The history of the architecture of Leipzig extends from the

Middle Ages In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...

to the 21st century. Numerous typical buildings and valuable cultural monuments from different eras are still preserved or have been rebuilt.

Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as ...

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG),, is a country in Central Europe. It is the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany lies between the Baltic and North Sea to the north and the Alps to the sou ...

, begins its architectural history with several buildings in the

Romanesque style Romanesque architecture is an architectural style of medieval Europe characterized by semi-circular arches. There is no consensus for the beginning date of the Romanesque style, with proposals ranging from the 6th to the 11th century, this later ...

. An example of

Gothic architecture Gothic architecture (or pointed architecture) is an architectural style that was prevalent in Europe from the late 12th to the 16th century, during the High and Late Middle Ages, surviving into the 17th and 18th centuries in some areas. I ...

in Leipzig is the late Gothic hall vault of the

Thomaskirche , native_name_lang = , image = Leipzig Thomaskirche.jpg , imagelink = , imagealt = , caption = , pushpin map = , pushpin label position = , pushpin map alt ...

(1482/1496). In the early modern period, the

Old Town Hall Old or OLD may refer to: Places *Old, Baranya, Hungary *Old, Northamptonshire, England *Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD) *OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...

was expanded in the

Renaissance style Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 16th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought ...

. The city experienced the peak of

urban design Urban design is an approach to the design of buildings and the spaces between them that focuses on specific design processes and outcomes. In addition to designing and shaping the physical features of towns, cities, and regional spaces, urban de ...

and artistic development from around 1870 to 1914 with

historicism Historicism is an approach to explaining the existence of phenomena, especially social and cultural practices (including ideas and beliefs), by studying their history, that is, by studying the process by which they came about. The term is widely ...

, ''Reformarchitektur'' and

Art Nouveau Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Moder ...

. Numerous

trade fair A trade fair, also known as trade show, trade exhibition, or trade exposition, is an exhibition organized so that companies in a specific industry can showcase and demonstrate their latest products and services, meet with industry partners and ...

palaces, commercial buildings, representative buildings such as the Imperial Court Building and the new town hall and the arcade galleries known for the city were built. After the

First World War World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fig ...

, Leipzig became known for its neoclassicism. During the air raids on Leipzig in World War II , large parts of the city center, which was rich in historic buildings, were destroyed. This was followed in the post-war period by (socialist) neoclassicism and

modernism Modernism is both a philosophical and arts movement that arose from broad transformations in Western society during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement reflected a desire for the creation of new forms of art, philosophy, ...

Architectural history

Romanesque and Gothic

Leipzig was founded on the site of the later churchyard of

St. Matthew Matthew the Apostle,, shortened to ''Matti'' (whence ar, مَتَّى, Mattā), meaning "Gift of YHWH"; arc, , Mattai; grc-koi, Μαθθαῖος, ''Maththaîos'' or , ''Matthaîos''; cop, ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲥ, Mattheos; la, Matthaeus a ...

as “urbs LIPSK” (, , ) around 929. The castle urbs LIBZI was first mentioned in 1015 in the chronicle of Bishop

Thietmar of Merseburg Thietmar (also Dietmar or Dithmar; 25 July 9751 December 1018), Prince-Bishop of Merseburg from 1009 until his death, was an important chronicler recording the reigns of German kings and Holy Roman Emperors of the Ottonian (Saxon) dynasty. ...

. The Leipzig art historian Herbert Küas conducted research there between 1950 and 1956. The castle was destroyed in 1217 and the later Leipzig Monastery of the

Franciscans , image = FrancescoCoA PioM.svg , image_size = 200px , caption = A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans , abbreviation = OFM , predecessor = , ...

was built on this site in 1253. The oldest churches,

St. Nicholas Saint Nicholas of Myra, ; la, Sanctus Nicolaus (traditionally 15 March 270 – 6 December 343), also known as Nicholas of Bari, was an early Christian bishop of Greek descent from the maritime city of Myra in Asia Minor (; modern-day Dem ...

(1165) and St. Thomas (1212), are of Romanesque origin. The monastery of St. Thomas and the monastery of St. George were built in the 13th century. The later Katharinenstrasse was named after a Romanesque St. Catherine's chapel consecrated around 1233. The later university church Paulinerkirche emerged from the Dominican monastery founded around 1230.

Petersstrasse Petersstrasse is one of the oldest streets in Leipzig's district of Mitte (neighborhood ''Zentrum''). For centuries it was a main and commercial street for the Leipzig trade fair with exhibition houses, inns and shops. In the second half of the 19 ...

was also named after the Romanesque chapel of St. Petri. In the 13th century there were four castles, of which only the

Pleissenburg The Pleissenburg (German: Pleißenburg) was a historical building in the city of Leipzig in Saxony which is in modern-day Germany. It was built in the 13th century by the Margrave Dietrick and named after the river Pleisse which runs nearby. Mar ...

remained as a margrave's castle. In 1270 there was a

council A council is a group of people who come together to consult, deliberate, or make decisions. A council may function as a legislature, especially at a town, city or county/shire level, but most legislative bodies at the state/provincial or nati ...

consisting of twelve councilors. These were subordinate to a margrave mayor from Pleißenburg. Important Romanesque buildings in Leipzig are or were: * The St. Andrew's Chapel in Knautnaundorf is one of the oldest buildings in

Saxony Saxony (german: Sachsen ; Upper Saxon: ''Saggsn''; hsb, Sakska), officially the Free State of Saxony (german: Freistaat Sachsen, links=no ; Upper Saxon: ''Freischdaad Saggsn''; hsb, Swobodny stat Sakska, links=no), is a landlocked state of ...

; the chapel was built around 1100. The original Romanesque round chapel with a semicircular

apse In architecture, an apse (plural apses; from Latin 'arch, vault' from Ancient Greek 'arch'; sometimes written apsis, plural apsides) is a semicircular recess covered with a hemispherical vault or semi-dome, also known as an '' exedra''. ...

was built based on the model of the round chapel that

Wiprecht of Groitzsch Wiprecht (or Wigbert) of Groitzsch (died 22 May 1124) was the Margrave of Meissen and the Saxon Ostmark from 1123 until his death. He was born to a noble family of the Altmark, the son of Wiprecht of Balsamgau and Sigena of Leinungen. After his f ...

had built for his wife at the Groitzsch ancestral castle. At the end of the 15th century, the semicircular apse of the rotunda was demolished. In 1720 a baroque octagon was added to the Romanesque round tower. * The church in Leipzig-Thekla was built in the 12th century as a massive building made of quarry stone masonry - consisting of a rectangular nave with a rectangular east choir. There is a rectangular tower in the west. * The foundation walls, walls of the nave and choir as well as the portal of the ''Gnadenkirche'' at Rittergutstrasse 2 in Wahren date from the 12th century. Likewise the

baptismal font A baptismal font is an article of church furniture used for baptism. Aspersion and affusion fonts The fonts of many Christian denominations are for baptisms using a non-immersive method, such as aspersion (sprinkling) or affusion (pouring) ...

and the door leaf. * Leipzig's St. Nicholas Church was originally a Romanesque, three-aisled basilica. Remains of the masonry and the westwork with the two corner towers are still preserved from the basilica. From 1784 to 1797 the building was rebuilt in the classicism style based on designs by

Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe Johann Carl Friedrich Dauthe (26 September 1746 – 13 July 1816) was a German architect and etcher who specialised in the Neo-Classical style. Dauthe was born in Leipzig and educated by Adam Friedrich Oeser. In his hometown, where he had been t ...

(1746-1816). * The important Gothic Church St. Thomas was built from 1482 to 1496 on the remains of a previous Romanesque building as a late Gothic hall building. The nave still shows the original Gothic ribbed vault with a presumably reconstructed color scheme from the 15th century. The facade comes from

(1877–1889). Knautnaundorf Rundkapelle.jpg, St. Andrew's Chapel in Knautnaundorf Kirche Hohen Thekla 2009.jpg, Church in Thekla Gnadenkirche.jpg, Gnadenkirche in Wahren Leipzig Nikolaikirche BW 2012-09-10 18-11-46.jpg, St. Nicholas Church, largest church in Leipzig Thomas kirche plan.gif, Church St. Thomas, one of the two main churches in the city Leipzig-ChurchStThomas-Interior.jpg, Gothic ribbed vault of the Thomaskirche

Leipzig Trade Fair and Renaissance

Around 1500 Leipzig had 7,000 to 8,000 inhabitants, but was not as important as

Erfurt Erfurt () is the capital and largest city in the Central German state of Thuringia. It is located in the wide valley of the Gera river (progression: ), in the southern part of the Thuringian Basin, north of the Thuringian Forest. It sits ...

, which had 13,000 inhabitants at the same time. Through imperial trade fair privileges, the

Leipzig Trade Fair The Leipzig Trade Fair (german: Leipziger Messe) is a major trade fair, which traces its roots back for nearly a millennium. After the Second World War, Leipzig fell within the territory of East Germany, whereupon the Leipzig Trade Fair became o ...

was elevated to the status of an Imperial Fair in 1497 and 1507. The provisions of the Leipzig trade fair privilege were particularly at the expense of other regional trading centers such as Erfurt,

Halle Halle may refer to: Places Germany * Halle (Saale), also called Halle an der Saale, a city in Saxony-Anhalt ** Halle (region), a former administrative region in Saxony-Anhalt ** Bezirk Halle, a former administrative division of East Germany ** Hall ...

and

Magdeburg Magdeburg (; nds, label= Low Saxon, Meideborg ) is the capital and second-largest city of the German state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river. Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Archdiocese of Mag ...

, because the privilege of 1507 stated that no trade fair, no fair, no business or sale could be held within a radius of Leipzig - first of all to visit the Leipzig trade fair and previously all goods were available in Leipzig. This meant that trade fairs in Erfurt, Halle and Magdeburg were prohibited. Leipzig thus developed into a nationally important trading center in central Germany. For trade, buildings such as the

town hall In local government, a city hall, town hall, civic centre (in the UK or Australia), guildhall, or a municipal building (in the Philippines), is the chief administrative building of a city, town, or other municipality. It usually house ...

, the armory, the public weigh house, the stables and the granary were built in the

, which flourished in Saxony as the

Saxon Renaissance The Saxon Renaissance (in German: ''Sächsische Renaissance'') is a regional type of architecture from the Renaissance particularly in the area of the Electorate of Saxony on the middle Elbe. Influences that formed the style came primarily from B ...

Hieronymus Lotter Hieronymus Lotter (* around 1497 in Nuremberg; † 22 July 1580 in Geyer / Ore Mountains) was a merchant and several times mayor of Leipzig, construction manager for important sovereign building projects in Saxony and the driving force behind e ...

gave the Old Town Hall its current facade in 1556/1557. The “Leipzig Erker” (Leipzig square oriel window) has had its own tradition in Leipzig since the 16th century. The first stone oriel window was built in 1523 at the ''Haus zur goldenen Schlange'' (Golden Snake House). This type of “oriel window became increasingly widespread”.Hocquél, p. 23. The art historian Wolfgang Haubenreißer notes that Hieronymus Lotter's Renaissance oriel windows in particular influenced the other homeowners. Lotter's works are the single-story box oriel windows from 1556 at the Old Town Hall, the

Pappenheim Pappenheim is a town in the Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen district, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated on the river Altmühl, 11 km south of Weißenburg in Bayern. History Historically, Pappenheim was a statelet within Holy Roman Empire. It ...

oriel window in the courtyard of the

and the two-story corner bay window on Lotter's home from 1550 at Katharinenstrasse 26. Important buildings of the Renaissance in Leipzig are or were: * ''Alte Nikolaischule'' (Old school building St. Nicholas), built in 1597. The painted wooden ceiling in the entrance area of the house, the Leipzig coat of arms above the door and the door frame made of

Rochlitz Rochlitz (; hsb, Rochlica) is a major district town (Große Kreisstadt) in the district of Mittelsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. Rochlitz is the head of the "municipal partnership Rochlitz" (Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Rochlitz) with its other members ...

porphyry tuff are from the Renaissance and the 16th century. *

Moritzbastei The Moritzbastei is the only remaining part of the ancient town fortifications of Leipzig. Today it is widely known as a cultural centre. History of the building The Moritzbastei was built as a bastion in between 1551 and 1554 under the superv ...

, a two-wing building with a pentagonal floor plan, built by Hieronymus Lotter from 1551 to 1554. * Public weigh house, built by Hieronymus Lotter in 1555. The scales were inside the house. Leipzig received the rigt for weighing goods in 1507 and weighed and cleared all goods in the public weigh house. * Old Town Hall (Altes Rathaus), built by Hieronymus Lotter in 1556. AHW Nordseite Markt um 1925.jpg, Public weigh house and north side of the

market square The market square (or sometimes, the market place) is a square meant for trading, in which a market is held. It is an important feature of many towns and cities around the world.Old Town Hall (Altes Rathaus)

Leipzig bourgeois town houses and oriel windows of the Baroque era

After the

Thirty Years' War The Thirty Years' War was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, lasting from 1618 to 1648. Fought primarily in Central Europe, an estimated 4.5 to 8 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of battl ...

, Leipzig achieved a leading role in Central Europe as a trade fair city and, thanks to its own trade connections in all directions, it developed into one of the most important trading centers in Europe. The Baroque period began with the construction of the Leipzig Stock Exchange Building and took on an independent, bourgeois form in this city. Leipzig's Katharinenstrasse, Leipzig's market square and Leipzig's

developed into places with bourgeois, four-story magnificent buildings with multi-story, ornately decorated box oriel windows. Since Leipzig was a leader in

printing Printing is a process for mass reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include cylinder seals and objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Cylinders of Nabonidus. The ...

and bookselling, Leipzig also became a trading center for progressive ideas. Outside the city walls, unhindered by guild barriers, numerous manufactory productions emerged, which marked the beginning of Leipzig's industrial development. Trade fairs and manufactories were run by large entrepreneurs who were also bankers who had immigrated to Leipzig from southern and western Germany. The profit earned was immediately invested in baroque buildings. The “Baroque Leipzig Oriel Window” was influenced by the two-story corner oriel window on Hieronymus Lotter's house from 1550 at Katharinenstrasse 26. The two-story corner oreil window of the Romanus House at Katharinenstrasse 23 corresponded to the oriel window of Hieronymus Lotter's home. An “important link between the Leipzig oriel windows of the Renaissance and those of the Baroque” was the oriel window of the house at Hainstrasse 3, called ''Weber's Hof''. The oriel window from 1662 is two-story and shows decorations from the early Baroque:

festoon A festoon (from French ''feston'', Italian ''festone'', from a Late Latin ''festo'', originally a festal garland, Latin ''festum'', feast) is a wreath or garland hanging from two points, and in architecture typically a carved ornament depict ...

putti A putto (; plural putti ) is a figure in a work of art depicted as a chubby male child, usually naked and sometimes winged. Originally limited to profane passions in symbolism,Dempsey, Charles. ''Inventing the Renaissance Putto''. University o ...

cornucopia In classical antiquity, the cornucopia (), from Latin ''cornu'' (horn) and ''copia'' (abundance), also called the horn of plenty, was a symbol of abundance and nourishment, commonly a large horn-shaped container overflowing with produce, flowers ...

s. Paul Wiedemann's oriel window on the ''Fürstenhaus'' (Prince's House), made of Rochlitz porphyry tuff, was influenced by the

Torgau Torgau () is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district Nordsachsen. Outside Germany, the town is best known as where on 25 April 1945, the United States and Soviet Armies forces firs ...

Hartenfels Castle (Johann-Friedrich-Bau) from 1533–1536. “A Leipzig special form from the end of the 17th century” are the box oriel windows at Hainstraße 8 and in the courtyard of the ''Stentzlers Hof'' exhibition center at Petersstrasse 39 to 41. These oriel windows are “lavishly decorated with vegetal ornamentation”. The box oriel window at Hainstrasse 8 was described as follows: “The stucco work, floral tendrils and a lion's head holding flower garlands still bear witness to the extraordinary quality of the craftsmanship of the time.”Weinkauf/Schneider, p. 32. Important Baroque buildings in Leipzig are or were: * ''Webers Hof'', Hainstrasse 3. Christian Richter designed the house in 1662 in the Baroque style. The two-story oriel window is particularly elaborate: “This… box oriel window… is the oldest oriel window preserved in Leipzig, if not the first oriel window ever built.” * Old trading exchange (1687). “At that point in time, you probably wouldn't have noticed that Leipzig's first building was built here in a completely new architectural style, which differed greatly from the previously usual geometrically strict forms based on ancient models. Only when the bright façade, decorated with decorative flower and fruit garlands, was completed, did the new baroque splendor emerge. The building by Johann Georg Starcke was the first baroque building in Leipzig." * The ''Großbosische Garten'' (from 1680/1692): This

French formal garden The French formal garden, also called the (), is a style of garden based on symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. Its epitome is generally considered to be the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the l ...

was created based on designs by Leonhard Christoph Sturm. Sturm was another Baroque artist who was called to Leipzig and sponsored by Georg Bose. * Hainstrasse 15, built by Wolfgang Bachmann from 1693 to 1695. The

half-timbered house Timber framing (german: Holzfachwerk) and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large woode ...

is two window axes wide. An unadorned, wooden, two-story box oriel window extends across the entire width of the facade.

