Armadillidium Simoni

''Armadillidium'' () is a genus of the small terrestrial crustacean known as the woodlouse. It is one of 18 genera nested within the family Armadillidiidae. ''Armadillidium'' is also one of the groups commonly known as pill woodlice, leg pebbles, pill bugs, roly-poly, or potato bugs, and are often confused with pill millipedes such as ''Glomeris marginata''. They are characterised by their ability to roll into a ball ("volvation") when disturbed.

With a penchant for damp and dark places, species in the ''Armadillidium'' genus can typically be found under rocks, in leaf litter, and in or around the soil. Aided by their dorsoventrally flattened body and small size – usually growing no bigger than 2.5 cm – these pill bugs are able to squeeze into tight cracks and are common household pests as a result.

Description

Unlike other terrestrial ''arthropods'' such as insects and spiders, pill bugs do not have a waxy cuticle that would reduce evaporation from their bodies. Pill bugs also use modified lungs, called pseudotrachea, for respiration, and the lungs must remain moist to function. Individual pill bugs typically live for two or three years, and females brood eggs once or twice each summer. In larger species and individuals, up to over a hundred eggs are brooded at a time in the ''marsupium'', a pocket on the ventral side of the female pill bug. The marsupium provides nutrients and oxygen to the eggs until they hatch, resulting in something akin to live birth.

The colouration, especially of young '' A. klugii'' resembles the red hourglass marking of the Mediterranean black widow ''Latrodectus tredecimguttatus''. It has been proposed to be a result of Batesian mimicry, to ward off predators that mistake the harmless animal for a venomous spider.

Behaviour

Pill bugs in the genus ''Armadillidium'' are characterized by their ability to roll up into a ball when alarmed. However, this is not their greatest defense, instead, their tendency to seek out dark, cramped spaces and hide during the day is what serves as a deterrent to being preyed upon in the first place. ''Armadillidium'' are also susceptible to drowning due to flooding and storms, and as such will move to high places such as trees to avoid this. In cases of extremely hot and dry environments, they are also known to avoid these conditions by moving underground or deeper into soil. Although they don’t appear to move very fast, when in search of food during the summer time, some species have been known to travel up to 13 meters in only half a day. However, during winter, that travel rate is significantly reduced.

Identification

There are some morphological features that when seen together, help to identify members of ''Armadillidium'' from other closely related groups. These include:

* Ability to roll into a ball
* Convex oblong body shape
* Multiple black ocelli (small, simple eyes)
* Size range of 5mm - 25mm
* Small first set of antennae, second set of antennae is approximately equal to half the length of the body
* Epistome passes the frontal edge, is vertically directed, and often triangular in shape
* Short clypeus that is not lobate, and with a slightly wavy anterior margin towards the mid-line
* End segment of the abdomen either triangular or rectangular
* Tracheae present on the opercular plates of the first two pairs of pleopoda
* Short uropods

Feeding Habits and Diet

Pill bugs in the genus ''Armadillidium'' are primarily detritophagous omnivores, with a few instances of animal matter consumption. They primarily feed on decaying organic matter like leaves, decomposed wood fibers, and less commonly on other organic material like lichen. They are capable of switching feeding strategies, changing from herbivory to scavenging when plants become scarce, such as during especially dry periods.

Although they mainly feed on plant matter, they are also known to eat their own fecal pellets – a process called coprophagy – as well as those of other organisms. By eating their own fecal matter, as well as other organisms’, it serves as an opportunity to digest items a second time and break them down further. It has also been proven that the rate of growth of ''Armadillidium'' can be stunted if they stopped eating feces, which accounts for around 1/10th of their diet.

When presented with options, some species of ''Armadillidium'' have displayed a feeding preference for certain plants, such as ''A. vulgare'' preferring thistle, tarweed, and vetch over other leaves.

