Bank and Department for International Development (United Kingdom) , - , 24 June 2016 , , Indonesia , , Redevelopment of poor districts , , style="text-align:right", 216.5 , , World Bank , - , 27 September 2016 , , Pakistan , , Hydropower plant , , style="text-align:right", 300.0 , , World Bank , - , 27 September 2016 , , Myanmar , , Combined Cycle Gas Turbine power plant , , style="text-align:right", 20.0 , , International Finance Corporation, the Asian Development Bank and certain commercial lenders , - , 8 December 2016 , , Oman , , Railways , , style="text-align:right", 36.0 , , none , - , 8 December 2016 , , Oman , , Port facilities , , style="text-align:right", 265.0 , , none , - , 21 December 2016 , , Azerbaijan , , Gas pipeline , , style="text-align:right", 600.0 , , A number of other multilateral development banks including the World Bank and other commercial entities , - , colspan="3" , Total , , style="text-align:right", 1,730.0 , ,

2017

{, class="wikitable sortable" , +2017 AIIB lending !Approval date !! Country !! Purpose !! Amount M$ !! Co-lenders , - , 22 March 2017 , , Indonesia , , Regional Infrastructure Development Fund Project , , style="text-align:right", 100.0 , , World Bank , - , 22 March 2017 , , Indonesia , , Dam Operational Improvement and Safety Project Phase II , , style="text-align:right", 125.0 , , World Bank , - , 22 March 2017 , , Bangladesh, , Natural Gas Infrastructure and Efficiency Improvement Project , , style="text-align:right" , 60.0 , , Asian Development Bank , - , 2 May 2017 , , India , , Andhra Pradesh 24x7 – Power For All , , style="text-align:right" , 160.0 , , World bank and Government of Andhra Pradesh , - , 5 June 2017 , , Georgia , , Batumi Bypass Road Project , , style="text-align:right" , 114.2 , , Asian Development Bank , - , 15 June 2017 , , India , , India Infrastructure Fund , , style="text-align:right" , 150.0 , , Other investors , - , 15 June 2017 , , Tajikistan , , Nurek Hydropower Rehabilitation Project, Phase I , , style="text-align:right" , 60.0 , , World Bank and Eurasian Development Bank , - , 4 July 2017 , , India , , Gujarat Rural Roads Project , , style="text-align:right" , 329.0 , , Government of Gujarat , - , 4 September 2017 , , Egypt , , Egypt Round II Solar PV Feed-in Tariffs Program , , style="text-align:right" , 17.5 , , International Finance Corporation and other lenders , - , 27 September 2017 , , India , , Transmission System Strengthening Project , , style="text-align:right" , 100.0 , , Asian Development Bank and Power Grid Corporation of India , - , 27 September 2017 , , Philippines , , Metro Manila Flood Management Project , , style="text-align:right" , 207.60 , , World Bank , - , 8 December 2017 , , India , , Bangalore Metro Rail Project – Line R6 , , style="text-align:right" , 335.0 , , European Investment Bank and other lenders , - , 8 December 2017 , , Oman , , Broadband Infrastructure Project , , style="text-align:right" , 239.0 , , none , - , 8 December 2017 , , China , , Beijing Air Quality Improvement and Coal Replacement Project , , style="text-align:right" , 250.0 , , Beijing Municipality, China CDM Fund and Beijing Gas , - , colspan="3" , Total , , style="text-align:right", , ,

2018

{, class="wikitable sortable" , +2018 AIIB lending !Approval date !! Country !! Purpose !! Amount M$ !! Co-lenders , - , 9 February 2018 , , Bangladesh , , Bhola IPP , , style="text-align:right", 60.0 , , none , - , 11 April 2018 , , India , , Madhya Pradesh Rural Connectivity Project , , style="text-align:right", 140.0 , , World Bank , - , 24 June 2018 , , India , , National Investment and Infrastructure Fund , , style="text-align:right", 100.0 , , Government of India , - , 24 June 2018 , , Turkey , , Tuz Golu Gas Storage Expansion Project , , style="text-align:right", 600.0 , , World Bank, Islamic Development Bank, BOTAS and commercial loans , - , 24 June 2018 , , Indonesia , , Strategic Irrigation Modernization and Urgent Rehabilitation Project , , style="text-align:right", 250.0 , , World Bank , - , 28 September 2018 , , India , , Andhra Pradesh Rural Roads Project , , style="text-align:right", 455.0 , , Government of Andhra Pradesh , - , 28 September 2018 , , Egypt , , Sustainable Rural Sanitation Services Program , , style="text-align:right", 300.0 , , World Bank , - , 28 September 2018 , , Turkey , , TSKB Sustainable Energy and Infrastructure On-lending Facility , , style="text-align:right", 200.0 , , none , - , 7 December 2018 , , Indonesia , , Mandalika Urban and Tourism Infrastructure Project , , style="text-align:right", 248.39 , , Government of Indonesia , - , 7 December 2018 , , India , , Andhra Pradesh Urban Water Supply and Septage Management Improvement Project , , style="text-align:right", 400.0 , , Government of Andhra Pradesh