Nikolaus Pevsner Sir Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pevsner (30 January 1902 – 18 August 1983) was a German-British art historian and architectural historian best known for his monumental 46-volume series of county-by-county guides, '' The Buildings of England'' ...

describes this as an intentional innovation to set itself apart from the ornate oriel windows of the neighboring houses through “simplicity, sobriety and lack of decoration”. * Romanus House at Katharinenstrasse 23, built from 1701 to 1704 by Johann Gregor Fuchs. * ''Knauthain Castle'' and ''Apel's Garden'' (from 1702). These were designed according to designs by David Schatz, who lived in the house at Neumarkt 13 in Leipzig, which he himself had built according to his design. Cornelius Gurlitt describes David Schatz's architectural style as follows: "From these buildings one can see a progression from simple Dutch forms to Baroque, the latter expressed more in added ornament, not in an inner liberation." * ''Torhaus Dölitz'', Helenenstrasse 24. The model was the architectural style of Cornelius Floris : the “earliest evidence of the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque, which was based on Nordic models ”. * ''Königshaus'' (Royal house) at Markt 17, built from 1705 to 1706 by Johann Gregor Fuchs. * ''Fregehaus'' at Katharinenstrasse 11, rebuilt by Johann Gregor Fuchs from 1706 to 1708 using still visible Renaissance components from around 1535 (portals). The builder was Gottfried Otto. *

Bosehaus The Bosehaus is a historic house in the Thomaskirchhof, Leipzig, Germany. The building is of 16th century origin, but was updated in baroque style by Georg Heinrich Bose. It currently houses the Bach-Archiv Leipzig and its Bach Museum along with th ...

at Thomaskirchhof 16, built by Nikolaus Rempe from 1711 to 1712. The builder was Georg Heinrich Bose. * Schillerhaus at Menckestrasse 42 in

Gohlis Gohlis is an area in the north of the city of Leipzig, Germany. Once a village outside the city, it is known as the place where Friedrich Schiller wrote the first version of his ''Ode to Joy'' in 1785. It urbanised during the ''Gründerzeit'' per ...

, built in 1717 in the Baroque style. * The house ''Zum Arabischen Coffe Baum'' (House of the Arab Coffee Tree) at Kleine Fleischergasse 4, built by Adam Jacob from 1717 to 1719. * Hainstrasse 13, built by George Werner from 1744 to 1746. The three-story box oriel window is made of stone and stucco. The side surfaces are slightly concave. * ''House of the Golden Snake'' ( Barthels Hof), built by George Werner from 1747 to 1750. * House ''Zum Grönländer'' (At the

Greenland Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland is ...

er) at

24/Sporergäßchen, built by George Werner from 1749 to 1750. * ''Aeckerlein's Hof''. Peter Hohmann had the building built in the Baroque style by Johann Gregor Fuchs and Christian Schmidt from 1708 to 1714. * ''Griechenhaus'' (House of the Greeks) at Katharinenstrasse 4, built in 1640. * ''Hohmanns Hof'' at Petersstrasse 15. Peter Hohmann had the building built by George Werner in the Baroque style between 1728 and 1731. * ''Jöcher's House'': Merchant Johann Christoph Jöcher had the building built in 1707 by Johann Gregor Fuchs in the Baroque style. The portal with the female figures on the balcony was created by Christian Döring in 1736. * ''Koch's Hof'': The banker Michael Koch had the building built between 1735 and 1739 based on designs by George Werner. * Hainstrasse 8: The oldest surviving town house in Leipzig at Hainstrasse 8 dates from around 1550 to 1560. It was the construction period of the Renaissance, when solid construction replaced half-timbered construction. Half-timbered buildings themselves were banned in Leipzig in 1559. The builder was Antonius Lotter, brother of the municipal builder Hieronymus Lotter. At the beginning of the 18th century, the building received an elaborately designed, baroque box oriel window. Russian students who were trained in Leipzig in the 1760s on the orders of Tsarina Catherine the Great also lived here, according to Alexander Nikolayevich Radishchev. Alte Börse1.JPG,

Alte Handelsbörse The Alte Handelsbörse or Alte Börse (Old exchange) in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany, is the city's oldest assembly building of merchants, and also the oldest Baroque building. Built as the Börse in 1678, it is now used as an event venue and is kno ...

Königshaus 2.jpg, ''Königshaus'' (Royal House) at the

Markt Markt may refer to: * Aktueller Software Markt * Christkindl Markt * Media Markt * Rahela Markt Places in Germany * Markt Berolzheim * Markt Bibart * Markt Einersheim * Markt Erlbach * Markt Indersdorf * Markt Nordheim * Markt Rettenbach ...

Grönländer Hauszeichen.jpg, House ''Zum Grönländer'' (At the

er) Leipzig Fregehaus.jpg, Fregehaus Leipzig Stentzlers Hof.jpg, Stentzlers Hof Jöchers Haus 1930.jpg, Jöcher's House (1930) More pictures can be found

here Here is an adverb that means "in, on, or at this place". It may also refer to: Software * Here Technologies, a mapping company * Here WeGo (formerly Here Maps), a mobile app and map website by Here Television * Here TV (formerly "here!"), a ...

Rococo (18th century)

GurlittGurlitt, pp. 493f. ''Rococobauten''. describes that in the 1830s, Rococo also appeared in Leipzig in the forms that

Jean de Bodt Jean de Bodt (1670 – 3 January 1745) was a Baroque architect of the 18th century. Biography Bodt was born in Paris to French Huguenot parents, but his father came from Mecklenburg. He studied architecture, but was forced to flee from France ...

Zacharias Longuelune Zacharias Longuelune (1669 — 30 November 1748) was a French architect and master builder who worked in the second half of his life for the royal court in Dresden. His design style was French Baroque and Classicism. Longuelune was born in Pari ...

and Johann Christoph Knöffel used in the neighboring

Saxon The Saxons ( la, Saxones, german: Sachsen, ang, Seaxan, osx, Sahson, nds, Sassen, nl, Saksen) were a group of Germanic * * * * peoples whose name was given in the early Middle Ages to a large country ( Old Saxony, la, Saxonia) near the No ...

Dresden Dresden (, ; Upper Saxon: ''Dräsdn''; wen, label=Upper Sorbian, Drježdźany) is the capital city of the German state of Saxony and its second most populous city, after Leipzig. It is the 12th most populous city of Germany, the fourth ...

. Gurlitt describes Rococo buildings in Leipzig. The

Rococo style Rococo (, also ), less commonly Roccoco or Late Baroque, is an exceptionally ornamental and theatrical style of architecture, art and decoration which combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding, white and pastel colours, sculpted moulding, ...

was represented in Leipzig by George Werner, who had a preference for grouping the windows on an axis across different floors with

lesene A lesene, also called a pilaster strip, is an architectural term for a narrow, low-relief vertical pillar on a wall. It resembles a pilaster, but does not have a base or capital. It is typical in Lombardic and Rijnlandish architectural building ...

s. Rococo buildings in Leipzig are or were: * ''Katharinenstrasse then number 27 (now 19)'': The facade is nine axes wide with four upper floors. The building mixes the Knöffel style with the Baroque style. The portal was still Baroque with corner

pilaster In classical architecture, a pilaster is an architectural element used to give the appearance of a supporting column and to articulate an extent of wall, with only an ornamental function. It consists of a flat surface raised from the main wal ...

s and a curved cornice over the basket arch of the door. The preserved building is also called ''Hannsen's House'' after its builders, Justus and Ludolph Hannsen. The Hannsen brothers had it designed by George Werner in the Rococo style between 1748 and 1749. Here, too, windows across the four upper floors were grouped into vertical groups with lisenes. The windows in the central axis of the facade are roofed, and there are

rocaille Rocaille ( , ) was a French style of exuberant decoration, with an abundance of curves, counter-curves, undulations and elements modeled on nature, that appeared in furniture and interior decoration during the early reign of Louis XV of France. ...

s underneath. There are also rocailles in the wall panels under the side windows. * ''Markt number 5'': lesenes house in the Longuelune style with elaborate infill panels for the delicately rich rococo gable. * ''Markt number 14'': Large building with simple architecture. There is a “simple, cleaned mirror” between the simply rectangular or eared windows on the different floors. * ''Hainstrasse No. 11'' and ''Fleischergasse No. 19'': The rear building had two oriel windows. On the front building there was a

coat of arms A coat of arms is a heraldic visual design on an escutcheon (i.e., shield), surcoat, or tabard (the latter two being outer garments). The coat of arms on an escutcheon forms the central element of the full heraldic achievement, which in it ...

with two crossed anchors. The house received “slightly curved ornaments under the oriel windows” on both facades and was “beautified on both Hainstrasse and Fleischergasse during the Rococo period”.Gurlitt, p. 494 ''Hainstraße Nr. 11 und Fleischergasse Nr. 19''. * ''Katharinenstrasse No. 7'': Building with simpler Rococo ornaments that is only three window axes wide. The house stands at the end of the Rococo era in Leipzig: “The building probably marks the end of the direction that culminates in Katharinenstrasse No. 29.”Gurlitt, S. 495 ''Katharinenstraße Nr. 7''. * ''Universitätsstraße No. 18 Silberner Bär (Silver Bear)'':Gurlitt, p. 495 ''Kupfergässchen Nr. 18 Silberner Bär''. The client was the music publisher Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf (1719–1794), who had it rebuilt in 1765. Its axis towards Universitätsstrasse was designed in “rough Rococo”. Originally there was an elaborately designed, large portal on the ground floor, above which a bear holds a cartouche. The stucco ornamentation was handled in a very special way here: “The crowning of the windows is typical of the handling of the stucco ornamentation at that time.” * Councilor and merchant Gottlieb Beck had the ''house at Klostergasse 5'' designed by George Werner from 1740 to 1741 in the Rococo style. The building is located on the site of the former St. Thomas Monastery, which is why it is also known as the Old Monastery. * ''Peterstrasse No. 24''. Very stately but simple house with many simply used lesenes in the Knöffel style and with rococo decoration on the oriel windows, which extend over three upper floors. * ''Peterstrasse Nr. 13'' * Corner of Reichsstrasse and Brühl ''Rother Löwe (Red Lion)'' * ''Reichsstrasse Nr. 38'' * ''Katharinenstrasse No. 29 (today 21)'': The builder was Gottfried Winckler, who ran his company, as well as a banking and exchange business as well as a spice trade, in his house, which had belonged to the Winckler family since 1654 and also served as a residential building. The building was strongly influenced by Knöffel's lesenes architecture: "Lesenes through the three upper floors in the style of Knöffel, with Rococo ornaments in the parapets." At the same time, the building was the highlight of Leipzig's bourgeois Rococo - "the one in Katharinenstrasse No. 29 culminating direction.”“ The ground floor was divided into three parts, the courtyard was closed, the attic was in the back of the house, and the writing rooms were on the right. The staircase to the upper floor was particularly elaborate. This was covered with Delft tiles on the parapet. The rooms on the first floor had good

parquet floor Parquet (; French for "a small compartment") is a geometric mosaic of wood pieces used for decorative effect in flooring. Parquet patterns are often entirely geometrical and angular—squares, triangles, lozenges—but may contain curves. T ...

s, complete paneling on the walls and beautiful doors with elaborate profiling, as well as a ceiling painting by

Adam Friedrich Oeser Adam Friedrich Oeser (17 February 1717 in Pressburg – 18 March 1799 in Leipzig) was a German etcher, painter and sculptor. Biography Oeser worked and studied in Pressburg (student of Georg Raphael Donner in sculpture) and Vienna at the ...

. * Another Rococo building in Leipzig is the '' Gohlis Palace''. Katharinenstraße 19 Leipzig 1.JPG, Katharinenstrasse then 27 (now 19) was also ''Hannsen's house'' Katharinenstraße 21 Leipzig.JPG, Katharinenstrasse No. 29 (today 21) Lzg. Altes Kloster Rokokoschmuck.jpg, ''Old Monastery'', Klostergasse 5

Rapid urban development and neoclassicism (19th century)

Fotothek df roe-neg 0006256 021 Reliefs am Schinkeltor

The Leipzig Trade Fair and the associated market advantages played an important role in Leipzig's industrial development. New exhibition buildings were created for the new form of the sample fair. In addition, Leipzig's extensive banks and financial markets were important for the city's industrial development, for which the ''Alte Handelsbörse'' (old trading exchange) was used. Another factor in development was Leipzig's early railway connection to raw material and sales markets. The suburbs became densely built-up mixed areas consisting of working-class residential areas and industrial and commercial facilities. The mixed areas grew together with the newly created industrial suburbs in the former village surroundings of Leipzig. As a result, Leipzig's population increased from 33,000 in 1815 to 100,000 around 1870. Leipzig was now one of the leading industrial cities in Germany. In those times of a rapid urban development the style of

neoclassical architecture Neoclassical architecture is an architectural style produced by the Neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century in Italy and France. It became one of the most prominent architectural styles in the Western world. The prevailing sty ...

was prevalent. Representatives of classicism in Leipzig were

Friedrich Weinbrenner Friedrich Weinbrenner (24 November 1766 – 1 March 1826) was a German architect and city planner admired for his mastery of classical style. Birth and education Weinbrenner was born in Karlsruhe, and began his career apprenticed to his father, ...

, Eduard Pötzsch,

Albert Geutebrück Albert Geutebrück (6 January 1801 in Gotha – 13 March 1868 in Graz, Steiermark) was a German classicist architect, especially active in Leipzig, where his works included the Augusteum An Augusteum (plural ''Augustea'') was originally a s ...

and

Carl Gotthard Langhans Carl Gotthard Langhans (15 December 1732 – 1 October 1808) was a Prussian master builder and royal architect. His churches, palaces, grand houses, interiors, city gates and theatres in Silesia (now Poland), Berlin, Potsdam and elsewhere bel ...

. The Old Leipzig Theater, built in 1766, was rebuilt in 1817 by Friedrich Weinbrenner in the neoclassicism style. The plain west side was redesigned by Weinbrenner into a “representative, classicist entrance front”. The

front curtain A front curtain, also known as a (front-of-)house curtain, act curtain, grand drape, main curtain or drape, proscenium curtain, or main rag is the stage curtain or curtains at the very front of a theatrical Stage (theatre), stage, separating it fr ...

painted by

was replaced in 1799 by a curtain by Hans Veit Schnorr. Eduard Pötzsch designed the

masonic lodge A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly used as a term for a building in which such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered ...

s ''Apollo'' and ''Balduin zur Linde'' (1847), the ''Hotel de Pologne'', the ''Leipzig Dresdner Bahnhof'' train station and the

Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof Leipzig Bayerischer Bahnhof (''Leipzig Bavarian station'') is Germany's oldest preserved railway station, located in Leipzig, Germany, in the southeastern part of the district Mitte. The station was first opened in 1842 for the Leipzig–Hof rai ...

train station in the neoclassicist style. According to

James Stevens Curl James Stevens Curl (born 26 March 1937)Contemporary Authors, vols. 37–40, ed. Ann Every, Gale/Cengage Learning, 1979, p. 110 is an architectural historian, architect, and author with an extensive range of publications to his name. Early life an ...

, Karl Friedrich Schinkel is the “greatest German architect of the first half of the 19th century”. Albert Geutebrück designed the building using Schinkel's facade design for the

university A university () is an institution of higher (or tertiary) education and research which awards academic degrees in several academic disciplines. ''University'' is derived from the Latin phrase ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', which ...

building

Augusteum An Augusteum (plural ''Augustea'') was originally a site of imperial cult in ancient Roman religion, named after the imperial title of Augustus. It was known as a Sebasteion in the Greek East of the Roman Empire. Examples have been excavated in ...

. What remains is the portal of the old university (''Schinkel gate''). According to Schinkel's designs, Geutebrück also built the three-story, fifteen-axis building of the former ''Schützenhaus'' (today Wintergartenstrasse) from 1833 to 1834. Geutebrück also built: ''Großer Blumenberg'', the Post Office Building on

Augustusplatz The Augustusplatz is a square located at the east end of the city centre of Leipzig, borough Leipzig-Mitte. It is the city's largest square and one of the largest (and, prior to almost all its buildings being destroyed in bombing in the Second Wo ...