Copper is an important nutrient for ''Armadillidium'', as it is crucial in the transportation of oxygen through their body. Like humans have hemoglobin to carry oxygen, ''Armadillidium'' have hemocyanin, which uses copper to bind and transport oxygen. Because this mineral is significant to the movement of oxygen, pill bugs that are deficient in copper will target foods that have higher amounts of the molecule. However, those with sufficient copper levels will choose foods with lower amounts of the metal.

Distribution and Habitat

''Armadillidium'' are nocturnal, being most active during the night. They are usually found in moist areas such as decomposing leaf matter and soil. They can also be found in shaded nooks and crannies, such as those created by rocks. They typically live in places that are temperate in climate and have moist soil. ''Armadillidium vulgare'' is the most abundant species in Europe, with a native distribution spanning from England to Russia, and has been introduced to several countries worldwide. Currently, there are large populations of ''A. vulgare'' within the US after being introduced to California. There are also ''A. vulgare'' populations present in Madagascar, South Africa, Australia, Canada, and Japan. However, the vast majority of species are endemic to small regions close to the Mediterranean Sea, in much lower numbers than common species such as ''A. vulgare'', and hence are understudied.

Physiology

Typically, land animals utilize uric acid to excrete their waste as a way to save water and reduce dangerous substances, however, ''Armadillidium'' are able to excrete their nitrogenous waste as ammonia gas – a more toxic substance than other forms of waste. They don’t experience any negative effects from this toxic form and are able to excrete their waste without losing any water. Although they do lose lots of hydrogen, which could impact their water balance so that there isn’t any large difference in terms of saving water via ammonia gas.

Although they have high amounts of copper and ammonia, both of which are extremely toxic, in their systems, they don't experience any adverse effects. This has led researchers to believe that the toxicity doesn’t interfere with any important body functions, they have developed resistances, or that they have developed ways to store these substances without harming themselves.

''Armadillidium'' can also produce pungent fluids, which serve as deterrents for potential predators. Located on the dorsal surface along their body segments are glands that produce the repugnant secretions.

''Armadillidium'' breathe through pseudotracheae: white, bean-shaped structures, located on the first two segments of the isopod's abdomen which help them to respire in air.

With an extremely straight tube for a gut and only two pairs of digestive glands, ''Armadillidium'' have a very simple digestive system that isn’t the best equipped for absorbing nutrients.

''Armadillidium'' prefer to have something touching them on all sides, which leads to them aggregating with each other as well as huddling under rocks and in tight spaces.

An important part of ''Armadillidum'' defence is the ability to roll into a ball, called conglobation, to protect their soft, exposed underside. The breeding season can affect a female’s ability to roll into a ball because the marsupium can become distended with the amount of young they carry. The female's ball form will not be fully complete, leading to an increased predation risk.

Chemoreception

Some species of ''Armadillidium'', such as '' A. vulgare'', are known to emit scents and have chemoreceptors located in the antennae to detect them.

Some ''Armadillidium'' are capable of producing pheromones that are released in their feces, attracting others of the same species. These pheromones, also found in sections of the gut, are for species aggregation, which makes it easier for individuals to find mates. Along with producing their own aggregation pheromones, some ''Armadillidium'' respond to odors from other species as well as their own when searching for shelter.

Response to Temperature, Humidity, and Transpiration

The behaviour of ''Armadillidium'' species differs at certain temperatures as well as certain light levels. However, it’s been found that these conditions interact to affect how pill bugs respond. Typically, ''Armadillidium'' don’t move very quick, but at low and moderate temperatures they will move considerably faster when presented with light. Certain ''Armadillidium'' species are also known to increase their activity when subjected to hot environments, instead of limiting their action as many animals do.

Because of their exoskeletons, ''Armadillidium'' are subject to high rates of transpiration and are therefore especially susceptible to drying out. Their pseudotracheae are also a major source of water loss, around 42% of their total, as the organ can’t be closed off. Along with protection from predators, volvation also decreases the amount of water lost through their exoskeleton via transpiration.

