Arvicolinae

The Arvicolinae are a subfamily of rodents that includes the voles, lemmings, and muskrats. They are most closely related to the other subfamilies in the Cricetidae (comprising the hamsters and New World rats and mice). Some authorities place the subfamily Arvicolinae in the family Muridae along with all other members of the superfamily Muroidea. Some refer to the subfamily as the Microtinae (yielding the adjective "microtine") or rank the taxon as a full family, the Arvicolidae.

The Arvicolinae are the most populous group of Rodentia in the Northern Hemisphere. They often are found in fossil occlusions of bones cached by past predators such as owls and other birds of prey. Fossils of this group are often used for biostratigraphic dating of paleontological and archeological sites in North America and Europe.

Description

The most convenient distinguishing feature of the Arvicolinae is the nature of their molar teeth, which have prismatic cusps in the shape of alternating triangles. These molars are an adaptation to a herbivorous diet in which the major food plants include a large proportion of abrasive materials such as phytoliths; the teeth get worn down by abrasion throughout the adult life of the animal and they grow continuously in compensation.

Arvicolinae are Holarctic in distribution and represent one of only a few major muroid radiations to reach the New World via Beringia. (The others are the three subfamilies of New World rats and mice.) Arvicolines do very well in the subnival zone beneath the winter snowpack, and persist throughout winter without needing to hibernate. They are also characterized by extreme fluctuations in population numbers.

Most arvicolines are small, furry, short-tailed voles or lemmings, but some, such as '' Ellobius'' and '' Hyperacrius'', are well adapted to a fossorial lifestyle. Others, such as '' Ondatra'', '' Neofiber'', and '' Arvicola'', have evolved larger body sizes and are associated with an aquatic lifestyle.

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the Arvicolinae has been studied using morphological and molecular characters. Markers for the molecular phylogeny of arvicolines included the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b (''cyb'') gene
and the exon 10 of the growth hormone receptor (''ghr'') nuclear gene.Galewski T, Tilak M, Sanchez S, Chevret P, Paradis E, Douzery EJP. 2006
The evolutionary radiation of Arvicolinae rodents (voles and lemmings): relative contribution of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies. BMC Evol. Biol. 6:80
The comparison of the ''cyb'' and ''ghr'' phylogenetic results seems to indicate nuclear genes are useful for resolving relationships of recently evolved animals. As compared to mitochondrial genes, nuclear genes display several informative sites in third codon positions that evolve rapidly enough to accumulate synapomorphies, but slow enough to avoid evolutionary noise.
Of note, mitochondrial pseudogenes translocated within the nuclear genome complicate the assessment of the mitochondrial DNA orthology, but they can also be used as phylogenetic markers.
Sequencing complete mitochondrial genomes of voles may help to distinguish between authentic genes and pseudogenes.

The complementary phylogenetic analysis of morphological and molecular characters
suggests:
* '' Ellobius'', '' Prometheomys'', and '' Lagurus'' are among the most basal arvicolines.
* '' Dicrostonyx'', '' Phenacomys'', and '' Arborimus'' may form a clade.
* Core arvicolines include four subclades:
** Lemmini: ''Synaptomys'', ''Lemmus'', ''Myopus''
** Myodini: ''Eothenomys'', ''Myodes''
** Arvicolini: ''Arvicola''
** Microtini: ''Alexandromys'', ''Chionomys'', ''Hyperacrius'', ''Lasiopodomys'', ''Lemmiscus'', ''Microtus'', ''Mictomicrotus'', ''Neodon'', ''Proedromys'', ''Stenocranius'', ''Volemys''
* '' Ondatra'' and '' Dinaromys'' positions are uncertain, probably compromised by the convergent evolution of morphological characters.

Some authorities have placed the zokors within the Arvicolinae, but they have been shown to be unrelated.

A 2021 study found Lemmini to be the most basal group of Arvicolinae. The study also found '' Arvicola'' to actually fall outside the tribe Arvicolini, and to be sister to the tribe Lagurini.

Classification

Subfamily Arvicolinae - voles, lemmings, muskrats

The subfamily Arvicolinae contains eleven tribes, eight of which are classified as voles, two as lemmings, and one as muskrats. Recent changes to the subfamily include disbanding genus '' Myodes'' in favor of genera '' Clethrionomys'' and '' Craseomys'' (and disbanding Myodini in favor of Clethrionomyini), moving most of the genera from Arvicolini to Microtini, and renaming Phenacomyini as Pliophenacomyini.