, the Booksellers' Exchange Building and the Royal Palace. The ''concert hall'' was built from 1780 to 1783 in the armory wing of the

Gewandhaus Gewandhaus is a concert hall in Leipzig, the home of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. Today's hall is the third to bear this name; like the second, it is noted for its fine acoustics. History The first Gewandhaus (''Altes Gewandhaus'') The f ...

under the direction of the building director

in the classicist style. The ceiling was painted by Adam Friedrich Oeser, but in 1833 it was painted over with an architectural painting by Johann August Giesel from Dresden. Dauthe designed the banker ''Löhr's garden house'' (1772) and rebuilt the interior of the late Gothic Leipzig Nikolaikirche (1785 to 1796) in the neoclassicist style. The ''New Leipzig Theater'' was built on the north side of Augustusplatz between 1864 and 1867 in the neoclassicist style based on designs by the late Royal Prussian Building Councilor

, architect of the Royal Opera House (today:

Berlin State Opera The (), also known as the Berlin State Opera (german: Staatsoper Berlin), is a listed building on Unter den Linden boulevard in the historic center of Berlin, Germany. The opera house was built by order of Prussian king Frederick the Great from ...

) in Berlin. The Royal Prussian Building Council's designs for the Leipzig City Theater were based on the Royal Opera House in Berlin, which was also remodeled by Langhans in the neoclassicist architectural style. The façade facing the ''Schwanenteich'' (swan pond) showed parallels to the

Acropolis of Athens The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. ...

. Like the

Erechtheion The Erechtheion (latinized as Erechtheum /ɪˈrɛkθiəm, ˌɛrɪkˈθiːəm/; Ancient Greek: Ἐρέχθειον, Greek: Ερέχθειο) or Temple of Athena Polias is an ancient Greek Ionic temple- telesterion on the north side of the Acropo ...

located there, the New Leipzig Theater had a

vestibule Vestibule or Vestibulum can have the following meanings, each primarily based upon a common origin, from early 17th century French, derived from Latin ''vestibulum, -i n.'' "entrance court". Anatomy In general, vestibule is a small space or cavity ...

facing the swan pond, which was supported by six larger-than-life girl figures (

caryatid A caryatid ( or or ; grc, Καρυᾶτις, pl. ) is a sculpted female figure serving as an architectural support taking the place of a column or a pillar supporting an entablature on her head. The Greek term ''karyatides'' literally means "ma ...

s) instead of columns. The ''Roman House'' was built in 1832/1833 based on designs by Woldemar Hermann for the publisher Hermann Härtel. Although it has neoclassicist elements, it is seen as the beginning of the

Neo-Renaissance Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century Revivalism (architecture), architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival architecture, Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival ...

in Leipzig according to its model and intention. It was based on the

Villa Farnesina The Villa Farnesina is a Renaissance suburban villa in the Via della Lungara, in the district of Trastevere in Rome, central Italy. Description The villa was built for Agostino Chigi, a rich Sienese banker and the treasurer of Pope Julius II. ...

Rome , established_title = Founded , established_date = 753 BC , founder = King Romulus ( legendary) , image_map = Map of comune of Rome (metropolitan city of Capital Rome, region Lazio, Italy).svg , map_caption ...

, a building of the

High Renaissance In art history, the High Renaissance was a short period of the most exceptional artistic production in the Italian states, particularly Rome, capital of the Papal States, and in Florence, during the Italian Renaissance. Most art historians stat ...

, and, like this Roman villa, featured a five-arched

loggia In architecture, a loggia ( , usually , ) is a covered exterior gallery or corridor, usually on an upper level, but sometimes on the ground level of a building. The outer wall is open to the elements, usually supported by a series of columns ...

. The building was known for its paintings, including the seven-panel

Odysseus Odysseus ( ; grc-gre, Ὀδυσσεύς, Ὀδυσεύς, OdysseúsOdyseús, ), also known by the Latin variant Ulysses ( , ; lat, UlyssesUlixes), is a legendary Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer's epic poem the ''Odyssey''. Odys ...

cycle and the six-panel

Cinderella "Cinderella",; french: link=no, Cendrillon; german: link=no, Aschenputtel) or "The Little Glass Slipper", is a folk tale with thousands of variants throughout the world.Dundes, Alan. Cinderella, a Casebook. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsi ...

cycle. The house became

Ernst Ziller Ernst Moritz Theodor Ziller ( el, Ερνέστος Τσίλλερ, ''Ernestos Tsiller''; 22 June 1837 – 4 November 1923) was a German-born university teacher and architect who later became a Greek national. In the late 19th and early 20th c ...

's model for the realization of

Heinrich Schliemann Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann (; 6 January 1822 – 26 December 1890) was a German businessman and pioneer in the field of archaeology. He was an advocate of the historicity of places mentioned in the works of Homer and an archaeolog ...

's Renaissance residential palace Iliou Melathron in

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh List ...

. A garden hall in the Roman house contained the Odysseus cycle. The artist was

Friedrich Preller the Elder Friedrich Preller the Elder (25 April 1804 in Eisenach – 23 April 1878 in Weimar) was a German landscape painter and etcher. From 1832 he was a professor at the Fürstlichen freien Zeichenschule in Weimar. He was the father of the artist Fr ...

. The boxes of the Odysseus cycle, created based on the frescoes, were exhibited in the Municipal Museum on Augustusplatz. The Preller frescoes were moved to the walls of the stairwell of the

university library An academic library is a library that is attached to a higher education institution and serves two complementary purposes: to support the curriculum and the research of the university faculty and students. It is unknown how many academic librar ...

before the house was demolished in 1904, but were destroyed in the

Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

. The ballroom of the house showed six individual pictures of Cinderella in wax colors based on

Moritz von Schwind 200px, Moritz von Schwind, c. 1860. Moritz von Schwind (21 January 1804 – 8 February 1871) was an Austrian painter, born in Vienna. Schwind's genius was lyrical—he drew inspiration from chivalry, folklore, and the songs of the people. Schwind ...

's picture cycle from 1852 to 1854. The artist was

Julius Naue Julius Naue (17 June 1835, Köthen – 14 March 1907, Munich) was a German painter, illustrator and archaeologist. A student of August von Kreling, he came to work for Moritz von Schwind in Munich where he remained until 1866. As an archaeolog ...

, who painted the cycle from 1873 to 1875. When the house was demolished in 1904, the paintings and masonry were sawn out of the walls and installed in the auditorium of the II Higher Girls' School (today the Gaudig School) in 1907. When the Workers and Farmers Faculty moved into the Gaudig School building in 1949, four paintings were replaced by contemporary images. Two of the paintings are now in the foyer of the

Leipziger Volkszeitung The ''Leipziger Volkszeitung'' or ''LVZ'' ( German for ''Leipzig People's Newspaper'') is a daily regional newspaper in Leipzig and western Saxony, Germany. First published on 1 October 1894, the LVZ was formerly an important publication of the ...

publishing house. Altes Theater Leipzig.jpg, Old Leipzig Theater GroßerBlumbergBrühl.JPG, Großer Blumenberg Schützenhaus Leipzig 1835.jpg, Schützenhaus 1835 (later part of the Krystallpalast) Augusteum Leipzig um 1890.jpg,

before the restructuring Aula Augusteum Leipzig 1890.jpg, Aula of the

Neues Postgebäude Hauptpost Leipzig um 1840.jpg, New post office building around 1840 Buchhändlerbörse 1840.jpg, Booksellers' Exchange Building 1840 Leipzig Königliches Palais.jpg, Royal Palace (Königliches Palais) of the

Leipzig University Leipzig University (german: Universität Leipzig), in Leipzig in Saxony, Germany, is one of the world's oldest universities and the second-oldest university (by consecutive years of existence) in Germany. The university was founded on 2 Decemb ...

Leipzig Neues Theater 1898.jpg, New Leipzig Theater Hotel de Pologne Grosser Ballsaal Leipzig 2010-11.jpg, Hotel de Pologne, frescoes (selection) Nikolaikirche Decke.jpg, Neoclassicistic ceiling of the St. Nicholas Church Arwed Rossbach und seine Bauten, Berlin 1904, Leipzig Universitätsbibliothek, Treppenhaus, Erbaut von 1887 bis 1889.jpg,

Leipzig University Library Leipzig University Library (german: Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig), known also as ''Bibliotheca Albertina'', is the central library of the University of Leipzig. It is one of the oldest German university libraries. History The library was foun ...

, staircase with

cycle ( Preller)

Franco-Prussian War and historicism (from 1871)

After Germany's victory in the Franco-Prussian War and the subsequent continuous French reparation payments, there was an economic upswing and a construction boom in Germany in the style of

. The ''Victory Monument'' in Leipzig, which commemorated Germany's victory and was erected on the Leipzig market square in 1888, was demolished in 1946 because it "symbolized

militarism Militarism is the belief or the desire of a government or a people that a state should maintain a strong military capability and to use it aggressively to expand national interests and/or values. It may also imply the glorification of the mili ...

".Leipzig-Lexikon
''Siegesdenkmal''
The monument, created by

Rudolf Siemering Rudolph Siemering (10 August 1835, Königsberg - 23 January 1905, Berlin) was a German sculptor, known for his works in both Germany and the United States. Biography He attended the art academy in Königsberg and then became the pupil of Gusta ...

from the Berlin School of Sculpture, consisted of the allegory of

Germania Germania ( ; ), also called Magna Germania (English: ''Great Germania''), Germania Libera (English: ''Free Germania''), or Germanic Barbaricum to distinguish it from the Roman province of the same name, was a large historical region in north ...

as well as depictions of various historical personalities of Saxony and the Wilhelmine Empire: the German Emperor Wilhelm I, the

German Emperor Frederick III Frederick III (german: Friedrich Wilhelm Nikolaus Karl; 18 October 1831 – 15 June 1888), or Friedrich III, was German Emperor and King of Prussia for 99 days between March and June 1888, during the Year of the Three Emperors. Known informa ...

, King Albert of Saxony,

Reich Chancellor The chancellor of Germany, officially the federal chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany,; often shortened to ''Bundeskanzler''/''Bundeskanzlerin'', / is the head of the federal government of Germany and the commander in chief of the Ge ...

Bismarck and

Field Marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army and as such few persons are appointed to it. It is considered a ...

Helmuth von Moltke. Between 1871 and 1914, Leipzig's population rose from 100,000 to 625,000. The suburbs were incorporated. It started in 1889 with Reudnitz and Anger-Crottendorf. Thonberg, Sellerhausen, Volkmarsdorf,

and Eutritzsch followed in 1890. In 1891 came Lindenau, Plagwitz, Schleußig, Kleinzschocher, Connewitz, Lößnig. In 1910 they were Dölitz, Dösen, Probstheida, Stötteritz, Stünz and Möckern. According to Wolfgang Hocquél, Leipzig's historicism is important: "The largest share of the 1,410

listed building In the United Kingdom, a listed building or listed structure is one that has been placed on one of the four statutory lists maintained by Historic England in England, Historic Environment Scotland in Scotland, in Wales, and the Northern I ...

s in the city of Leipzig is made up of around 700 residential buildings of historicist architecture...". Representatives of historicism in Leipzig were August Friedrich Viehweger,

Martin Gropius Martin Carl Philipp Gropius (11 August 1824, Berlin – 13 December 1880) was a German architect.Wirth, Irmgard (1966).Gropius, Martin Carl Philipp. In: ''Neue Deutsche Biographie''. Band 7. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. . p. 132-133 retriev ...

Heino Schmieden Heino Schmieden (May 15, 1835 – September 7, 1913) was a German architect. Biography Schmieden was born in Soldin, New March (modern Myślibórz, Poland) In 1866 Schmieden graduated from the renowned Bauakademie in Berlin with a diploma in ...

Hugo Licht Hugo Georg Licht (21 February 1841 in Nieder-Zedlitz (today Siedlnica, Poland) – 28 February 1923 in Leipzig, Germany) was a German architect. Life Licht was the son of the landholder Georg Hugo Licht. In the years 1862 and 1863 he was mason ...

, Paul Richter,

Arwed Roßbach Max Arwed Roßbach (also spelled Rossbach, 24 November 1844 in Plauen – 31 December 1902 in Leipzig) was a German historicist architect in the late 19th century. Buildings In Leipzig, he built a Gothic Revival styled facade for the Pau ...

, Hans Enger, Karl Weichardt and Otto Simonson. According to the art historian and monument conservator Wolfgang Hocquél, the Leipzig passages and courtyards are cultural monuments of European importance. There are world heritage efforts in Leipzig to specifically honor this cultural era, which left unique traces in the city.

Italian Neorenaissance

The empire, which was created when the

empire An empire is a "political unit" made up of several territories and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries". The center of the empire (sometimes referred to as the metropole) ex ...

was founded in 1871 after winning the Franco-Prussian War, located its highest court, the

Reichsgericht The Reichsgericht (, ''Reich Court'') was the supreme criminal and civil court in the German Reich from 1879 to 1945. It was based in Leipzig, Germany. The Supreme Court was established when the Reichsjustizgesetze (Imperial Justice Laws) came in ...

, in Leipzig. The building was designed in the Italian

Neo-Renaissance style Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range o ...

. After the founding of the empire, the “style of the Italian Renaissance was propagated as a ''national style'' ”.Weinkauf/Schneider, p. 94 ''Reichsbank Leipzig'' The Italian Neo-Renaissance was based on

Renaissance architecture Renaissance architecture is the European architecture of the period between the early 15th and early 16th centuries in different regions, demonstrating a conscious revival and development of certain elements of ancient Greek and Roman thought ...

. The essential design elements of

Classical antiquity Classical antiquity (also the classical era, classical period or classical age) is the period of cultural history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD centred on the Mediterranean Sea, comprising the interlocking civilizations ...

were adopted. Numerous buildings were built around the Imperial Court that “took up the formal language of the Renaissance”:Weinkauf/Schneider, p. 15 ''Zur Baugeschichte Leipzigs'' the New Concert House, the Municipal Museum, the Reich Post Office Building, the New Commercial Exchange (''Neue Börse''), the

University Library An academic library is a library that is attached to a higher education institution and serves two complementary purposes: to support the curriculum and the research of the university faculty and students. It is unknown how many academic librar ...

, the

Royal Conservatory of Music The Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM), branded as The Royal Conservatory, is a non-profit music education institution and performance venue headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1886 by Edward Fisher as The Toronto Con ...

, the Royal Academy of Arts and the School of Applied Arts (design by Otto Warth) and a polytechnic.

Reich Court Building

The Reich Court Building was created in the style of historicist architecture based on models from the Italian Renaissance. The Reich Court building was built from 1888 to 1895 based on designs by

Ludwig Hoffmann Ludwig Hoffmann or Hofmann may refer to: * Ludwig Hoffmann (architect) (1852–1932), German architect * Ludwig Hoffmann (Waffen-SS) (1908–1945), Hauptsturmführer (Captain) in the Waffen-SS * Ludwig Hofmann (footballer) (1900–1935), German ...

and Peter Dybwad. The dome is decorated with the sculpture ''The Truth''. Other figures from German legal history decorate the building, including

Eike of Repgow Eike of Repgow (german: Eike von Repgow, also ''von Repkow'', ''von Repko'', ''von Repchow'' or ''von Repchau''; – ) was a medieval German administrator who compiled the '' Sachsenspiegel'' code of law in the 13th century. Life Little is known ...

Johann of Schwarzenberg Johann of Schwarzenberg (25 December 1463 – 21 October 1528) (also Johann, Freiherr von Schwarzenberg and Hohenlandsberg) was a German moralist and reformer who, as judge of the episcopal court at Bamberg, introduced a new code of evidence which ...

Johann Jakob Moser Johann Jakob Moser (18 January 1701 – 30 September 1785) was a German jurist, publicist and researcher, whose work earned him the title "The Father of German Constitutional Law" and whose political commitment to the principles of Liberalism cau ...

Carl Gottlieb Svarez Carl Gottlieb Svarez, originally Schwartz (27 February 1746, Schweidnitz - 14 May 1798, Berlin) was a Prussian jurist and reformer who worked on the Landrecht. Bibliography * Adolf Stölzel Adolf (also spelt Adolph or Adolphe, Adolfo a ...

(

General State Laws for the Prussian States The General State Laws for the Prussian States (german: Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preußischen Staaten, ALR) were an important code of Prussia, promulgated in 1792 and codified by Carl Gottlieb Svarez and Ernst Ferdinand Klein, under the ...

Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach (14 November 177529 May 1833) was a German legal scholar. His major achievement was a reform of the Bavarian penal code which led to the abolition of torture and became a model for several other countries. ...

and

Friedrich Carl von Savigny Friedrich Carl von Savigny (21 February 1779 – 25 October 1861) was a German jurist and historian. Early life and education Savigny was born at Frankfurt am Main, of a family recorded in the history of Lorraine, deriving its name from the ca ...

. The interior furnishings, including the figurines and wall decorations, deal with the themes of investigation, judgment, execution and mercy. Bundesverwaltungsgericht, Leipzig.jpg, Historicism: Reich Court Building Leipzig Reichsgericht Grundriss.jpg, Historicism: Reich Court Building, floor plan

= Zweites Gewandhaus

The New Concert Hall in the music district was built between 1882 and 1884 based on designs by

and

and opened on 11 December 1884. The building contained two

concert halls A concert hall is a cultural building with a stage that serves as a performance venue and an auditorium filled with seats. This list does not include other venues such as sports stadia, dramatic theatres or convention centres that m ...

, changing rooms and music rooms. The main hall was long and wide. The hall was high. The historicist facade was based on the classical Renaissance: "The facade was designed entirely in the spirit of the

Hellenic Hellenic is a synonym for Greek. It means either: *of or pertaining to the Hellenic Republic (modern Greece) or Greek people (Hellenes, el, Έλληνες) and culture *of or pertaining to ancient Greece, ancient Greek people, culture and civiliz ...

Renaissance direction cultivated by Gropius and in closer connection to Schinkel's

Konzerthaus Berlin The Konzerthaus Berlin is a concert hall in Berlin, the home of the Konzerthausorchester Berlin. Situated on the Gendarmenmarkt square in the central Mitte district of the city, it was originally built as a theater. It initially operated fro ...

." Otto Lessing created the architectural decoration. The structure became the model for the Symphony Hall in

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the capital city, state capital and List of municipalities in Massachusetts, most populous city of the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financ ...

, built in 1900. The

Mendelssohn Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include sym ...

Monument stood in front of the building until 9 November 1936, created based on a design by Werner Stein and inaugurated on 26 May 1892. It was demolished at the instigation of Rudolf Haake, deputy of Mayor

Carl Goerdeler Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (; 31 July 1884 – 2 February 1945) was a monarchist conservative German politician, executive, economist, civil servant and opponent of the Nazi regime. He opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and was ...

, during his absence and the

statue A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone. Typical statues are life-sized or close to life-size; a sculpture t ...

probably melted down. Damaged during the

Bombing of Leipzig in World War II During World War II, Leipzig was repeatedly attacked by British as well as American air raids. The most severe attack was launched by the Royal Air Force in the early hours of 4 December 1943 and claimed more than 1,800 lives. Large parts of the ...

, the ruins of the second Gewandhaus were demolished on 29 March 1968.

= Municipal Museum

= The core of the Municipal Museum on

consisted of a work by the Munich architect and professor Ludwig Lange in “Italian Renaissance forms” from 1855. At the end of 1881, an application was submitted to significantly enlarge the building based on a design by

. The design was further supplemented by Baron

Heinrich von Ferstel Freiherr Heinrich von Ferstel (7 July 1828 14 July 1883) was an Austrian architect and professor, who played a vital role in building late 19th-century Vienna. Life The son of Ignaz Ferstel (17961866), a bank clerk and later director of the ...

in Vienna and Heino Schmieden from Berlin. The construction costs were financed with 600,000 marks from the assets of

Franz Dominic Grassi Franz Dominic Grassi (* 11 May 1801 in Leipzig; † 14 November 1880 Leipzig) was a merchant in Leipzig with Italian ancestry family. Through his extensive heritage to the city, it was possible to construct numerous monuments and buildings. L ...

. In addition, Grassi donated another 99,200 marks to renovate the inner main staircase. The eastern loggia of the old building, which was painted by Professor

Theodor Grosse Theodor Grosse (1829–91) was a German historical painter. He was born at Dresden and studied at the Dresden Academy under Bendemann. For his encaustic decorations in the castle of Count Solms Wildenfels on the Mulde, he was awarded the trav ...

, was built up as a result of the work. Since the loggia no longer received any light from outside, a large

skylight A skylight (sometimes called a rooflight) is a light-permitting structure or window, usually made of transparent or translucent glass, that forms all or part of the roof space of a building for daylighting and ventilation purposes. History Ope ...

room was created in front of the loggia. In a mirror image, a loggia was also created on the western side with indirect lighting through a skylight hall in front of it. The renovation took place from 1883 to 1886. The facades were made of ashlar, the figurative decorations were made of

Istria Istria ( ; Croatian and Slovene: ; ist, Eîstria; Istro-Romanian, Italian and Venetian: ; formerly in Latin and in Ancient Greek) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic betwee ...

n limestone. It was built according to models of the “Italian High Renaissance.”Vereinigung Leipziger Architekten und Ingenieure, p. 248 ''Das städtische Museum am Augustusplatze''. The forms were “made to appear somewhat more energetically ��than they were in Lange 's original building.” The main staircase was made of Salzburg marble, Istrian limestone and polished granite. The

vault Vault may refer to: * Jumping, the act of propelling oneself upwards Architecture * Vault (architecture), an arched form above an enclosed space * Bank vault, a reinforced room or compartment where valuables are stored * Burial vault (enclosure ...

s under the skylights and ceilings showed picturesque decoration. According to a design by the Leipzig architect Hugo Licht, the

was built between 1885 and 1887 at Grassistrasse 8 in the music neighbourhood ''(Musikviertel)'' in

Leipzig-Mitte Leipzig-Mitte is one of 10 boroughs (''Stadtbezirke'') of Leipzig, located in the center of the city. It includes numerous architectural monuments. Most of them are located in the subdivision "Zentrum", which is sited inside the Inner City Ring Ro ...

and inaugurated on 5 December 1887. The museum, Augusta Platz, Leipsig (i.e., Leipzig), Saxony, Germany-LCCN2002720588.jpg, Historicism: Municipal Museum on

Leipzig, Das Museum Obergeschoß.jpg, Historicism: Municipal Museum on Augustusplatz, upper floor Leipzig, Das Museum Erdgeschoß.jpg, Historicism: Municipal Museum on Augustusplatz, ground floor

= Reichspost building

= The Reichspost building was rebuilt from 1881 to 1884 by Paul Richter in the style of historicism based on models of the Italian Renaissance: “The facades are partly made of ashlar and partly made of fine brick in the special forms of the Saxon school of the Italian Renaissance”. The material of the architectural structures consisted of sandstone. The smooth surfaces were plastered. The Reichspost and Telegraph Administration building had three main floors with large hall-like rooms. The property covered , of which was built and was open space. Joseph Kaffsack created six tall

attic An attic (sometimes referred to as a ''loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building; an attic may also be called a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because attics fill the space between the ceiling of the ...

statues on the main post office, which were commissioned by the Reichspost and Telegraph Administration and were

allegories As a literary device or artistic form, an allegory is a narrative or visual representation in which a character, place, or event can be interpreted to represent a hidden meaning with moral or political significance. Authors have used allegory th ...

of postal services, telegraphy, art, science, trade and industry. The allegorical figure with wings represented the most modern form of message transmission at the time,

telegraphy Telegraphy is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus flag semaphore is a method of telegraphy, whereas ...

. This figure was juxtaposed with a second figure, also winged, which symbolized postal mail. The other four wingless figures in between represented trade, art, science and industry. This arrangement of figures indicated the importance of rapid message transmission. Leipzig, Hauptpostamt am Augustusplatz 1900 Quelle Leipzig Fotografien 1867 bis 1929.jpg, Historicism: Reichspost building Roßbach – Hauptpostgebäude Leipzig.jpg, Historicism: Reichspost building, floor plan

= Fashion house August Polich (until 1936)

= Towards the end of the 19th century, the era of large universal and specialty department stores began in Leipzig, including the Leipzig fashion store Gustav Steckner and the Leipzig department store Althoff, between Neumarkt,

and Preußergäßchen. The southern entrance to Petersstrasse was adorned on the left by the representative August Polich fashion house, which was demolished during the Nazi dictatorship. Roßbach provided the designs for the Polich department store at Markgrafenstrasse 2/Petersstrasse/Schloßgasse. The building, equipped with an escalator, was built around 1888 and expanded in 1898. August Polich's department store group also had its own mail order business and laundry factories. The purveyor to the court, August Polich, Leipzig, was next to Rudolph Herzog , Berlin; Hermann Gerson , Berlin; N. Israel, Berlin; Abraham Wertheim , Berlin in the ''Verein zur Abwehr des Antisemitismus'' (Association for the Defense of Anti-Semitism). In the 30th volume of

Merian Merian may refer to People with the surname * Merian family, Swiss patrician family from Basel * Matthäus Merian the Elder (1593–1650), Swiss-German engraver and publisher * Matthäus Merian the Younger (1621–1687), Swiss painter * Maria Siby ...

, Heinz Maegerlein describes his experiences in the old Jewish Leipzig and the Jewish department store Polich. Maegerlein describes Leipzig as an “extraordinarily complex city”, including Leipzig as a city of the fur trade and “industry”: Petersstrasse Koenigsplatz Leipzig 1890.jpg, Polich Jewish department store demolished in 1936 (left) Roßbach – Geschäftshaus August Polich.jpg, August Polich commercial building, floor plan and cross section, 1892 Polich, um 1900.jpeg, August Polich commercial building, escalator, 1900

= Neue Handelsbörse (New trading exchange building)

= The ''Neue Handelsbörse'' (New trading exchange building) at Tröndlinring 2 was built from 1884 to 1887 according to designs by the architects Hans Enger and Karl Weichardt in the style of historicism based on models of the Italian Renaissance: “The architecture outside and inside is carried out in the Italian High Renaissance”. On the ground floor there was a main hall for the trading exchange and another hall for the grain exchange, another hall as well as a reading hall and the meeting room of the Chamber of Commerce. The built area was . Handelsbörse Leipzig.jpg, Neue Handelsbörse, chamber of commerce meeting room and stock exchange hall Weichardt – Neue Handelsbörse Leipzig 2.jpg, Neue Handelsbörse, cross section Weichardt – Neue Handelsbörse Leipzig 1.jpg, Neue Handelsbörse, floor plan

= Villas and townhouses

= Numerous residential buildings were also built in the Italian Neo-Renaissance style: the architects

Hermann Ende Hermann Gustav Louis Ende (4 March 1829 – 10 August 1907) was a German architect noted for his work in Germany, Japan and elsewhere. Biography Ende was born in Landsberg an der Warthe, Prussia (modern-day Gorzów Wielkopolski, Po ...

and

Wilhelm Böckmann Wilhelm Böckmann (29 January 1832 – 22 October 1902) was a German architect who worked briefly as a foreign advisor to the government of Meiji period Japan. Early career Böckmann was born in Elberfeld, near Wuppertal, Germany where ...

created a two-story

villa A villa is a type of house that was originally an ancient Roman upper class country house. Since its origins in the Roman villa, the idea and function of a villa have evolved considerably. After the fall of the Roman Republic, villas became s ...

with a porch in the shape of an ancient

triumphal arch A triumphal arch is a free-standing monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. In its simplest form a triumphal arch consists of two massive piers connected by an arch, crow ...

. The building, built in 1876/77, was located at Sidonienstrasse 13 and was built for the commercial councilor Julius Meißner. In 1890–1891, the architectural firm Pfeifer & Händel created a large villa at Feldstrasse 3 (today Lützowstrasse 9) in Leipzig-

for the engineer and founder Adolf Bleichert, owner of the largest cable car factory. The facades were made of Postelwitz and Cotta sandstone. The building was named Villa Hilda after Bleichert's wife Hildegard. The dome and a side projection were destroyed in 1945. Since 1956 the building has been called the ''Klubhaus Heinrich Budde'', after a former technician from the Bleicherts company; Interior renovations were made. In 1882,

from Berlin created the four-story, seven-window-wide residential building at An der Pleiße 9–10 for the banker Max Meyer. On the sides of the building there were two-story bay windows with

s and a tympanum above. A spacious portal with a balcony above marked the entrance area.Vereinigung Leipziger Architekten und Ingenieure, S. 407. In 1885/86 Max Pommer created the second Villa Meyer at Plagwitzerstrasse 55 (today Käthe-Kollwitz-Strasse 115) for the publishing bookseller

Herrmann Julius Meyer Herrmann Julius Meyer (April 4, 1826 – March 12, 1909) was a German publisher born in Gotha. He was the son of publisher Joseph Meyer (1796-1856). After his father's death in 1856, Herrmann Meyer took charge of ''Bibliographisches Institut'', a ...

. After a general renovation, the building received the ''Denkmalpflegepreis'' (monument preservation award) in 2004. Another building in the Italian Neo-Renaissance style was the Villa Giesecke, built in 1899 by the Berlin government architect Max Hasak for the type foundry owner Georg Giesecke at Carl-Tauchnitz-Straße 37 (today Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 21). Bruno Grimm created a four-story urban house with 12 window axes in the Italian Neo-Renaissance style in 1880 for the factory owner H. L. Wolff at Täubchenweg 1. The architect Gustav Strauß created the four-story house at Promenadenstrasse 1 from 1881 to 1882. The Architect and professor at the Art Academy

Constantin Lipsius Johannes Wilhelm Constantin Lipsius (20 October 1832 – 11 April 1894) was a German architect and architectural theorist, best known for his controversial design of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Exhibition Building (1883–1894) on the Brüh ...

built the building at Königstrasse 33 for

Ernst Keil Ernst Victor Keil (6 December 1816 – 23 March 1878) was a German bookseller, journalist, editor and publisher. His early publications promoted liberal views and satirized famous politicians leading up to the German revolutions of 1848–49, res ...

's widow in 1861. The three-story building was decorated with an elaborate central

Avant-corps An ''avant-corps'' ( it, avancorpo or , plural , german: Risalit, pl, ryzalit), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the ''corps de logis In architecture, a '' ...

and corner core. Max Bösenberg created two four-story residential buildings in the Italian Neo-Renaissance style on Stephanstrasse in Leipzig. The facades were divided into 15 window axes, the central and corner axes were emphasized like an avant-corps. Bösenberg built the

semi-detached A semi-detached house (often abbreviated to semi) is a single family duplex dwelling house that shares one common wall with the next house. The name distinguishes this style of house from detached houses, with no shared walls, and terraced hou ...

house at Stephanstrasse 10/12 for the Naumann brothers between 1882 and 1883. In the years 1881–1882, Bösenberg created the semi-detached house at Stephanstrasse 16/18 for C. A. Schulze. The two buildings built by Bösenberg on Stephanstrasse have been preserved. Another four-story residential building, which was 17 window axes wide, stood at Stephanstrasse 14 and was built in 1880/1881 for the bookseller Franz Köhler based on plans by Karl Weichardt. For

Moritz Lazarus Moritz Lazarus (15 September 1824 – 13 April 1903), born at Filehne, in the Grand Duchy of Posen, was a German-Jewish philosopher, psychologist, and a vocal opponent of the antisemitism of his time. Life and education He was born at ...

, the Leipzig architect Steib built a five-story residential and commercial building at Packhofstrasse 11-13 from 1865 to 1866 that was 15 axes wide. The middle part was decorated with colossal columns that supported a gable triangle. Lazarus was an internationally renowned Jewish scholar and champion of

Jewish emancipation Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights. It ...

, co-founder and long-time vice-president of the ''Deutsch-Israelitischer Gemeindebund'' (German-Israelitic Community Association), an umbrella organization of Jewish communities in Germany, founded in Leipzig in 1869 and expelled from Saxony in 1882. Alexander Rapaport (1833–1910), a fur trader, and his wife Maria Rapaport (1841–1912) lived in the building at Packhofstrasse 11–13. The Jewish company Hundert &/ Co., which traded in linen and cotton goods and had a branch at Hainstrasse 5, also had its headquarters in the house.

built a villa for the Leipzig merchant August Louis Davignon in 1880/1881. Roßbach also built a villa with a

sandstone Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains. Sandstones comprise about 20–25% of all sedimentary rocks. Most sandstone is composed of quartz or feldspar (both silicates ...

-clad facade in the Italian Renaissance style with stairs and terraces for the publishing bookseller Leopold Gebhardt (1880/1881). In 1894 Roßbach built Villa Swiderski for the manufacturer Philipp Swiderski ; well-known residents were

Rudolf Swiderski Rudolf Swiderski (July 28, 1878 in Leipzig – August 2, 1909 in Leipzig) was a German chess master. He took 6th at Eisenach 1896 (''Hauptturnier''), took 2nd at Annaberg 1897, tied for 7-8th at Berlin 1897, and tied for 3-6th in Amsterdam. ...

and Hans Heinrich Reclam. The war-damaged villa was blown up in 1947. Roßbach built the building at Weststrasse 15 in Leipzig from 1874 to 1876 for Consul General

Alfred Thieme Alfred Thieme (1830 – 1906) was a German industrialist and art collector from Leipzig. What little is known of his life was published in his art catalog, which was written by his son, the art historian Ulrich (known for Thieme-Becker) and t ...