''Armadillidium'' are organisms that can aggregate in groups. They have been known to aggregate around the same species more than compared to clay models of them. This response – controlled by touch and potentially influenced by pheromones – can be useful for decreasing water lost by transpiration.

Some ''Armadillidium'' have been found to have a circadian rhythm that determines their nocturnality but can also be influenced by moisture levels and light.

Stressful conditions

When subjected to strenuous conditions, such as dehydration, some females of ''Armadillidium'' species react by spending their energy on reproduction rather than growth.

Growth

''Armadillidium'' mature at around 1 year of age, and are known to usually live around 2–3 years, with some species, such as ''Armadillidium vulgare'', living up to 5 years.

Although their rigid exoskeleton provides protection, it also limits how large ''Armadillidium'' can grow. Because of this, they must shed their exoskeleton to get bigger. However, right after moulting, the pill bug is susceptible to many dangers, such as predation, as their cuticle – which comprises their new exoskeleton –is soft and their colouration is closer to white or translucent rather than their regular greys, blacks, and browns.

Over the course of their lives, ''Armadillidium'' are able to produce up to three broods per year, with each consisting of up to 200 eggs. These broods are kept in a pouch called the marsupium, whereupon hatching the young stay for anywhere from 1 week to 2 months before emerging from the pouch as juveniles.

Reproduction

''Armadillidium'' use copulation to transfer the males sperm packet to the females eggs which are excreted from the paired ovaries and oviduct. Females have a unique adaptation called the marsupium or ‘brood-pouch’ that carries eggs for 1–2 weeks till they are ready to hatch. The marsupium is formed during the parturial molt by two layers of the pill bug’s endoplasm and provides nutrients, calcium, water and oxygen to their young. Embryogenesis occurs within the brood-pouch once the fertilized eggs pass through a string-like tube. ''Armadillidium'' hatched larvae are called ‘mancas’. Pill bugs are iteroparous, meaning they produce offspring and reproduce multiple times throughout their lives, they also mate seasonally in the summer months. ''Armadillidium'' mate during the intermolt phase: prior to moulting and producing a brood-pouch. Although some species have parthenogenic tendencies, most ''Armadillidium'' are not primarily parthenogenic and require contributions from both males and females to produce viable offspring. The females of some ''Armadillidium'' species, such as '' A. perracae'', are known to partner with multiple males. The broods a female produces have the capacity to contain offspring that are all one sex or a combination of male and female.

The reproduction of ''Armadillidium'' is affected by external as well as internal factors, such as light and temperature. When the levels of light they receive are consistent, female ''Armadillidium'' will start reproducing, and when temperatures increase so too does the reproduction rate. Reproduction can also be initiated by low light intensity. Along with light intensity, the duration of light also affects ''Armadillidium'' reproduction, and will increase the reproductive period’s duration if the lighting suggests a long daytime. The presence of males in some species of ''Armadillidium'' can also influence reproduction, affecting the female gonads and causing them to mature at a faster rate than if there were no males around. ''Armadillidium'' will also mature faster when subjected to increased temperatures.

Like in many other organisms, reproduction and growth are linked in ''Armadillidium''. The growth rates of reproductive females are significantly less than those of non-reproductive females of similar sizes. In non-reproductive females, the total energy they contribute to growth is equivalent to the energy that reproductive females devote to both reproduction and growth. The fertility of female ''Armadillidium'' is also influenced by their size, with larger individuals having greater reproductive output as they have larger brood pouches and are able to carry more offspring. This leads to the positive correlation between reproduction and growth in females, wherein the larger and more weight a female has, the larger her brood will be. Although one-year old females make up the largest proportion of the breeding population, two-year old females have larger broods and outproduce them. Location can also affect reproduction, with marked differences in the number of broods produced each year by the same species in different parts of the world. For example, in England, '' A. vulgare'' has been recorded as producing 1 brood per year compared to 2 per year in California.