2019

{, class="wikitable sortable" , +2019 AIIB lending !Approval date !! Country !! Purpose !! Amount M$ !! Co-lenders , - , 26 March 2019 , , Bangladesh , , Power System Upgrade and Expansion Project , , style="text-align:right", 120.0 , , Government of Bangladesh and Power Grid Corporation of Bangladesh , - , 26 March 2019 , , Laos , , National Road 13 Improvement and Maintenance Project , , style="text-align:right", 40.0 , , Government of Laos, NDF and IDA , - , 4 April 2019 , , Sri Lanka , , Reduction of Landslide Vulnerability by Mitigation Measures Project , , style="text-align:right", 80.0 , , Government of Sri Lanka , - , 4 April 2019 , , Sri Lanka , , Colombo Urban Regeneration Project , , style="text-align:right", 200.0 , , Government of Sri Lanka and private partner , - , 21 May 2019 , Nepal , Upper Trisuli I Hydropower Project , style="text-align:right" , 90.0 , , ADB, IFC, Korean Consortium , - , 11 July 2019 , Turkey , Efeler 97.6 MW Geothermal project , style="text-align:right" , 100.0 , , EBRD , - , 11 July 2019 , Bangladesh , Municipal Water Supply and Sanitation Project , style="text-align:right" , 100.0 , , World Bank, IDA, Government of Bangladesh , - , 11 July 2019 , Cambodia , Fiber Optic Communication Network Project , style="text-align:right" , 75.0 , , None , - , 11 July 2019 , India , L&T Green Infrastructure On-Lending Facility , style="text-align:right" , 100.0 , , None , - , 26 September 2019 , Pakistan , Karachi Water and Sewerage Services Improvement , style="text-align:right" , 40.0 , , World Bank , - , 26 September 2019 , India , Tata Cleantech Sustainable Infrastructure On-Lending Facility , style="text-align:right" , 75.0 , , TCCL , - , 11 November 2019 , Pakistan , Karachi Bus Rapid Transit , style="text-align:right" , 71.81 , , ADB , - , 12 November 2019 , Turkey , TKYB Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency On-Lending Facility , style="text-align:right" , 200.0 , , None , - , 6 December 2019 , India , Rajasthan 250 MW Solar Project–Hero Future Energies , style="text-align:right" , 65.0 , , International Finance Corporation , - , 6 December 2019 , India , Rajasthan 250 MW Solar Project–Hero Future Energies , style="text-align:right" , 65.0 , , International Finance Corporation , - , 12 December 2019 , China , Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Low Carbon Energy Transition and Air Quality Improvement Project , style="text-align:right" , 500.0 , , None , - , 12 December 2019 , India , West Bengal Major Irrigation and Flood Management Project , style="text-align:right" , 145.0 , , World Bank , - , 12 December 2019 , Egypt , National Bank of Egypt On-Lending Facility for Infrastructure , style="text-align:right" , 150.0 , , None , - , 12 December 2019 , Kazakhstan , Zhanatas 100 MW Wind Power Plant , style="text-align:right" , 46.7 , , Sponsors and other financial institutions , - , 12 December 2019 , Russia , Transport Sector Investment Loan , style="text-align:right" , 500.0 , , None , - , 12 December 2019 , Uzbekistan , Rural Infrastructure Development Project , style="text-align:right" , 82.0 , , World Bank , - , 12 December 2019 , Turkey , Istanbul Seismic Risk Mitigation and Emergency Preparedness Project , style="text-align:right" , 300.0 , , World Bank , - , 12 December 2019 , Nepal , Power Distribution System Upgrade and Expansion Project , style="text-align:right" , 112.3 , , Nepal Electricity Authority