. The construction costs for of built area were 230

marks Marks may refer to: Business * Mark's, a Canadian retail chain * Marks & Spencer, a British retail chain * Collective trade marks, trademarks owned by an organisation for the benefit of its members * Marks & Co, the inspiration for the nove ...

at that time. Roßbach built the Villa Gruner at Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 19 (old Carl-Tauchnitz-Straße 35) in the neo-renaissance style for the city councilor R. Gruner from 1886 to 1887. The construction costs for of built area were 335 marks. Max Pommer built the Villa Oelßner at Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 13 (old Carl-Tauchnitz-Straße 29) for Wilhelm Oelßner in 1888. The construction costs for of built area were 350 marks. Pommer also built Villa Ledig between 1881 and 1883. Haus Gebrüder Naumann, Stephanstraße 10-12, Leipzig.jpg, House Gebrüder Naumann, Stephanstraße 10–12 Villa Georg Giesecke, Leipzig.jpg, Villa Georg Giesecke Haus Oldenbourg, Schillerstraße 6, Leipzig.jpg, House Oldenbourg, Schillerstraße 6 Haus C. A. Schulze, Stephanstraße 16-18, Leipzig.jpg, House C. A. Schulze, Stephanstraße 16–18 Villa Adolf Bleichert, Leipzig.jpg, Villa Adolf Bleichert Villa Ernst Keil, Leipzig.jpg, Villa Ernst Keil Villa Julius Meißner, Leipzig.jpg, Villa Julius Meißner Villa d' Avignon, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 77 in Leipzig, entworfen von Arwed Roßbach.JPG, Villa Davignon Leipzig Bach Str 53 1.jpg, Villa Gebhardt Arwed Rossbach und seine Bauten, Berlin 1904, Leipzig Villa Swiderski.jpg, Villa Swiderski Villa Stadtrat Gruner, Leipzig.jpg, Villa Gruner Villa Thieme, Leipzig.jpg, Villa Thieme Villa, Ecke Karl-Tauchnitz- und Robert-Schumannstrasse, Leipzig, Architekt E. M. Pommer, Leipzig, Tafel 75, Kick Jahrgang II.jpg, Villa Oelßner Villa Ledig Leipzig.jpg, Villa Ledig Bösenberg – Haus Naumann, Stephanstraße 10–12, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Bösenberg for House Naumann, Stephanstraße 10–12 Hasak – Villa Georg Giesecke, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Hasak for Villa Georg Giesecke Aeckerlein – Haus Oldenbourg, Schillerstraße 6, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Aeckerlein for House Oldenbourg, Schillerstraße 6 Bösenberg – Haus Schulze, Stephanstraße 16–18, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Bösenberg für House Schulze, Stephanstraße 16–18 Pfeifer – Villa Adolf Bleichert, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Pfeifer for Villa Adolf Bleichert Lipsius – Villa Ernst Keil, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Lipsius for Villa

Ende & Böckmann – Villa Julius Meißner, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Ende & Böckmann for Villa Julius Meißner Villa d' Avignon, Friedrich-Ebert-Straße 77 in Leipzig, entworfen von Arwed Roßbach, Grundriss.JPG, Floor plan by Roßbach for Villa Davignon Roßbach – Villa Thieme, Leipzig.jpg, Floor plan by Roßbach for Villa Thieme Roßbach – Villa Gruner.jpg, Floor plan by Roßbach for Villa Gruner Villa, Ecke Karl-Tauchnitz- und Robert-Schumannstrasse, Leipzig, Architekt E. M. Pommer, Leipzig, Tafel 75, Kick Jahrgang II, Grundriss.jpg, Floor plan by Pommer for Villa Oelßner Sebastian Bach Strasse 3 Grundriss.jpg, Floor plan by Pommer for Villa Ledig

Hotels, restaurants and coffee houses

The oldest café in the city since 1711 and therefore one of Europe's oldest coffee bars is the baroque house ''Zum Arabischen Coffe Baum'' (“ Arabian Coffe Tree ”). One of the best-known cafés was ''Café Metz'' in the Otto-Schill-Strasse 2 building. The two houses on the Dorotheenpassage (Otto-Schill-Strasse 1 and 2) were built in 1890/91 by the Leipzig architect and owner Paul Jacobi in the historicist style with a dome and corner oriel windows. Both buildings look like the gateway to the Colonnade Quarter ''(Kolonnadenviertel)''. They were designed to be identical mirror images and were each crowned with an onion-shaped dome in neo-Renaissance style. The café inside was lavishly decorated with stylized flowers. The building at Otto-Schill-Strasse 2 has been preserved and is since 2017 home of several offices of the city administration. The most famous hotel in Leipzig was the “Hotel Kaiserhof” at Georgi-Ring 7. The owner of the hotel was Robert Börner, a traiteur and

Royal warrant of appointment Royal warrants of appointment have been issued for centuries to tradespeople who supply goods or services to a royal court or certain royal personages. The royal warrant enables the supplier to advertise the fact that they supply to the issuer of ...

. The building was built in 1889 according to designs by the architect Julius Zeißig in the style of historicism based on the model of “Baroque Renaissance”. The ground floor contained the porter's lodge, an office, a reading room, a small hall and a grand hall. The stairwell was lit by large windows. The steps were made of

Carrara marble Carrara marble, Luna marble to the Romans, is a type of white or blue-grey marble popular for use in sculpture and building decor. It has been quarried since Roman times in the mountains just outside the city of Carrara in the province of ...

. The grand hall showed large paintings of the

German Kaiser The German Emperor (german: Deutscher Kaiser, ) was the official title of the head of state and hereditary ruler of the German Empire. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the offi ...

family. Hotel Kaiserhof, Treppenhaus, Leipzig.jpg, Hotel Kaiserhof, stairs Hotel Kaiserhof, Kleiner Saal, Leipzig.jpg, Hotel Kaiserhof, Small Hall Dorotheenpassage, Restaurant, Leipzig.jpg, Dorotheenpassage, Café Metz Dorotheenpassage, Leipzig.jpg, Otto-Schill-Strasse 1 and 2 (Dorotheenpassage)

German Renaissance Revival Architecture

German New Town Hall (2011)">New Town Hall (Leipzig)">New Town Hall (2011) The ''Deutsches Buchhändlerhaus'' (German Booksellers House) was completed in 1888 based on designs by Kayser & von Großheim. The ballroom featured

mural A mural is any piece of graphic artwork that is painted or applied directly to a wall, ceiling or other permanent substrate. Mural techniques include fresco, mosaic, graffiti and marouflage. Word mural in art The word ''mural'' is a Spani ...

s by

Woldemar Friedrich Woldemar Friedrich (20 August 1846 in Gnadau, Saxony – 16 September 1910 in Berlin) was a German historical painter and illustrator. Biography In 1863, he began his studies at the Prussian Academy of Arts in Berlin, with Carl Steffeck. T ...

, as well as a glass painting entitled ''Leipzig as the Center of the German Book Trade''. The Leipzig bookseller's house was created in the style of historicism: "The façade design of the entire complex is an excellent achievement of the German

Renaissance Revival Renaissance Revival architecture (sometimes referred to as "Neo-Renaissance") is a group of 19th century architectural revival styles which were neither Greek Revival nor Gothic Revival but which instead drew inspiration from a wide range ...

style." As a counterpart to the bookseller's house, the ''Deutsches Buchgewerbehaus'' (German Book Trade House) was built in the Graphic Quarter, which was also connected to the Leipzig book trade. The Renaissance Rivaval building, built by Emil Hagberg from 1898 to 1901, served to present the products of the graphic industry. Another building in the German Renaissance Revival style was the Villa Wölker at Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 15 (old 31), which was completed in this style in 1888 for Consul General Wilhelm Wölker based on designs by Max Pommer. The Villa Rehwoldt at Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 29 (old 45) and the Villa Fritzsche at Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 37 (old 55) were also built according to designs by Max Pommer. Hugo Licht also designed the New Town Hall in the German Renaissance Revival architecture style. Gerhard Weidenbach and Richard Tschammer designed the Reformed Church in the style of the German Renaissance Revival Arhitecture (1896/99). The

Huguenot cross The Huguenot cross is a Christian religious symbol originating in France and is one of the more recognizable and popular symbols of the French evangelical reformed faith. It is commonly found today as a piece of jewelry (in gold or silver) or eng ...

on the church tower commemorates the origins of the members of Leipzig's Reformed community, who fled Catholic France as Huguenots. Villa, Karl Tauchnitzerstr. 55, Leipzig, Architekt E. M. Pommer, Leipzig, Tafel 93, Kick Jahrgang II.jpg, Villa Fritzsche, Karl Tauchnitzerstrasse 37 (old 55), designed by Max Pommer (1898) Villa Karl Tauchnitzstrasse 45, Leipzig, Detail, Architekt H. Rossbach, Baurat, Tafel 42, Kick Jahrgang II.jpg, Villa Rehwoldt, Karl Tauchnitzstrasse 29 (old 45), designed by

(1898) Villa Wölker Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße Nr. 15 oder 31 in Leipzig, erbaut 1888 Architekt Max Pommer.jpg, Villa Wölker, Karl Tauchnitzstrasse 15 (old 31), designed by Max Pommer (1900) Buchhaendlerboerse Leipzig 1900.jpg, Deutsches Buchhändlerhaus in Leipzig (German Bookseller's House, around 1900) Buchgewerbehaus.jpg, Deutsches Buchgewerbehaus (German Book Trade Building, around 1900) Leipzig Reformierte Kirche.jpg, Reformed Church (Reformierte Kirche) (2009)

Gothic Revival architecture

The building “Die Gute Quelle”, Brühl 42, was completed in the

Gothic Revival architecture Gothic Revival (also referred to as Victorian Gothic, neo-Gothic, or Gothick) is an architectural movement that began in the late 1740s in England. The movement gained momentum and expanded in the first half of the 19th century, as increasingly ...

style in 1867 based on designs by the architect August Friedrich Viehweger. The client was the fur trader E. B. Lomer. A sacred building in the Gothic Revival style was the Leipzig University Church of St. Pauli, designed by

. St. Peter's Church was built in this style in 1882/1885 according to designs by the architects

August Hartel August Hartel (26 February 1844 – 18 February 1890) was a German architect. Born in Cologne, Hartel was a student and later an employee of . Together with Theodor Quester, he operated an office in Krefeld, which planned in 1877 the in Gothic Re ...

and

. The tower of the Leipzig Central Market Hall was stylized in a Gothic Revival style based on the model of the

campanile A bell tower is a tower that contains one or more bells, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian church (building), church, and will contain church bells, but there are also many ...

of the Florentine

Palazzo Vecchio The Palazzo Vecchio ( "Old Palace") is the town hall of Florence, Italy. It overlooks the Piazza della Signoria, which holds a copy of Michelangelo's ''David'' statue, and the gallery of statues in the adjacent Loggia dei Lanzi. Originally c ...

between 1889 and 1891 according to plans by the city planning director

. Leipzig Thomaskirche BW 2012-09-10 18-40-38.jpg,

Thomaskirche , native_name_lang = , image = Leipzig Thomaskirche.jpg , imagelink = , imagealt = , caption = , pushpin map = , pushpin label position = , pushpin map alt ...

Paulinerkirche Leipzig um1900.jpg, Historicism: Paulinerkirche Gute Quelle 1870.jpg, Historicism: Lomer commercial building, architect: August Friedrich Viehweger, 1867 Peterskirche Leipzig.jpg, Historicism:

Peterskirche The ''Peterskirche'' ( en, St. Peter's Church) is a Baroque Roman Catholic parish church in Vienna, Austria. It was transferred in 1970 by the Archbishop of Vienna Franz Cardinal König to the priests of the Opus Dei. The first church The old ...

Moorish Revival architecture

Old synagogue Leipzig- inside -Magnification

Hannelore Künzl describes how Otto Simonson mixed elements from different periods when building the Leipzig Synagogue, but all of them came from the Spanish-Islamic or North African cultures. According to Künzl, Simonson used the horseshoe-shaped arcades in the Leipzig synagogue for the first time. The Leipzig synagogue was not just one of many big city synagogues, it was a special synagogue because Leipzig, as a trade fair city, also had many Jewish visitors. Because of the role that the synagogue had in the trade fair city of Leipzig, the history of the Leipzig Jews and the reasons for adopting Islamic styles were particularly important (writes also Hammer-Schenk): Only the Saxon Emancipation Act allowed the Leipzig Jews to have one to found their own religious community. Besides

, Leipzig was the only Saxon city that was allowed to have a Jewish religious community. The Emancipation Act lifted the ban on building synagogues in Saxony, so that a large synagogue could also be built in Leipzig. For Simonson - according to Künzl - the

Orient The Orient is a term for the East in relation to Europe, traditionally comprising anything belonging to the Eastern world. It is the antonym of '' Occident'', the Western World. In English, it is largely a metonym for, and coterminous with, the ...

was not only the country of origin of the Jews, but also the motherland in the religious sense, since the Jewish religion originated there. Simonson therefore connected the Leipzig synagogue with the Orient. Künzl explains that Simonson wanted to overcome his teacher,

Gottfried Semper Gottfried Semper (; 29 November 1803 – 15 May 1879) was a German architect, art critic, and professor of architecture who designed and built the Semper Opera House in Dresden between 1838 and 1841. In 1849 he took part in the May Uprising i ...

. While Semper used Arabic lettering ribbons as ornaments for the Dresden synagogue, Semper's student Simonson only used Hebrew lettering ribbons, for example in the frame of the eastern

rose window Rose window is often used as a generic term applied to a circular window, but is especially used for those found in Gothic cathedrals and churches. The windows are divided into segments by stone mullions and tracery. The term ''rose window ...

and as ornamental ribbons in the horseshoe arches of the arcades. Semper student Simonson wanted to characterize the synagogue as a Jewish building more than his teacher. The models were the synagogue in

Córdoba Córdoba most commonly refers to: * Córdoba, Spain, a major city in southern Spain and formerly the imperial capital of Islamic Spain * Córdoba, Argentina, 2nd largest city in the country and capital of Córdoba Province Córdoba or Cordoba may ...

and the

Synagogue of El Tránsito The Synagogue of El Tránsito (), also known as the Synagogue of Samuel ha-Levi or Halevi, is a historic synagogue, church, and Sephardic museum in Toledo, Spain. Designed by master mason Don Meir (Mayr) Abdeil, it was built as an annex of the pala ...

Toledo Toledo most commonly refers to: * Toledo, Spain, a city in Spain * Province of Toledo, Spain * Toledo, Ohio, a city in the United States Toledo may also refer to: Places Belize * Toledo District * Toledo Settlement Bolivia * Toledo, O ...

, where Hebrew banners frame ornamental fields and window zones. According to Künzl, the synagogue in Leipzig created a type of synagogue that served as a model for many subsequent synagogue buildings. In 1903/1904 Oscar Schade delivered the designs for the Brody Synagogue , designed in the “neo-Moorish style”, the interior of which (

Torah ark A Torah ark (also known as the ''Heikhal'', or the ''Aron Kodesh'') refers to an ornamental chamber in the synagogue that houses the Torah scrolls. History The ark, also known as the ''ark of law'', or in Hebrew the ''Aron Kodesh'' or ''aron h ...

, Bimah) was destroyed during the pogrom night of 9/10. November 1938. The Leipzig Stadtbad at Eutritzscher Straße 21 contains a sauna relaxation room designed in the Moorish style. The rooms were designed by Otto Wilhelm Scharenberg and Mathieu Molitor from 1913 to 1915. The ''Ez Chaim Synagogue'', built in 1922 based on designs by the Leipzig architect Gustav Pflaume, was also orientalizing. Stadtbad Leipzig Innenansicht orientalische Sauna 2011.jpg, Relaxroom of the sauna in Stadtbad Leipzig (moorish) Leipzig Synagogue.jpg, Orthodox Brody Synagogue Simonson – Gemeindesynagoge Leipzig 2.jpg, Grand Leipzig Synagogue, designed by Otto Simonson Simonson – Gemeindesynagoge Leipzig 1.jpg, Grand Leipzig Synagogue, designed by Otto Simonson Pflaume – Ez-Chaim-Synagoge Leipzig.jpg, Ez-Chaim-Synagogue, designed by Gustav Pflaume

Neo-Byzantine architecture

The Leipzig Russian Memorial Church ''(Russische Gedächtniskirche)'' was built from 1912 to 1913 in the style of

Neo-Byzantine architecture Neo-Byzantine architecture (also referred to as Byzantine Revival) was a revival movement, most frequently seen in religious, institutional and public buildings. It incorporates elements of the Byzantine style associated with Eastern and Ort ...