* Tribe Arvicolini
** Genus '' Arvicola'' - water voles
*** European (or Northern) water vole (''Arvicola amphibius'' or ''Arvicola terrestris'')
*** Southwestern (or southern) water vole (''Arvicola sapidus'')
*** Montane water vole (''Arvicola scherman'')
* Tribe Microtini
** Genus '' Alexandromys''
*** Alpine vole (''Alexandromys alpinus'')
*** Evorsk vole (''Alexandromys evoronensis'')
*** Reed vole (''Alexandromys fortis'')
*** Taiwan vole (''Alexandromys kikuchii'')
*** Lacustrine vole (''Alexandromys limnophilus'')
*** Maximowicz's vole (''Alexandromys maximowiczii'')
*** Middendorff's vole (''Alexandromys middendorffi'')
*** Mongolian vole (''Alexandromys mongolicus'')
*** Japanese grass vole (''Alexandromys montebelli'')
*** Muya Valley vole (''Alexandromys mujanensis'')
*** Tundra vole or root vole (''Alexandromys oeconomus'')
*** Sakhalin vole (''Alexandromys sachalinensis'')
*** Shantar vole (''Alexandromys shantaricus'')
** Genus '' Chionomys'' - snow voles
*** Caucasian snow vole, ''Chionomys gud''
*** European snow vole, ''Chionomys nivalis''
*** Robert's snow vole, ''Chionomys roberti''
*** Lazistan snow vole (''Chionomys lasistanius'')
*** Stekolnikov's snow vole (''Chionomys stekolnikovi'')
** Genus '' Hyperacrius'' - voles from Pakistan
*** True's vole, ''Hyperacrius fertilis''
*** Murree vole, ''Hyperacrius wynnei''
** Genus '' Lasiopodomys''
*** Brandt's vole, ''Lasiopodomys brandtii''
*** Mandarin vole, ''Lasiopodomys mandarinus''
** Genus '' Lemmiscus''
*** Sagebrush vole, ''Lemmiscus curtatus''
** Genus ''Microtus'' - voles
*** Insular vole, ''M. abbreviatus''
*** California vole, ''M. californicus''
*** Rock vole, ''M. chrotorrhinus''
*** Long-tailed vole, ''M. longicaudus''
*** Mexican vole, ''M. mexicanus''
*** Singing vole, ''M. miurus''
*** North American water vole, ''M. richardsoni''
*** Zempoaltépec vole, ''M. umbrosus''
*** Taiga vole, ''M. xanthognathus''
*** Subgenus ''Microtus''
**** Field vole, ''M. agrestis''
**** Anatolian vole, ''M. anatolicus''
**** Common vole, ''M. arvalis''
**** Cabrera's vole, ''M. cabrerae''
**** Doğramaci's vole, ''M. dogramacii''
**** Elbeyli vole, ''M. elbeyli''
**** Günther's vole, ''M. guentheri''
**** Harting's vole, ''M. hartingii''
**** Tien Shan vole, ''M. ilaeus''
**** Persian vole, ''M. irani''
**** Mediterranean field vole, ''M. lavernedii''
**** Turkish vole, ''M. lydius''
**** Kerman vole, ''M. kermanensis''
**** Southern vole, ''M. levis''
**** Paradox vole, ''M. paradoxus''
**** Qazvin vole, ''M. qazvinensis''
**** Portuguese field vole, ''M. rosianus''
**** Schidlovsky's vole, ''M. schidlovskii''
**** Social vole, ''M. socialis''
**** European pine vole, ''M. subterraneus''
**** Transcaspian vole, ''M. transcaspicus''
*** Subgenus '' Blanfordimys''
**** Afghan vole, ''M. afghanus''
**** Bucharian vole, ''M. bucharicus''
**** Juniper vole, ''M. juldaschi''
***Subgenus '' Terricola''
**** Bavarian pine vole, ''M. bavaricus''
**** Calabria pine vole, ''M. brachycercus''
**** Daghestan pine vole, ''M. daghestanicus''
**** Mediterranean pine vole, ''M. duodecimcostatus''
**** Felten's vole, ''M. felteni''
**** Liechtenstein's pine vole, ''M. liechtensteini''