Parasites and Predators

An Acanthocephalan species '' Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus'' is responsible for parasitizing and altering ''Armadillidium'' (primarily '' A. vulgare'') behaviour. The parasite eggs are ingested via coprophagy and eventually develop into larvae which burrow into the pill bug’s body cavity via the gut wall. As the parasite develops, it makes the pill bugs avoid their usual sheltered areas, seek out lighter coloured substrates (making their dark colouration stand out), as well as stay in drier areas as opposed to their usual moist habitats. All of these behavioural changes combine to increase the pill bug’s chances of being preyed upon by the parasitic worm’s primary host: the starling.

It has been suggested in a paper by Oscar H. Paris that ''Armadillidium vulgare'' does not suffer any major pressures from predation by spiders, lizards, and salamanders. The tegumental glands are suggested to be an evolved trait for terrestrial isopods as a defense mechanism as they do not occur is aquatic isopods.

Human Interactions

''Armadillidium vulgare'' is considered a soil bioindicator because it is globally distributed. They are sensitive to environmental changes and the effects of global warming. When soil pH, temperature, vegetation and water availability are not optimal, it can decrease ''A. vulgare'' distribution and body size. Soil pH is easily altered by pesticides and non-organic fertilizers which affects the amount of calcium which is needed to build up the pill bugs' chitinous exoskeleton.

In greenhouses and agriculture, ''Armadillidium'' is considered a pest, but they can also be helpful as a detritovores because they eat dead leaves, animals and leafmold.

''Armadillidium'' is also part of the Spain pet trade, being sold in pet stores and online shops. 57% of the species traded are native to Spain, but many are also introduced which can lead to invasive species. Common species that are traded include '' Armadillidium album, Armadillidium arcangelii'' and '' Armadillidium assimile.''

Evolution

Terrestrial isopods are believed to have evolved for land after first emerging from the ocean to the shore and littoral zone, and it is hypothesized that ''Armadillidium'' ancestors were marine. There is evidence of Oniscoid – a suborder that includes ''Armadillidium'' as well as both terrestrial and aquatic isopods – isopods that originate sometime around the Eocene and Oligocene epochs. There was also a fossil discovered of an Oligocene member of ''Armadillidium'' in 1985 in Hungary that was described in a paper by Dalens and Bouthier. Oniscidean isopods are the only Pancrustaceans, with the exception of hexapods, to have adapted to terrestrial life. One of the earliest authenticated fossils of the suborder Oniscidea was found in the early cretaceous. Isopod fossils are notably hard to find because of the low preservation potential of the chitinous skeleton that arthropods possess; the best preserved isopod fossils are typically preserved in amber since others are usually destroyed or deformed in the processes after death and fossilization. ''Armadillidium'' traces and fossils have been found as early as the Miocene and Pleistocene, but the records and dating are uncertain. A couple of fossils were found of species ''Porcellio scaber. Armadillidium vulgare'' sub-fossils were found in Britain but not many fossils have been found. Multiple representatives of families are found in the Eocene epoch it has been hypothesized that the genus evolved sometime prior to then.

Species

File:Armadillidium sp Cavedine.jpg, '' Armadillidium depressum''
File:A-granulatum (Alvesgaspar) PD-original D dorsal.jpg, ''Armadillidium granulatum''
File:Armadillidium lagrecai crop.tif, '' Armadillidium lagrecai''
File:Armadillidium pictum 28018696.jpg, '' Armadillidium pictum''
File:Armadillidium pulchellum.jpg, '' Armadillidium pulchellum''
File:Armadillidium vulgare 001.jpg, ''Armadillidium vulgare''
File:Armadillidium nasatum 01.jpg, '' Armadillidium nasatum''
File:Isópodo (Armadillidium opacum), Hartelholz, Múnich, Alemania, 2020-06-28, DD 640-678 FS.jpg, Macro shot of an '' Armadillidium opacum''
File:Armadillidium gestroi, Yellow Spotted Isopod, a wood louse.jpg, '' Armadillidium gestroi''
File:Armadillidium frontirostre Piazzo.jpg, '' Armadillidium pallasii''
File:Armadillidium sp. Bytom.jpg, '' Armadillidium versicolor''
File:Armadillidium album 2.jpg, '' Armadillidium album''
File:Living specimen of Armadillidium atticum.jpg, '' Armadillidium atticum''
File:Armadillidium marmoratum lateral view.jpg, '' Armadillidium marmoratum''