, a style within historicism, based on the model of the ''Ascension Church'' in

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

Kolomenskoye Kolomenskoye (russian: Коло́менское) is a former royal estate situated several kilometers to the southeast of the city center of Moscow, Russia, on the ancient road leading to the town of Kolomna (hence the name). The 390 hectare ...

, based on designs by Vladimir Alexandrovich Pokrovsky (1871–1931) and decorated in the style of

Novgorod Veliky Novgorod ( rus, links=no, Великий Новгород, t=Great Newtown, p=vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj ˈnovɡərət), also known as just Novgorod (), is the largest city and administrative centre of Novgorod Oblast, Russia. It is one of the o ...

icon painting An icon () is a religious work of art, most commonly a painting, in the cultures of the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Catholic churches. They are not simply artworks; "an icon is a sacred image used in religious devotion". The mos ...

. Лейпциг.Русская православная церковь.jpg, Leipzig Russian Memorial Church Иконостас церкви Св.Алексея.jpg, Interior of the church (Novgorod icon painting)

Baroque Revival architecture

''Steib's Hof'' at the Dussmann Passage Nikolaistrasse 28-32, Brühl 64-66 is an example of the

Baroque Revival architecture The Baroque Revival, also known as Neo-Baroque (or Second Empire architecture in France and Wilhelminism in Germany), was an architectural style of the late 19th century. The term is used to describe architecture and architectural sculp ...

in Leipzig. The central axis was particularly elaborately designed: “With its neo-baroque sandstone decoration, the emphasized central axis trumps even the richest town house facades of the 18th century.” The architectural sculptures are

of trade and industry. The building was built in 1907 by the Leipzig master builder Felix Steib.

also designed the St. John's Church ''(Johanniskirche)'' in this style. Based on designs by Robert Ludwig & Alfred Hülßner, the Café Bauer was completed by Albert Bohm (1853–1933) in 1889/90. The café and restaurant on the ground and upper floors was designed in the neo-baroque style (“in rich baroque forms” ). Cafe Bauer Leipzig 1900.jpg, Cafe Bauer, Facade Cafe Bauer Leipzig Parterre.jpg, Cafe Bauer, Host room in the ground floor Cafe Bauer Leipzig 1. Etrage.jpg, Cafe Bauer, Host room in the firstfloor Leipzig Cafe Bauer Querschnitt.jpg, Cafe Bauer, Plan

Swiss chalet style

The villa for the consul Friedrich Nachod at Carl-Tauchnitz-Strasse 43, built according to designs by the architect Max Pommer in 1889–1890, was built in the style of

eclecticism Eclecticism is a conceptual approach that does not hold rigidly to a single paradigm or set of assumptions, but instead draws upon multiple theories, styles, or ideas to gain complementary insights into a subject, or applies different theories i ...

in a mixture of

Swiss chalet style Swiss chalet style (german: Schweizerstil, no, Sveitserstil) is an architectural style of Late Historicism, originally inspired by rural chalets in Switzerland and the Alpine (mountainous) regions of Central Europe. The style refers to trad ...

and

Renaissance The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass id ...

. The roof with its open rafters and the wooden decorative elements attached underneath showed elements of the Swiss chalet style. This was intended to create the impression of

country house An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a Townhouse (Great Britain), town house. This allowed them to spend time in the country and in the cit ...

architecture. Friedrich Nachod was the son of Jacob Nachod (1814–1882), the head of the Israelite Religious Community in Leipzig and co-owner of the bank Knauth, Nachod & Kühne, city councilor in 1888/1889. The building at Hillerstraße 3 was also designed with elements of the Swiss chalet style. It was built for the Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce Dr. Gensel in 1883 based on designs by the architect Heinrich Stöckhardt. The villas in Lößnig are also built in the Swiss chalet style, built in 1890 for the owner Consul Limburger based on designs by the architects Karl Weichardt and Bruno Eelbo. Schwägrichenstr. 6 Leipzig um 1905.jpg, Villa Schwägrichenstrasse 6 Leipzig CunnersdorferStr 6.JPG, Villa Cunnersdorfer Strasse 6 Villa, Karl Tauchnitzstrasse 61, Leipzig, Architekt E. M. Pommer, Leipzig, Tafel 69, Kick Jahrgang II.jpg, Villa Karl-Tauchnitz-Strasse 61 Pommer – Villa Konsul F. Nachod, Leipzig.jpg, Swiss chalet style: Villa Konsul F. Nachod, Floor plan (Max Pommer)

Reform architecture (monumental and material style) and modernism (from 1900)

According to Wolfgang Hocquél, Leipzig's reform architecture and Leipzig's

are important - "Around 700 residential buildings... from the turn of the century account for the largest share of the 1,410 monuments in the city of Leipzig." In terms of urban development, the construction of the new main train station directly adjacent at the old town center was important in 1915, which strengthened Leipzig's position as an international transport hub. In 1927 there were 294 stock corporations in Leipzig with a total capital of approximately 321 million

Reichsmark The (; sign: ℛℳ; abbreviation: RM) was the currency of Germany from 1924 until 20 June 1948 in West Germany, where it was replaced with the , and until 23 June 1948 in East Germany, where it was replaced by the East German mark. The Reich ...

s. Leipzig became an important financial center and the headquarters of the central administrations of many large companies and a transshipment point for goods. The German Credit-Anstalt, the largest German private bank, had its headquarters in Leipzig. The „Meßamt für die Mustermessen in Leipzig“ (“Trade Fair Office for the Sample Fairs in Leipzig”),Leonhardt, p. 11. which was founded in June 1916, and the „Zentralstelle für Interessenten der Leipziger Musterlagermessen“ (“Central Office for those interested in the Leipzig Sample Fairs”) with the industry and business associations behind it successfully called for a revitalization of the

. The first technical trade fair took place in the city center from 25 to 31 August 1918. The historic old town was completely changed because the new form of trade, the sample fair ''(Mustermesse)'', replaced the historic goods fair. Therefore, historically grown city districts were completely destroyed in order to build exhibition centers such as Handelshof or Specks Hof. The change to an industrial city now took place more intensively. In March 1920, the technical fair was organized outside Leipzig and showed machine tools and vehicles there. The exhibition area was constantly increased, from in 1920 to in 1928. Accordingly, goods exported in 1928 amounted to 400 million RM, which corresponded to one sixth of German exports. At the last trade fair before the Great Depression, 34,420 foreigners attended the trade fair. Leipzig maintained its position as a world trading center. After the

, the Leipzig trams were taken over by the city and the trams ran into the suburbs. In 1926 came Wiederitzsch, in 1927

Taucha Taucha is a town in the district of Nordsachsen, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Parthe, 10 km northeast of Leipzig. Geography Taucha is part of the Leipzig Bay. The Parthe runs through the city, and its expansive floodpla ...

and Engelsdorf, in 1928

Markkleeberg Markkleeberg is an affluent suburb of Leipzig, located in the Leipzig district of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The river Pleiße runs through the city, which borders Leipzig to the north and to the west. Markkleeberg is known to be the en ...

-Ost and

Liebertwolkwitz Liebertwolkwitz is an outlying settlement and ''Ortsteil'' of Leipzig on the city's south side. It contains the , the highest elevation in the Leipzig area. It was established in or before 1040. Before the local government boundary reform in 199 ...

, and in 1931 Thekla and Marienbrunn. In 1929 a general development plan was drawn up. Accordingly, the old town should remain free of high-rise buildings and skyscrapers should be built outside the established historic old town. The inner city ring road was created specifically for this purpose. The global depression of 1929 ended Leipzig's economic boom.

Monument to the Battle of the Nations

The

Monument to the Battle of the Nations The Monument to the Battle of the Nations (german: Völkerschlachtdenkmal, sometimes shortened to ''Völki'' or ''Schlachti'') is a monument in Leipzig, Germany, to the 1813 Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of the Nations. Paid for mos ...

(designed by

Bruno Schmitz Bruno Schmitz (21 November 1858 – 27 April 1916) was a German architect best known for his monuments in the early 20th century. He worked closely with sculptors such as Emil Hundrieser, Nikolaus Geiger and Franz Metzner for integrated ar ...

) is an example of the monumental style of reform architecture around 1900.Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 81. The monument is of "monumental size" and is the "most colossal expression of the

Wilhelmine The Wilhelmine Period () comprises the period of German history between 1890 and 1918, embracing the reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II in the German Empire from the resignation of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck until the end of World War I and Wilhelm's a ...

age".Dohmann, p. 384. The outsides show rustication. The material effect (in addition to monumentality) was emphasized in reform architecture. The monument was created from regional building material (“local granite porphyry”). It is a synthesis of building and architectural decoration (“fusion of architecture and sculpture”). The Michael relief was created by

Christian Behrens Gustav Christian Friedrich Behrens (12 May 1852 in Gotha – 14 September 1905 in Breslau) was a German sculptor. Life Behrens was the eldest son of a farmer and fur trader. After attending the Ernestine Gymnasium, Gotha, in his home town, ...

. The colossal figures were created by

Franz Metzner Franz Metzner (18 November 1870, Wscherau, near Plzeň – 24 March 1919, Berlin) was an influential German sculptor, particularly his sculptural figures integrated into the architecture of Central European public buildings in the Art Nouveau ...

. They are located in the Hall of Fame and are almost tall figures that represent allegories of bravery, strength of faith, people's strength and willingness to sacrifice.''Leipziger Kunstorte''
on hgb-leipzig.de Michael Voelkerschlachtdenkmal.JPG,

, Michael relief Leipzig Völkerschlachtdenkmal Ruhmeshalle statues 08.JPG,

,
People's Power (Volkskraft) Leipzig Völkerschlachtdenkmal Ruhmeshalle statues 03.JPG, Franz Metzner, Strength of Faith (Glaubensstärke) Leipzig Völkerschlachtdenkmal Ruhmeshalle statues 02.JPG, Franz Metzner,
Bravery (Tapferkeit) Leipzig Völkerschlachtdenkmal Ruhmeshalle statues 06.JPG, Franz Metzner, Willingness to sacrifice (Opferbereitschaft)

LVZ building, Volkshaus and ATSB school

The Leipzig civil engineer and architect Oscar Schade created the designs for the

Richard Lipinski Robert Richard Lipinski (6 February 1867 – 18 April 1936) was a German unionist, politician and writer, who was active in Germany's Social Democratic Party and the Independent Social Democratic Party. Early life and career Lipinski was bor ...

House on 19 to 21, Tauchaer Strasse (today Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse). The house was built in 1910 as a publishing building for the “established in 1894”

(LVZ).Rudloff/Adam/Schlimper, p. 83.Hocquél, p. 160. There was also a Lenin memorial in the building. The house was designed “in the industrial architecture of Art Nouveau”. In 1912/1913, Schade was also responsible for designing the residential buildings in the

garden suburb The garden city movement was a 20th century urban planning movement promoting satellite communities surrounding the central city and separated with greenbelts. These Garden Cities would contain proportionate areas of residences, industry, and ...

of Marienbrunn in the reform architecture style. In 1904, Schade also provided designs for the Volkshaus with a “

neo-Romanesque Romanesque Revival (or Neo-Romanesque) is a style of building employed beginning in the mid-19th century inspired by the 11th- and 12th-century Romanesque architecture. Unlike the historic Romanesque style, Romanesque Revival buildings tended to ...

” sandstone facade. During the

Kapp Putsch The Kapp Putsch (), also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch (), was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, its goal was to undo th ...

, the building was shot at and set on fire on 19 March 1920. In 1928 the house burned down again. On 2 May 1933, the Sturmabteilung (SA) occupied the Volkshaus. In 1903/1904 Schade also designed the Brody Synagogue in Leipzig, which was demolished in the pogrom night of 9/10 November 1938. The Workers' Gymnastics and Sports School (ATSB School) at Fichestrasse 36 in Leipzig was designed in 1924/1925 based on designs by the architect Oscar Schade. On 23 March 1933, the building was occupied by the SA and further school operations were prohibited. Oscar Schade also rebuilt the Villa Schreiber at Beethovenstrasse 16 in 1936. The villa was built in 1891 in the Italian Renaissance style for the banker Walter Schreiber according to plans by Max Pommer. Schreiber was co-owner of the ''Leipzig bank Herz Cusel Plaut'', which was liquidated as part of the

Aryanization Aryanization (german: Arisierung) was the Nazi term for the seizure of property from Jews and its transfer to non-Jews, and the forced expulsion of Jews from economic life in Nazi Germany, Axis-aligned states, and their occupied territories. I ...

in 1933. The banking house was named after Herz Cusel Plaut (1783–1837). The founder was his son Jacob Plaut, after whom the Jacob Plaut Foundation and Leipzig's Jacob-Plaut-Strasse are named. After the Jewish bank was liquidated in 1933, the villa was also confiscated in 1935. The 1936 renovation was designed by the architect Oscar Schade. Very rich double doors from the construction period have been preserved inside. The tomb for the architect Oskar Schade is located in the Leipzig South Cemetery and shows the Masonic badge. Rosa-Luxemburg-Straße Leipzig April 2013 004.JPG, Former LVZ building, Tauchaer Strasse; today Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse 19/21 (2013) Volkshaus Leipzig.jpg, Volkshaus on Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse (2013) ATSB-Schule Eröffnung.jpg, ATSB school on Fichtestrasse (1926)

Art Nouveau houses and Richard Wagner National Monument

Fritz Drechsler, Raymund Brachmann, Josef Mágr, Paul Möbius, Alfons Berger and Paul Lange are considered representatives of

Art Nouveau architecture Art Nouveau (; ) is an international style of art, architecture, and applied art, especially the decorative arts. The style is known by different names in different languages: in German, in Italian, in Catalan, and also known as the Moder ...

in Leipzig. Works include the building at Paul-Michael-Strasse 6,Hocquél, p. 165. the building at Menckestraße 19,Hocquél, p. 166. the Künstlerhaus , the Riquet House and the ''Märchenhaus'' (Fairy Tale House) from 1906/1907. The Villa Görke at Paul-Michael-Strasse 6, built in 1904 based on designs by Paul Möbius, shows a variety of sculptural shapes and is a “particularly creative variant of Art Nouveau”. The house at Menckestrasse 19 in

,Hocquél, p. 166. built in 1903/1904 based on designs by Alfons Berger, shows a variety of different window formats and is “one of the most interesting examples of Art Nouveau in Leipzig”. In the gable field there are winged, scantily clad

elves An elf () is a type of humanoid supernatural being in Germanic mythology and folklore. Elves appear especially in North Germanic mythology. They are subsequently mentioned in Snorri Sturluson's Icelandic Prose Edda. He distinguishes "lig ...

, which were created using the plaster technique. They carry

s and flank a cartouche depicting a resting lion. The Leipzig sculptor

Carl Seffner Carl Ludwig Seffner (19 June 1861 – 2 October 1932) was a German sculptor. He is best remembered for his statue of Johann Sebastian Bach at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig. Early life and work Born in 1861, Seffner studied at the Leipzig Academy of ...

designed Adam with

Klinger Klinger may refer to: * Klinger (surname), a list of people with the surname * Corporal Klinger, a character from ''M*A*S*H'' * Klinger (horse), owned by the US Army * Klinger (band), an Australia band from 1996 to 2003 * Klinger Ridge, Marie By ...

's facial features in his bronze relief Adam and Eve at the Leipzig Künstlerhaus. The base of the Leipzig Richard Wagner National Monument, created by Max Klinger in 1904, shows themes from the

Ring of the Nibelung (''The Ring of the Nibelung''), WWV 86, is a cycle of four German-language epic music dramas composed by Richard Wagner. The works are based loosely on characters from Germanic heroic legend, namely Norse legendary sagas and the ''Nibelung ...