**** Lusitanian pine vole, ''M. lusitanicus''
**** Major's pine vole, ''M. majori''
**** Alpine pine vole, ''M. multiplex''
**** Sicilian pine vole, ''M. nebrodensis''
**** Savi's pine vole, ''M. savii''
**** Tatra pine vole, ''M. tatricus''
**** Thomas's pine vole, ''M. thomasi''
*** Subgenus '' Mynomes''
**** Gray-tailed vole, ''M. canicaudus''
**** Western meadow vole, ''M. drummondi''
**** Florida salt marsh vole, ''M. dukecampbelli''
**** Montane vole, ''M. montanus''
**** Creeping vole, ''M. oregoni''
**** Eastern meadow vole, ''M. pennsylvanicus''
**** Townsend's vole, ''M. townsendii''
*** Subgenus '' Pitymys''
**** Guatemalan vole, ''M. guatemalensis''
**** Tarabundí vole, ''M. oaxacensis''
**** Woodland vole, ''M. pinetorum''
**** Jalapan pine vole, ''M. quasiater''
*** Subgenus '' Pedomys''
**** Prairie vole, ''M. ochrogaster''
*** Subgenus ''Hyrcanicola''
**** Schelkovnikov's pine vole, ''M. schelkovnikovi''
** Genus '' Mictomicrotus''
*** Liangshan vole, ''Mictomicrotus liangshanensis''
** Genus '' Neodon'' - mountain voles
*** Bershula mountain vole (''Neodon bershulaensis'')
*** Bomi mountain vole (''Neodon bomiensis'')
*** Chayu mountain vole (''Neodon chayuensis'')
*** Clarke's vole (''Neodon clarkei'')
*** Forrest's mountain vole (''Neodon forresti'')
*** Plateau vole (''Neodon fuscus'')
*** Chinese scrub vole (''Neodon irene'')
*** Blyth's vole (''Neodon leucurus'')
*** Liao Rui's mountain vole (''Neodon liaoruii'')
*** Linzhi mountain vole (''Neodon linzhiensis'')
*** Medog mountain vole (''Neodon medogensis'')
*** Namchabarwa mountain vole (''Neodon namchabarwaensis'')
*** Nepalese mountain vole (''Neodon nepalensis'')
*** Nyalam mountain vole (''Neodon nyalamensis'')
*** Shergyla mountain vole (''Neodon shergylaensis'')
*** Sikkim mountain vole (''Neodon sikimensis'')
** Genus '' Proedromys''
*** Duke of Bedford's vole (''Proedromys bedfordi'')
** Genus '' Stenocranius''
*** Narrow-headed vole (''Stenocranius gregalis'')
*** Radde's vole (''Stenocranius raddei'')
** Genus '' Volemys''
*** Szechuan vole (''Volemys millicens'')
*** Marie's vole (''Volemys musseri'')
* Tribe Dicrostonychini - collared lemmings
** Genus '' Dicrostonyx''
*** Northern collared lemming, ''D. groenlandicus''
*** Nelson's collared lemming, ''D. nelsoni''
*** Ungava collared lemming, ''D. hudsonius''
*** Ogilvie Mountains collared lemming, ''D. nunatakensis''
*** Richardson's collared lemming, ''D. richardsoni''
*** Arctic lemming, ''D. torquatus''
*** Unalaska collared lemming, ''D. unalascensis''
* Tribe Ellobiusini - mole voles
** Genus '' Ellobius'' - mole voles
*** Alai mole vole, ''E. alaicus''
*** Southern mole vole, ''E. fuscocapillus''
*** Transcaucasian mole vole, ''E. lutescens''
*** Northern mole vole, ''E. talpinus''
*** Zaisan mole vole, ''E. tancrei''
* Tribe Lagurini
** Genus '' Eolagurus''
*** Yellow steppe lemming, ''E. luteus''
*** Przewalski's steppe lemming, ''E. przewalskii''
** Genus '' Lagurus''
*** Steppe lemming, ''L. lagurus''
* Tribe Lemmini