There are 189 recognised species in the genus ''Armadillidium'':

* '' Armadillidium absoloni'' Strouhal, 1939
* '' Armadillidium aegaeum'' Strouhal, 1929
* '' Armadillidium aelleni'' Caruso & Ferrara, 1982
* '' Armadillidium alassiense'' Verhoeff, 1910
* '' Armadillidium albigauni'' Arcangeli, 1935
* '' Armadillidium albomarginatum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium album'' Dollfus, 1887
* '' Armadillidium ameglioi'' Arcangeli, 1914
* '' Armadillidium amicorum'' Rodriguez & Vicente, 1993
* '' Armadillidium anconanum'' Verhoeff, 1928
* '' Armadillidium angulatum'' Koelbel, 1891
* '' Armadillidium apenninigenum'' Verhoeff, 1936
* '' Armadillidium apenninorum'' Verhoeff, 1928
* '' Armadillidium apfelbecki'' Dollfus, 1895
* '' Armadillidium apuanum'' Taiti & Ferrara, 1995
* '' Armadillidium arcadicum'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium arcangelii'' Strouhal, 1929
* '' Armadillidium argentarium'' Verhoeff, 1931
* '' Armadillidium argolicum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium artense'' Strouhal, 1956
* '' Armadillidium assimile'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium atticum'' Strouhal, 1929
* '' Armadillidium azerbaidzhanum'' Schmalfuss, 1990
* '' Armadillidium badium'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium baldense'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium banaticum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium beieri'' Strouhal, 1937
* '' Armadillidium bensei'' Schmalfuss, 2006
* '' Armadillidium bicurvatum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium boalense'' Cifuentes, Robla & Garcia, 2024
* '' Armadillidium bosniense'' Strouhal, 1939
* '' Armadillidium boukorninense'' Hamaied, Charfi-Cheikhrouha & Lombardo, 2018
* '' Armadillidium brentanum'' Verhoeff, 1932
* '' Armadillidium bulgaricum'' Frankenberger, 1941
* '' Armadillidium calabricum'' Verhoeff, 1908
* '' Armadillidium canaliferum'' Verhoeff, 1908
* '' Armadillidium capreae'' Verhoeff, 1944
* '' Armadillidium carniolense'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium carynthiacum'' Verhoeff, 1939
* '' Armadillidium cavannai'' Arcangeli, 1960
* '' Armadillidium cephalonicum'' Strouhal, 1929
* '' Armadillidium chazaliei'' Dollfus, 1896
* '' Armadillidium clausi'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium clavigerum'' Verhoeff, 1928
* '' Armadillidium corcyraeum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium cruzi'' Garcia, 2003
* '' Armadillidium cythereium'' Strouhal, 1937
* ''Armadillidium dalmaticum'' Strouhal, 1939
* '' Armadillidium decorum'' Brandt, 1833
* '' Armadillidium delattini'' Verhoeff, 1943
* '' Armadillidium depressum'' Brandt ''in'' Brandt & Ratzeburg, 1831
* '' Armadillidium djebalensis'' Vandel, 1958
* '' Armadillidium dollfusi'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium elysii'' Verhoeff, 1936
* '' Armadillidium epiroticum'' Strouhal, 1956
* '' Armadillidium espanyoli'' Cruz, 1992
* '' Armadillidium esterelanum'' Dollfus, 1887
* '' Armadillidium etruriae'' Ferrara & Taiti, 1978
* ''Armadillidium euxinum'' Verhoeff, 1929
* '' Armadillidium fallax'' Brandt, 1833
* '' Armadillidium ficalbii'' Arcangeli, 1911
* '' Armadillidium flavoscutatum'' Strouhal, 1927
* '' Armadillidium fossuligerum'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium frontemarginatum'' Strouhal, 1927