2020

{, class="wikitable sortable" , +2020 AIIB lending !Approval date !! Country !! Purpose !! Amount M$ !! Co-lenders , - , 17 January 2020 , , Bangladesh , , Dhaka and West Zone Transmission Grid Expansion Project , , style="text-align:right", 200.0 , , ADB , - , 11 February 2020 , , Oman , , Ibri II 500MW Solar PV Independent Power Plant Project , , style="text-align:right", 60.0 , , ADB , - , 3 April 2020 , , Bangladesh , , Sylhet to Tamabil Road Upgrade Project , , style="text-align:right", 404.0 , , None , - , 3 April 2020 , , Uzbekistan , , Bukhara Region Water Supply and Sewerage (BRWSSP) , , style="text-align:right", 385.1 , , None , - , 16 April 2020 , , Bangladesh , , Dhaka Sanitation Improvement , , style="text-align:right", 170.0 , , World Bank , - , 7 May 2020 , , India , , COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project , , style="text-align:right", 500.0 , , World Bank , - , 7 May 2020 , , Indonesia , , COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program , , style="text-align:right", 750.0 , , ADB , - , 7 May 2020 , , Bangladesh , , COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support Program , , style="text-align:right", 250.0 , , ADB , - , 7 May 2020 , , Georgia , , Emergency COVID-19 Response Project , , style="text-align:right", 100.0 , , World Bank , - , 28 May 2020 , , Philippines , , COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program , , style="text-align:right", 750.0 , , ADB , - , 16 June 2020 , , Mongolia , , COVID-19 Rapid Response Program , , style="text-align:right", 100.0 , , ADB , - , 16 June 2020 , , India , , COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) , , style="text-align:right", 750.0 , , ADB , - , 16 June 2020 , , Pakistan , , COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program , , style="text-align:right", 500.0 , , ADB , - , 22 June 2020 , , Uzbekistan , , Bukhara Road Network Improvement Project (Phase 1) , , style="text-align:right", 165.5 , , None , - , 22 June 2020 , , Indonesia , , Emergency Response to COVID-19 Program , , style="text-align:right", 250.0 , , World Bank , - , 30 June 2020 , , Maldives , , COVID-19 Emergency Response and Health Systems Preparedness Project, , style="text-align:right", 7.30 , , World Bank , - , 30 June 2020 , , Kazakhstan , , COVID-19 Active Response and Expenditure Support (CARES) Program, , style="text-align:right", 750.0 , , ADB , - , 30 June 2020 , , Turkey , , COVID-19 Credit Line Project, , style="text-align:right", 500.0 , , None , - , 16 July 2020 , , Pakistan , , Resilient Institutions for Sustainable Economy (RISE) Program, , style="text-align:right", 250.0 , , World Bank , - , 16 July 2020 , , Turkey , , Izmir Metro Expansion Phase 4: Fahrettin Altay – Narlidere Line Project, , style="text-align:right", 56.0 , , EBRD, BSTDB , - , 16 July 2020 , , Georgia , , COVID-19 Crisis Mitigation, , style="text-align:right", 50.0 , , World Bank , - , 16 July 2020 , , Vietnam , , COVID-19 Response Facility, , style="text-align:right", 100.0 , , IFC , - , 13 August 2020 , , Fiji, , Sustained Private Sector-Led Growth Reform Program, , style="text-align:right", 50.0 , , ADB , - , 13 August 2020 , , Kyrgyz Republic, , Kyrgyz Emergency Support for Private and Financial Sector Project, , style="text-align:right", 50.0 , , World Bank , - , 13 August 2020 , , Uzbekistan, , Healthcare Emergency Response Project, , style="text-align:right", 100.0 , , ADB , - , 27 August 2020 , , Turkey, , COVID-19 Medical Emergency Response (MER) Project, , style="text-align:right", 82.6, , EBRD , - , 27 August 2020 , , Bangladesh, , COVID-19 Emergency Response and Pandemic Preparedness Project, , style="text-align:right", 100.0, , World Bank , - , 10 September 2020 , , Maldives, , Greater Malé Waste-to-Energy Project, , style="text-align:right", 40.0, , ADB , - , 24 September 2020 , , India, , HDFC Line of Credit for Affordable Housing, , style="text-align:right", 200.0, , None , - , 24 September 2020 , , Indonesia, , Multifunctional Satellite PPP Project, , style="text-align:right", 150.0, , None , - , 15 October 2020 , , Laos, , Climate Resilience Improvement of National Road 13 South Project (Section 3), , style="text-align:right", 30.0, , None , - , 15 October 2020 , , China, , Legend Capital Healthcare Technology Fund, , style="text-align:right", 30.0, , None , - , 15 October 2020 , , Russia , , Russian Railways COVID-19 Emergency Response Project, , style="text-align:right", 300.0, , None , - , 16 October 2020 , , Bangladesh, , Rural Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Human Capital Development Project, , style="text-align:right", 200.0, , World Bank , - , 29 October 2020 , , India, , Delhi-Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS), , style="text-align:right", 500.0, , ADB , - , 25 November 2020 , , Uzbekistan, , National Bank for Foreign Economic Activity of the Republic of Uzbekistan COVID-19 Credit Line Project, , style="text-align:right", 200.0, , None , - , 25 November 2020 , , Turkey, , Akbank COVID-19 Crisis Recovery Facility, , style="text-align:right", 100.0, , None , - , 25 November 2020 , , Ecuador, , Corporación Financiera Nacional COVID-19 Credit Line Project, , style="text-align:right", 50.0, , WB

2024

{, class="wikitable" , +2024 AIIB lending !Approval date !Country !Purpose !Amount M$ !Co-lenders , - , 22 May 2024 , Philippines , Bataan–Cavite Interlink Bridge , 1.14 , ADB

Notes

{{notelist

References

{{Reflist

External links

{{Commons category, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank * {{Official website, https://www.aiib.org/
Articles of Agreement of the Bank
an
Report on the Articles
{{Clear {{One Belt, One Road {{South-South {{International development and investment banks {{Authority control Banks established in 2014 International development multilaterals Multilateral development banks Belt and Road Initiative Supranational banks