: Leipzig Feuerwache Nord Details.jpg, Fire Station (J. Mágr) Leipzig Platz am Künstlerhaus Märchenhaus.jpg, ''Märchenhaus'' (Fairy Tale House) (R. Brachmann) Kuenstlerhaus Leipzig Ansichtskarte.jpg, Künstlerhaus (F. Drechsler) Leipzig Riquet Detail.jpg, Riquet-Haus, detail (P. Lange) Kuenstlerhaus Leipzig Klubzimmer.jpg, Künstlerhaus club room LeipzigKlingertreppe1.JPG, Richard Wagner National Monument, Siegfried, Mime and the Slain Dragon LeipzigKlingertreppe2.jpg, Richard Wagner National Monument, Grail Guardian Parsifal and the Grail Messenger Kundry Kuenstlerhaus Leipzig Adam und Eva.jpg,

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmak ...

as ''Adam'' in ''Adam and Eve'' by

Leipzig Moebiushaus.JPG, Möbius House

Shop window facades

The ''Brühl department store building'' was built in the reform architecture style based on designs by the Leipzig architect Emil Franz Hänsel. Hänsel was a member of the Werkbund and was one of the “most original and therefore probably busiest architects in Leipzig”. Hänsel also built the Dresden Residenz department store and the City of Warsaw commercial building, Brühl 76/78 (probably the site of the former “Gasthaus Zur Stadt Warschau”). The City of Warsaw commercial building had a continuous shop window facade and had the following tenants around 1904: wine wholesaler August Schneider, Vienna & Leipzig; Bernhard Schmidt fur trader; F. A. Seiler cloth goods; Arthur Hermsdorf (fur trading store); Wilhelm Moosdorf Restaurant and Cafe Weissenfelser-Bier-Halle. Messow & Waldschmidt opened the ''Brühl GmbH department store'' on 3 October 1908. The managing directors were Heinrich Hirschfeld and Walter Riess. Paul Messow died in 1909 and the managing director Walter Riess married Messow's daughter Gertrud a year later and became the sole director. Otto Mühlstein and Salomon Sigismund Hirschfeld became the new managing directors. As part of the

, the previous managing directors Riess, Meiser and Pelz were dismissed in April 1936 and from 12 September 1936 the Jewish property finally became the property of Knoop Co. GmbH. Leopold Stentzler also built the ''Messehaus Stentzlers Hof'' buildings at

39 to 41 and the ''Messehaus Dresdner Hof'' at Neumarkt 21 to 27 from 1914 to 1916. ''Messehaus'' means, that these houses were used as exhibition centers in the context of the

. The ''Messehaus Dresdner Hof'' was built for the entrepreneur Richard Pudor. Stentzler's trade fair palace is comparable to

Behrens Behrens is a surname of Germanic origin. Notable people with the surname include: Politics/social * Alice Behrens (1885–1952), British Girl Guide * Betty Behrens (1904–1989), British historian * Katja Behrens (1942–2021), German writer and ...

' work: "In terms of design, Leopold Stentzler's trade fair palace Dresdner Hof is close to the design of contemporary buildings by Peter Behrens, one of the leading German architects of the time, who demonstrated a similar traditional objectivity in the festival hall of the Cologne Werkbund exhibition in 1914." The ''Mädlerhaus Leipzig'' and the ''F. Lindner commercial building'' were also built in the style of reform architecture based on designs by the Leipzig architect Leopold Stentzler. The ''Mädlerhaus Leipzig'' featured a continuous shop window facade.

Krochhochhaus and Europahaus

The Krochhochhaus on

is the first high-rise building in Leipzig and also an example of “ classic modernism ”. The building, which was built in 1927/1928 based on designs by

German Bestelmeyer German Bestelmeyer (8 June 1874 – 30 June 1942) was a German architect, university lecturer, and proponent of Nazi architecture. Most of his work was in South Germany. Life and career Bestelmeyer was born in Nuremberg, the son of a militar ...

for the German-Jewish banker Hans Kroch, met with both rejection and approval. Critics said that the architectural decoration was inappropriate for a private, Jewish bank: “The proposed roof figures, which are supposed to drum on a fairly large bell in order to elicit the note E several times during the day, are also impossible... After all, the Kroch private bank is not a “city hall, not a public symbol that could be given a privileged effect”. Others also saw the connections to Italy. The model for the Kroch high-rise was the Torre dell'Orologio clock tower in Venice, built between 1496 and 1499, with St. Mark's lions: “The building quotes were applauded in Leipzig, certainly also because of the centuries-old connections to the Italian trading cities and their culture... The result also convinced them, who had feared that the tower house would visually devalue the 'most beautiful square in Europe', as they confidently said at the time." The second high-rise building, the

Europahaus Europahaus ( en, House of Europe) is a large high-rise office block in Berlin, Germany, located in the Kreuzberg district on Stresemannstraße, facing the remains of the former Anhalter Bahnhof railway terminus across Askanischer Platz. It was ...

, designed by Otto Paul Burghardt (1875–1959), was built in 1928/1929 as a counterweight to the Kroch High Rise on Augustusplatz. Kroch-Hochhaus Leipzig 2011.jpg, Kroch High Rise ''(Krochhochhaus)'' (2011) Klockenmaenner Krochhochhaus Leipzig 2010-1.jpg, St. Mark's lions on the Krochhochhaus based on the model of the Torre dell'Orologio in

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...

(2010) Europahaus Leipzig.jpg, Europahaus (2007)

Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library) and Sculptures

The

German National Library The German National Library (DNB; german: Deutsche Nationalbibliothek) is the central archival library and national bibliographic centre for the Federal Republic of Germany. It is one of the largest libraries in the world. Its task is to colle ...

building at Deutscher Platz 1 was built from 1914 to 1916 based on designs by Oskar Pusch. Above the building's main entrance are busts of

Otto von Bismarck Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (, ; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman and diplomat. From his origins in the upper class of ...

Johannes Gutenberg Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (; – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable-type printing press. Though not the first of its kind, earlier designs ...

and

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

, the latter signed by the Dresden sculptor Fritz Kretzschmar. On the main facade there are seven larger-than-life sculptures that stand on consoles above the ground floor area. These figures by

Adolf Lehnert Adolf Lehnert (20 July 1862 – 6 January 1948) was a Leipzig sculptor and medal designer. Life Family Franz Robert Adolf Lehnert was born in Leipzig, the second of his parents' twelve recorded children. His father, also called Adolf Leh ...

and

Felix Pfeifer Felix Georg Pfeifer (9 November 1871, Leipzig – 6 March 1945, Leipzig) was a German sculptor and medallist. Biography Pfeifer was the third son of six children born to the businessman, Friedrich Eduard Pfeifer. From 1890 to 1893, he studied ...

are allegories for

technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in medicine, scie ...

art Art is a diverse range of human activity, and resulting product, that involves creative or imaginative talent expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas. There is no generally agreed definition of wha ...

justice Justice, in its broadest sense, is the principle that people receive that which they deserve, with the interpretation of what then constitutes "deserving" being impacted upon by numerous fields, with many differing viewpoints and perspective ...

, philosophy,

theology Theology is the systematic study of the nature of the divine and, more broadly, of religious belief. It is taught as an academic discipline, typically in universities and seminaries. It occupies itself with the unique content of analyzing th ...

and

medicine Medicine is the science and Praxis (process), practice of caring for a patient, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, Preventive medicine, prevention, therapy, treatment, Palliative care, palliation of their injury or disease, and Health promotion ...

, flanked on the sides by the figures of the writer and the reader by Johannes Hartmann with the coats of arms of the city of Leipzig (left) and the Börsenverein (right). The following inscriptions can be read in German language above the main entrance: and The building rejects conventional historicism in favor of reform architecture: “This architecture does not follow a specific stylistic model; rather, the different details are handled completely freely in the sense of adaptations and put together to form a facade design that sets itself apart from models of all kinds.” Eingang Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Leipzig.jpg, Entrance to the

in Leipzig Deutsche BüchereiFassadenfiguren2.JPG, Allegories for philosophy, theology and medicine DeutscheBüchereiFassadenfiguren1.JPG, Allegories for technology (

compass A compass is a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with ...

), art (

anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its ...

) and justice (

sword A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting. Its blade, longer than a knife or dagger, is attached to a hilt and can be straight or curved. A thrusting sword tends to have a straighter blade with a pointed t ...

)

Petershof exhibition center and sculptures (until 1938)

The ''Messehaus Petershof'' (trade fair building Petershof) at Petersstrasse 20 is an example of “classic modernism”Weinkauf/Schneider, p. 151. and was built for the publisher Josef Mathias Petersmann based on designs by Alfred Liebig: “ Liebig reduced the structure of the main front with boldly protruding window frames traditional facade architecture in the simplest forms, but avoided the hallmarks of modernity - ribbon windows and insubstantial external walls. Instead, the barrenness is refined with high-quality natural stone (Cannstatter Travertine).” The Leipzig artist Johannes Göldel (1891–after 1946) created the seven larger-than-life sculptures that are located on consoles above the ground floor area. These are people whose activities are directly linked to the history of the building. Pano Petershof

The figures, starting from the left, represent: building director Ludwig Fraustadt, commercial councilor Felix Geissler, banker Hans Kroch, who obtained the building loan,

mayor In many countries, a mayor is the highest-ranking official in a municipal government such as that of a city or a town. Worldwide, there is a wide variance in local laws and customs regarding the powers and responsibilities of a mayor as well as ...

Karl Rothe, who was committed to the construction, trade fair director Raimund Köhler, architect of the house Alfred Liebig and trade fair board member Edgar Hoffmann. Through the attached attributes, the figures also symbolize music, decorative arts, trade, drama, trade fairs, architecture and industry. Since Hans Kroch was Jewish, the statues were removed during the

November pogrom () or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (german: Novemberpogrome, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's (SA) paramilitary and (SS) paramilitary forces along with some participation from ...

s in 1938 at the “instance of the

National Socialist Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...

s”. In 1994, the Leipzig sculptor Markus Brille created true-to-original copies, which were installed in the old location on the facade in 1995. The facade is a listed building. AHW Messehaus Petershof Leipzig 1929.jpg, Petershof with the seven sculptures 1929 Bundesarchiv Bild 183-49400-0089, Leipzig, Messehaus "Petershof".jpg, „Petershof“ exhibition center 1938 Petershof.jpg, Petershof facade 2014

Ceremony hall at the New Israelite Cemetery (until 1939)

An example of a modern sacred building in Leipzig was the celebration hall in the new Israelite cemetery, built from 1926 to 1928 (designs by Wilhelm Haller ). The domed building showed “oriental architectural decoration that the architect had gotten to know on various trips.”Leonhardt, p. 178. This orientalizing architectural decoration, including the stalactite vault or

muqarnas Muqarnas ( ar, مقرنص; fa, مقرنس), also known in Iranian architecture as Ahoopāy ( fa, آهوپای) and in Iberian architecture as Mocárabe, is a form of ornamented vaulting in Islamic architecture. It is the archetypal form of ...

modeled on the

Moorish The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages. Moors are not a distinct or ...

Naṣrid palaces in the domed building, was linked to the expressionist tendencies of the 1920s. The inscription above the entrance read: (English: love is as strong as death). The building fell victim to

Kristallnacht () or the Night of Broken Glass, also called the November pogrom(s) (german: Novemberpogrome, ), was a pogrom against Jews carried out by the Nazi Party's Sturmabteilung, (SA) paramilitary and Schutzstaffel, (SS) paramilitary forces along ...

: Feierhalle Leipzig Wilhelm Haller.jpg, Former celebration hall in the New Israelite Cemetery NJF Lzg. Trauerhalle.jpg, New celebration hall in the New Israelite Cemetery with the same inscription as the old, blown-up celebration hall

Leipzig Zoo: Bear Castle and Jason Monument

Carl James Bühring built a textile exhibition center at Härtelstrasse 16-18 from 1922 to 1924. He also designed the “Bear Castle” with six tall towers in the

Leipzig Zoo Leipzig Zoological Garden, or Leipzig Zoo (german: link=no, Zoologischer Garten Leipzig) is a zoo in Leipzig`s district Mitte, Germany. It was first opened on June 9, 1878. It was taken over by the city of Leipzig in 1920 after World War I and now ...

in the neoclassical style. The bear castle, built between 1929 and 1930, stands at the end of a path axis. Path axes with decorative places structure the garden. At the beginning of the main route to the elephant enclosure is the

Jason Jason ( ; ) was an ancient Greece, ancient Greek Greek mythology, mythological hero and leader of the Argonauts, whose quest for the Golden Fleece featured in Greek literature. He was the son of Aeson, the rightful king of Iolcos. He was marri ...

monument. The bronze group is part of the development plan by Carl James Bühring and Johannes Gebbing from 1927, when the zoo was expanded from to . The Jason group by the Berlin sculptor Walter Lenck (1873–1952),Hocquél, p. 124. which received the Grand Prix at the International Exhibition in

Buenos Aires Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the Capital city, capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata ...

, was acquired in 1911 for the

Zoological Garden A zoo (short for zoological garden; also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which animals are kept within enclosures for public exhibition and often bred for conservation purposes. The term ''zoological garden'' refers to zoo ...

in Berlin. The Berlin sculptor also created, among other things, a tall bronze model of a naked archer. The casting was carried out by the bronze

foundry A foundry is a factory that produces metal castings. Metals are cast into shapes by melting them into a liquid, pouring the metal into a mold, and removing the mold material after the metal has solidified as it cools. The most common metals ...

Martin & Piltzing Berlin. The Leipzig Zoo's Jason monument has been there since 1928 and previously stood in the Berlin Zoo for 17 years. The group of figures at the Leipzig Zoo is long and wide.

's bronze “Athlete” is the Leipzig Zoo's “most important visual artistic work” and was installed to the east of the pachyderm house. Leipziger Zoo DSC00746.JPG, Jason Monument by W. Levy or W. Lenck Max Klinger - Athlete.jpg, Athlete by M. Klinger Lzg Härtelstraße 16-18.jpg, Leipzig Härtelstraße 16–18, Textilmessehaus (Textile Trade Fair House) Leipziger Zoo DSC00819.JPG, ''Bärenburg'' (Bear Castle)

Great Depression and Neo-Neoclassicism (from the 1930s)

After the National Socialists came to power, Nazi neoclassicism determined Leipzig architecture: “After 1933, the repressive policies of the Nazi regime also took control of exhibition architecture.” Jewish architects had their professional licenses revoked; the German-Jewish architect Wilhelm Haller was able to escape. In housing construction, the Leipzig architects “very quickly became attuned to the traditional building forms and to the blood and soil architecture of small settlements ..The representative buildings of the new rulers gained the upper hand in the field of urban planning and in public buildings in the demands for axiality.” National Socialist architecture was particularly characterized by the timeless and elaborate building materials, including

dimension stone Dimension stone is natural stone or rock that has been selected and finished (e.g., trimmed, cut, drilled, ground, or other) to specific sizes or shapes. Color, texture and pattern, and surface finish of the stone are also normal requirements. ...

marble Marble is a metamorphic rock composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals, most commonly calcite or dolomite. Marble is typically not foliated (layered), although there are exceptions. In geology, the term ''marble'' refers to metamorpho ...

Muschelkalk The Muschelkalk (German for "shell-bearing limestone"; french: calcaire coquillier) is a sequence of sedimentary rock strata (a lithostratigraphic unit) in the geology of central and western Europe. It has a Middle Triassic (240 to 230 million yea ...

travertine Travertine ( ) is a form of terrestrial limestone deposited around mineral springs, especially hot springs. It often has a fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and even rusty varieties. It is formed by a pro ...

and

granite Granite () is a coarse-grained ( phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies und ...

Porphyry __NOTOC__ Porphyry (; el, Πορφύριος, links=no, ''Porphyrios'' "purple-clad") may refer to: * Porphyry (geology), an igneous rock with large crystals in a fine-grained matrix and important Roman building material * Porphyritic, the gene ...

has been used in Leipzig since 1951 in the architectural style of socialist neoclassicism.

Entrance building on Prager Strasse to the exhibition hall

The Great Depression, beginning with the

Wall Street Crash The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the Great Crash, was a major American stock market crash that occurred in the autumn of 1929. It started in September and ended late in October, when share prices on the New York Stock Exchange colla ...

in October 1929, had ended further construction of the Leipzig Trade Fair in the spring of 1930. According to Peter Leonhardt, it took seven years before the further construction of the Leipzig Trade Fair could be continued: “It was only in 1937 that the project was taken up again under the changed conditions of the Nazi dictatorship and shows, as in a few places, the breaks in 1933 in architectural history.”Leonhardt, p. 97. Curt Schiemichen had now become a “kind of general architect of the Leipzig Trade Fair”.Leonhardt, p. 97. Instead of using transparent glazing, Schiemichen now worked with stone cladding, for example in the entrance building on Prager Strasse to the exhibition hall (Technical Trade Fair, new Hall 20 - later Hall 2).Leonhardt, p. 97. During recent demolition work at the old technical fair site in Leipzig, the listed stone entrance portal of Hall 2 remained standing.