* '' Armadillidium frontetriangulum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium furcatum'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium galiciense'' Schmölzer, 1955
* '' Armadillidium germanicum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium gestroi'' Tua, 1900
* '' Armadillidium ghardalamensis'' Caruso & Hili, 1991
* '' Armadillidium gionum'' Schmalfuss, 2012
* ''Armadillidium granulatum'' Brandt, 1833
* '' Armadillidium grimmi'' Schmalfuss, 2006
* '' Armadillidium hauseni'' Schmalfuss, 1985
* '' Armadillidium herzegowinense'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium hessei'' Verhoeff, 1930
* '' Armadillidium hirtum'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium humectum'' Strouhal, 1937
* '' Armadillidium ibericum'' Cifuentes & Escarabajal Bernabé, 2022
* '' Armadillidium ichkeuli'' Hamaied & Charfi-Cheikhrouha, 2017
* '' Armadillidium insulanum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium irmengardis'' Strouhal, 1956
* '' Armadillidium janinense'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium jaqueti'' Dollfus ''in'' Jaquet, 1898
* '' Armadillidium jerrentrupi'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium jonicum'' Strouhal, 1927
* '' Armadillidium justi'' Strouhal, 1937
* '' Armadillidium kalamatense'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium kalamium'' Strouhal, 1956
* '' Armadillidium klaptoczi'' Verhoeff, 1908
* ''Armadillidium klugii'' Brandt, 1833
* '' Armadillidium kochi'' Dollfus, 1887
* '' Armadillidium kossuthi'' Arcangeli, 1929
* '' Armadillidium kuehnelti'' Schmalfuss, 2006
* '' Armadillidium laconicum'' Strouhal, 1938
* '' Armadillidium lagrecai'' Vandel, 1969
* ''Armadillidium laminigerum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium lanzai'' Taiti & Ferrara, 1996
* '' Armadillidium littorale'' Taiti & Ferrara, 1996
* '' Armadillidium lobocurvum'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium lymberakisi'' Schmalfuss, Paragamian & Sfenthourakis, 2004
* '' Armadillidium maccagnoi'' Arcangeli, 1960
* '' Armadillidium maculatum'' (Risso, 1816)
* '' Armadillidium maniatum'' Schmalfuss, 2006
* '' Armadillidium mareoticum'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium marinense'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium marinensium'' Verhoeff, 1928
* '' Armadillidium marmoratum'' Strouhal, 1929
* '' Armadillidium marmorivagum'' Verhoeff, 1934
* ''Armadillidium messenicum'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium meteorense'' Schmalfuss, 2012
* '' Armadillidium mohamedanicum'' Verhoeff, 1929
* '' Armadillidium nahumi'' Garcia, 2020
* '' Armadillidium narentanum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium nasatum'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium nigrum'' Arcangeli, 1956
* '' Armadillidium obenbergi'' Frankenberger, 1941
* '' Armadillidium odhneri'' Verhoeff, 1930
* '' Armadillidium oglasae'' Ferrara & Taiti, 1978
* '' Armadillidium opacum'' (C. Koch, 1841)
* '' Armadillidium ormeanum'' Verhoeff, 1931
* '' Armadillidium paeninsulae'' Ferrara & Taiti, 1978
* '' Armadillidium pallasii'' Brandt, 1833
* '' Armadillidium pallidum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium pangaionum'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium panningi'' Strouhal, 1937
* '' Armadillidium pardoi'' Vandel, 1956
* '' Armadillidium pelionense'' Strouhal, 1928