** Genus '' Lemmus'' - true lemmings
*** Amur lemming, ''L. amurensis''
*** Norway lemming, ''L. lemmus''
*** Beringian lemming, ''L. nigripes''
*** East Siberian lemming, ''L. paulus''
*** West Siberian lemming, ''L. sibiricus''
*** Canadian lemming, ''L. trimucronatus''
** Genus '' Myopus''
*** Wood lemming, ''M. schisticolor''
** Genus '' Synaptomys'' - bog lemmings
*** Northern bog lemming, ''S. borealis''
*** Southern bog lemming, ''S. cooperi''
* Tribe Clethrionomyini
** Genus '' Alticola'' - voles from Central Asia
*** Subgenus ''Alticola''
**** White-tailed mountain vole, ''A. albicauda''
**** Silver mountain vole, ''A. argentatus''
**** Gobi Altai mountain vole, ''A. barakshin''
**** Central Kashmir vole, ''A. montosa''
**** Royle's mountain vole, ''A. roylei''
**** Mongolian silver vole, ''A. semicanus''
**** Stolička's mountain vole, ''A. stoliczkanus''
**** Tuva silver vole, ''A. tuvinicus''
*** Subgenus ''Aschizomys''
**** Lemming vole, ''A. lemminus''
**** Large-eared vole, ''A. macrotis''
**** Lake Baikal mountain vole, ''A. olchonensis''
*** Subgenus ''Platycranius''
**** Flat-headed vole, ''A. strelzowi''
** Genus '' Caryomys''
*** Ganzu vole, ''C. eva''
*** Kolan vole, ''C. inez''
** Genus '' Eothenomys'' - voles from East Asia
*** Kachin red-backed vole, ''E. cachinus''
*** Pratt's vole, ''E. chinensis''
*** Southwest China vole, ''E. custos''
*** Père David's vole, ''E. melanogaster''
*** Yunnan red-backed vole, ''E. miletus''
*** Chaotung vole, ''E. olitor''
*** Yulungshan vole, ''E. proditor''
*** Ward's red-backed vole, ''E. wardi''
** Genus '' Craseomys'' - red-backed voles
*** Anderson's red-backed vole, ''C. andersoni''
*** Imaizumi's red-backed vole, ''C. imaizumii''
*** Korean red-backed vole, ''C. regulus''
*** Hokkaido red-backed vole, ''C. rex''
*** Grey red-backed vole, ''C. rufocanus''
*** Shansei vole, ''C. shanseius''
*** Smith's vole, ''C. smithii''
** Genus '' Clethrionomys '' - red-backed voles
*** Western red-backed vole, ''C. californicus''
*** Tien Shan red-backed vole, ''C. centralis''
*** Southern red-backed vole, ''C. gapperi''
*** Bank vole, ''C. glareolus''
*** Northern red-backed vole, ''C. rutilus''
* Tribe Ondatrini - muskrats
** Genus '' Neofiber''
*** Round-tailed muskrat, ''N. alleni''
**Genus '' Ondatra''
*** Muskrat, ''O. zibethicus''
* Tribe Pliophenacomyini
**Genus '' Arborimus'' - tree voles
*** White-footed vole, ''A. albipes''
*** Red tree vole, ''A. longicaudus''
*** Sonoma tree vole or California red tree mouse, ''A. pomo''
** Genus '' Phenacomys'' - heather voles
*** Western heather vole, ''P. intermedius''
*** Eastern heather vole, ''P. ungava''
*Tribe Pliomyini
** Genus '' Dinaromys''
*** Balkan snow vole, ''D. bogdanovi''
* Tribe Prometheomyini
** Genus '' Prometheomys''
*** Long-clawed mole vole, ''P. schaposchnikowi''

Fossil species

* Tribe Arvicolini
** Genus '' Mimomys'' †
* Tribe Dicrostonychini - collared lemmings
** Genus '' Predicrostonyx'' †
* Tribe Clethrionomyini
** Genus '' Altaiomys'' †
** Genus '' Pitymimomys'' †
** Genus '' Borsodia'' †
** Genus '' Allophaiomys'' †
** Genus '' Prolagurus'' †
* Tribe Pliomyini
** Genus '' Pliomys'' † (extinct c. 12,000 years ago)

See also

* Hantavirus
* Isla Vista virus

References

External links

{{Authority control

Mammal subfamilies
Taxa named by John Edward Gray