* '' Armadillidium peloponnesiacum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium peraccae'' Tua, 1900
* '' Armadillidium petralonense'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium phalacronum'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium pictum'' Brandt, 1833
* '' Armadillidium pieperi'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium pilosellum'' Dollfus, 1896
* '' Armadillidium ponalense'' Verhoeff, 1934
* '' Armadillidium portofinense'' Verhoeff, 1908
* '' Armadillidium pretusi'' Cruz, 1992
* '' Armadillidium pseudassimile'' Taiti & Ferrara, 1980
* '' Armadillidium pseudovulgare'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium pulchellum'' (Zenker ''in'' Panzer, 1799)
* '' Armadillidium quinquepustulatum'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium rhodopinum'' Verhoeff, 1936
* '' Armadillidium rojanum'' Verhoeff, 1936
* '' Armadillidium rosai'' Arcangeli, 1913
* '' Armadillidium ruffoi'' Arcangeli, 1940
* '' Armadillidium rupium'' Verhoeff, 1928
* '' Armadillidium sanctum'' Dollfus, 1892
* '' Armadillidium savonense'' Verhoeff, 1931
* '' Armadillidium saxivagum'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium scaberrimum'' Stein, 1859
* '' Armadillidium scabrum'' Dollfus, 1892
* '' Armadillidium schmalfussi'' Caruso & Lombardo, 1982
* '' Armadillidium serrai'' Cruz & Dalens, 1990
* '' Armadillidium serratum'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium sfenthourakisi'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium siculorum'' Verhoeff, 1908
* '' Armadillidium silvestrii'' Verhoeff, 1931
* '' Armadillidium simile'' Strouhal, 1937
* '' Armadillidium simoni'' Dollfus, 1887
* '' Armadillidium sordidum'' Dollfus, 1887
* '' Armadillidium stagnoense'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium steindachneri'' Strouhal, 1927
* '' Armadillidium stolikanum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium storkani'' Frankenberger, 1941
* '' Armadillidium strinatii'' Vandel, 1961
* '' Armadillidium stymphalicum'' Schmalfuss, 2006
* '' Armadillidium sulcatum'' H. Milne Edwards, 1840
* '' Armadillidium tabacarui'' Gruia, Iavorschi & Sarbu, 1994
* '' Armadillidium teramense'' Verhoeff, 1933
* '' Armadillidium tigris'' Budde-Lund, 1885
* '' Armadillidium tirolense'' Verhoeff, 1901
* '' Armadillidium torchiai'' Taiti & Ferrara, 1996
* '' Armadillidium traiani'' Demianowicz, 1932
* '' Armadillidium tripolitzense'' Verhoeff, 1902
* '' Armadillidium tuberculatum'' Schmalfuss, 2008
* '' Armadillidium tunetanum'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium tunisiense'' Hamaïed & Charfi-Cheikhrouha, 2007
* '' Armadillidium tyrrhenum'' Taiti & Ferrara, 1980
* '' Armadillidium vallombrosae'' Verhoeff, 1907
* '' Armadillidium valonae'' Arcangeli, 1952
* '' Armadillidium verhoeffi'' Rogenhofer, 1915
* '' Armadillidium versicolor'' Stein, 1859
* '' Armadillidium versluysi'' Strouhal, 1937
* ''Armadillidium virgo'' Caruso & Bouchon, 2011
* ''Armadillidium vulgare'' (Latreille, 1804)
* '' Armadillidium werneri'' Strouhal, 1927
* '' Armadillidium xerovunense'' Strouhal, 1956
* '' Armadillidium zangherii'' Arcangeli, 1924
* '' Armadillidium zenckeri'' Brandt, 1833

See also

* Johann Friedrich von Brandt
* Karl Wilhelm Verhoeff

References

External links

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{{Authority control

Woodlice
Isopod genera
Taxa named by Johann Friedrich von Brandt