Richard Wagner Hain

In 1932, Emil Hipp won the city of Leipzig 's competition for a

Richard Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most o ...

monument in the style of neoclassicism, which "enjoyed the special support of the Nazi leadership".Cottin, p. 78. On 6 March 1934, the foundation stone for the " Richard-Wagner-Hain " was laid by

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (; 20 April 188930 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was dictator of Nazi Germany, Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his death in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the le ...

in the presence of Mayor

Carl Friedrich Goerdeler Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (; 31 July 1884 – 2 February 1945) was a monarchist conservative German politician, executive, economist, civil servant and opponent of the Nazi regime. He opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and wa ...

. According to Markus Cottin, a “monument complex the size of the

Dresden Zwinger The Zwinger (german: Dresdner Zwinger, ) is a palatial complex with gardens in Dresden, Germany. Designed by architect Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann, it is one of the most important buildings of the Baroque period in Germany. Along with the ...

” was to be built on the east bank of the newly created Elster flood basin, in the eastern part of the Palmengarten Park. According to Wolfgang Hocquél, Emil Hipp's reliefs were a neoclassical work with "an imaginative, allegorical sculptural work of timeless aesthetics". The neoclassical sculptor planned 250 tons of marble. By 1944, the execution of the order was almost complete. Hipp's Leipzig Wagner monument had four sides, with each side being long and approximately high. Resting on a high base, the monument was tall in total. The four reliefs dealt with

destiny Destiny, sometimes referred to as fate (from Latin ''fatum'' "decree, prediction, destiny, fate"), is a predetermined course of events. It may be conceived as a predetermined future, whether in general or of an individual. Fate Although oft ...

myth Myth is a folklore genre consisting of narratives that play a fundamental role in a society, such as foundational tales or origin myths. Since "myth" is widely used to imply that a story is not objectively true, the identification of a narrati ...

redemption Redemption may refer to: Religion * Redemption (theology), an element of salvation to express deliverance from sin * Redemptive suffering, a Roman Catholic belief that suffering can partially remit punishment for sins if offered to Jesus * Pi ...

and

bacchanal The Bacchanalia were unofficial, privately funded popular Roman festivals of Bacchus, based on various ecstatic elements of the Greek Dionysia. They were almost certainly associated with Rome's native cult of Liber, and probably arrived in Rome ...

. For the tall and long wall surrounding the monument square, the sculptor created another 19 marble reliefs with scenes from Wagner's musical dramas, a Siegfried figure and a Rhinemaidens fountain, including the relief Hagen kills Siegfried. Leipzig paid for the 3.6 million

work until it was completed. In the post-war period, Hipp's sculptural work was no longer up to date during the GDR era and the monument was sold. A doctor from

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total l ...

purchased the main reliefs and placed them on the inside of his courtyard wall. During GDR times, the Richard-Wagner-Hain was forgotten. The supporting concrete block for the main reliefs was demolished, floor slabs were removed, and parts were built over and changed. Bayreuth Wagner-Opern 02, Reliefplastiken, Emil Hipp, Stadtmauer, Hohenzollernring, 15.03.08.jpg, Remains of the

monument in Leipzig (today in Bayreuth): Senta and maids in the “Flying Dutchman” spinning room Bayreuth Wagner-Opern 04, Reliefplastiken, Emil Hipp, Stadtmauer, Hohenzollernring, 19.02.08 (Schild).jpg, Note: Parts of a Richard Wagner monument that was planned by the city in 1932, designed and executed by Prof. Emil Hipp, but no longer erected Bayreuth Wagner-Opern 03, Reliefplastik, Emil Hipp, Stadtmauer, Hohenzollernring, 15.03.08.jpg, Remains of the Richard Wagner monument in Leipzig (today in Bayreuth): Hagen kills Siegfried “Twilight of the Gods”

Merkurhaus instead of Polich department store

During the Nazi era, C&A benefited from the Aryanization of Jewish property, promoted

NSDAP The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that crea ...

membership among senior employees and gave expensive gifts to important Nazi politicians. The Polich Jewish department store, acquired by C&A Germany as part of the Aryanization, was demolished and in its place in 1937 the Merkurhaus in the New Objectivity style by Karl Fezer (1900–1984), who oversaw the conversion and new construction of C&A Germany's commercial buildings, was built. The new building is an office and commercial building with three street facades, designed as a six-story reinforced concrete frame structure with elaborate shell limestone cladding. With its two oriel window-like porches, the building follows the Leipzig “bay window tradition” from the Baroque and Renaissance periods:

Losses 1943–1945

“Monuments to the Victims of National Socialism”

During the Nazi era 71Leipzig had a large armaments industry. This was located in the northeast of the city in

Leipzig-Schönefeld Schönefeld is a city quarter in the Northeast of Leipzig. Concerning administrative matters Schönefeld-Ost is a district of Leipzig, while the rest of Schönefeld, together with Abtnaundorf forms a district called Schönefeld-Abtnaundorf. His ...

and Leipzig-Thekla as well as in

. In 1943 there were 221 armaments factories in Leipzig with 154,119 workers and employees, including 43,905 foreigners and

Ostarbeiter : ' (, "Eastern worker") was a Nazi German designation for foreign slave workers gathered from occupied Central and Eastern Europe to perform forced labor in Germany during World War II. The Germans started deporting civilians at the beginning ...

. In addition to the ERLA company, one of the largest companies was the

HASAG HASAG (also known as Hugo Schneider AG, or by its original name in german: Hugo Schneider Aktiengesellschaft Metallwarenfabrik) was a German metal goods manufacturer founded in 1863. Based in Leipzig, it grew from a small business making lamps ...

company , which produced

Panzerfaust The ''Panzerfaust'' (, "armour fist" or "tank fist", plural: ''Panzerfäuste'') was a development family of single-shot man-portable anti-tank systems developed by Nazi Germany during World War II. The weapons were the first single-use light ...

s and aircraft parts. Due to the ability of many workers to be deployed in the war (“kv. position”Cottin, S. 116) and the increased production requirements, more and more foreigners had to be brought into the production process. Therefore, from June 1944, women from the

Ravensbrück concentration camp Ravensbrück () was a German concentration camp exclusively for women from 1939 to 1945, located in northern Germany, north of Berlin at a site near the village of Ravensbrück (part of Fürstenberg/Havel). The camp memorial's estimated figure o ...

were also hired, and the Schutzstaffel (SS) placed them under the control of the

Buchenwald concentration camp Buchenwald (; literally 'beech forest') was a Nazi concentration camp established on hill near Weimar, Germany, in July 1937. It was one of the first and the largest of the concentration camps within Germany's 1937 borders. Many actual or s ...

from 1 September 1944. A barracks camp at the Leipzig-Schönefeld concentration camp was built for these women on Leipzig's Permoserstrasse. The workers of the Leipzig concentration camp subcamps, including 4,000 workers employed by HASAG, were driven on a

death march A death march is a forced march of prisoners of war or other captives or deportees in which individuals are left to die along the way. It is distinguished in this way from simple prisoner transport via foot march. Article 19 of the Geneva Conve ...

towards

Wurzen Wurzen () is a town in the Leipzig district, in Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the river Mulde, here crossed by two bridges, 25 km east of Leipzig, by rail N.E. of Leipzig on the main line via Riesa to Dresden. It has a cathedral dating ...

together with 1,500 ERLA workers in April 1945. The women of the Leipzig-Schönefeld (Permoserstrasse) camp who did not go on the death march were sent to the Abtnaundorf camp, where they were murdered by the SS and

Volkssturm The (; "people's storm") was a levée en masse national militia established by Nazi Germany during the last months of World War II. It was not set up by the German Army, the ground component of the combined German ''Wehrmacht'' armed forces, ...

men. The Leipzig sculptor Hans-Joachim Förster (* 1929) created the monument, which was inaugurated on 10 April 1970. The concentration camp memorial stone is located at Permoserstrasse 6–14, east of the Torgauer Straße intersection. The memorial stone is 1.83 m high and is made of

Cotta sandstone Cotta Sandstone (german: Cottaer Sandstein, also called ''Mittelquader''), is found in the Elbe Valley and in its numerous tributary valleys. Its main deposit lies in the west of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, where it runs up to the Bohemian bor ...

. A plaque made of

Löbejün Löbejün () is a former town in the Saalekreis in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2011, it is part of the town Wettin-Löbejün. Geography Geographic location Löbejün is located north of Halle (Saale). The town is located in a hilly a ...

red granite is attached to the memorial. In the upper left corner of the writing plate there are five triangles of different sizes as symbols of the concentration camp prisoners. The following inscription can be read there in German language: The sculptor Gustav Tesch-Löffler created the memorial, which was inaugurated on 13 September 1958, to commemorate the victims of the Leipzig-Thekla/Abtnaundorf subcamp. The memorial for the prisoners of the Abtnaundorf concentration camp 75is located on the corner of Theklaer Strasse and Heiterblickstrasse in Leipzig. From 1943 onwards, Thekla was home to the Leipzig-Thekla subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp, which became famous for the Abtnaundorf massacre. The material consists of poured concrete, covered with polished porphyry panels. Flames shoot out from the sides of the memorial, with two arms protruding from behind barbed wire. One arm shows an outstretched hand asking for help. The other arm shows a clenched fist, which is supposed to point beyond death. The memorial's inscription is intended to refer to the eighty burned corpses that were found. The SS guards locked Hungarian Jewish women in one of the barracks and burned them alive. Hans-Joachim Förster also created the synagogue monument, which was inaugurated on 18 November 1966, on the corner of Gottschedstrasse and Zentralstrasse, on the site of the former Leipzig Synagogue. It is intended to commemorate the 14,000 Leipzig Jews who died. Leipzig had the largest Jewish community in Saxony. The dedication on the sides of the Leipzig Synagogue Monument is written in

Hebrew Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...

letters and reads as follows:

Destruction and capture of Leipzig

The

caused great and widespread destruction. This included the attack on the night of 3 to 4 december 1943. Leipzig suffered the loss of numerous trade fair and commercial buildings, almost all cultural buildings, apartments and numerous university facilities. Around 38,000 apartments were completely destroyed, over 52,000 were damaged, and 40% of the city's public buildings were destroyed or severely damaged. Three quarters of all exhibition buildings and halls were destroyed. Of 112 schools, only 6 were still usable. Almost 5 million cubic meters of rubble made large parts of Leipzig impassable. Of the of

tram A tram (called a streetcar or trolley in North America) is a rail vehicle that travels on tramway tracks on public urban streets; some include segments on segregated right-of-way. The tramlines or networks operated as public transport ...

routes, only were still passable. The population was 700,000, but the number of inhabitants fell by almost 20%. The New Town Hall was designed by

and decorated with architectural decorations by

Georg Wrba Georg Wrba (3 January 1872 – 9 January 1939) was a German sculptor and graphic artist. He created some 3,000–4,000 works, including as a collaborator of the Zwinger workshop. Life Wrba was born in Munich in 1872, the son of a smith. His y ...

. After the city was taken by American soldiers from the 69th Infantry and 9th Armored Divisions, the historic building became the subject of particular interest: “Quickly drive to the town hall before they clean it up ��everything in there looks like

Madame Tussauds Madame Tussauds (, ) is a wax museum founded in 1835 by French wax sculptor Marie Tussaud in London, spawning similar museums in major cities around the world. While it used to be spelled as "Madame Tussaud's"; the apostrophe is no longer ...

Wax museum!”. Various historical Leipzig personalities of the time committed suicide in the building on 18 April 1945. In the New Town Hall one found the deputy mayor and city treasurer Ernst Kurt Lisso, his wife Renate Stephanie née Lübbert and daughter Regina "with a Red Cross armband" as well as the

mayor of Leipzig This is a list of mayors of Leipzig since 1778. Since 1877, their title is ''Oberbürgermeister'', rather than ''Bürgermeister''. *1778–1801: Carl Wilhelm Müller *1794–1813?: Christian Gottfried Hermann *1814–1830: Ludwig Ferdinand Weber ...

(1937 to 1945)

Alfred Freyberg Alfred may refer to: Arts and entertainment *''Alfred J. Kwak'', Dutch-German-Japanese anime television series * ''Alfred'' (Arne opera), a 1740 masque by Thomas Arne * ''Alfred'' (Dvořák), an 1870 opera by Antonín Dvořák *"Alfred (Interlu ...

, his wife and his 18-year-old “pretty ��daughter Magdalena” with a “Nazi bracelet” as well as the former mayor and Volkssturm battalion leader Walter Dönicke and several of his officers. The personalities were captured in photographs by

Robert Capa Robert Capa (born Endre Ernő Friedmann; October 22, 1913 – May 25, 1954) was a Hungarian-American war photography, war photographer and Photojournalism, photojournalist as well as the companion and professional partner of photographer Gerda T ...

Margaret Bourke-White Margaret Bourke-White (; June 14, 1904 – August 27, 1971), an American photographer and documentary photographer, became arguably best known as the first foreign photographer permitted to take pictures of Soviet industry under the Soviets' ...

and

Lee Miller Elizabeth "Lee" Miller, Lady Penrose (April 23, 1907 – July 21, 1977), was an American photographer and photojournalist. She was a fashion model in New York City in the 1920s before going to Paris, where she became a fashion and fine art ...

. All photographs were published except that of Leipzig Mayor Freyberg and his daughter, known for her beauty and her Nazi badge. Fotothek df roe-neg 0000146 003 Ornament der Ruine Kochs Hof.jpg, Total loss of Leipzig secular building: ruins of Koch's Hof. Burgomeister of Leipzig a suicide in his office together with wife and daughter as 69th Infantry Division and 9th... - NARA - 531270.tif, Office in the New Town Hall April 1945, deputy mayor and city treasurer Ernst Kurt Lisso with family. Fotothek df roe-neg 0002622 002 Blick vom Neuen Rathaus auf die Ruine der Trinitatiskirche.jpg, Total loss of Leipzig sacred building: View from the New Town Hall to the ruins of the Trinity Church, in 1954 the church ruins were blown up. The community received a building permit for a new church, which was then withdrawn by the SED government.Vgl. zu den

Goerdeler Monument

A monument was erected at the southwest tip of the New Town Hall for Mayor

, who served from 1930 to 1937. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was sentenced to death on 8 September 1944. The monument consists of a deep bell shaft with a diameter of . A bronze bell hangs in this. Around the shaft you can find quotes from letters, newspapers and writings by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler in chronological order.

Neo-neoclassicism from 1945

Leipzig South Cemetery

In 1948, architectural, neoclassical redesigns of the Leipzig South Cemetery ''(Südfriedhof)'' took place, including the creation of the honorary graves, in the main axis of which Walter Arnold created the sculpture of resistance fighters in the neoclassical style. The redesign extends over the entire avenue from the north gate to the chapel and ends in a large complex made of

.Peter H. Feist: ''Anmut und Appell''; Article regarding the 100th birthday of Walter Arnold in ''

Neues Deutschland ''Neues Deutschland'' (''nd''; en, New Germany, sometimes stylized in lowercase letters) is a left-wing German daily newspaper, headquarters, headquartered in Berlin. For 43 years it was the official party newspaper of the Socialist Unity Par ...

'' of 27 August 2009, in German Südfriedhof Leipzig - Flickr - cspannagel (2).jpg, Walter Arnold, “Widerstandskämpfer” (Resistance fighter) Leipzig Suedfriedhof Mahnmal.jpg, Granite complex Leipzig Suedfriedhof Denkmal.jpg, Walter Arnold, “Resistance Fighter”, detail

Messehof exhibition center

The Messehof exhibition center (in German: ''Messehaus Messehof'') at

15/Neumarkt 18 was built in 1949/1950 based on a design by Eberhard Werner (1911–1981). A “three-story,

-structured central risalit ” in the neoclassical style was built on Petersstrasse. The facade is clad with

Langensalza Bad Langensalza (; until 1956: Langensalza) is a spa town of 17,500 inhabitants in the Unstrut-Hainich district, Thuringia, central Germany. Geography Location Bad Langensalza is located in the Thuringian Basin, the fertile lowlands along t ...

travertine and the wall cladding in the hall is clad with

. The so-called mushroom column is decorated with relief-like depictions of working people by

Alfred Thiele Alfred Thiele (21 September 1886 – 19 September 1957) was a German sculptor, and medallist. Life Provenance and training Alfred Thiele was born in Leipzig. Carl Thiele (1859-1929), his father, was a book dealer. Alfred's initial tra ...

. Fotothek df roe-neg 0006078 002 Außenansicht des Messehofs.jpg, Daytime view of the Messehof Leipzig Messehofpassage, Ausschnitt.jpg, “Mushroom Column” with depictions of working people by

Fotothek df roe-neg 0006063 024 Nachtansicht des Messehofs.jpg, Night view of the Messehof

Stalinist Architecture from 1951

In the spirit of the cultural program at the time, construction was carried out since 1951 in accordance with "

The Sixteen Principles of Urban Design ''Die Sechzehn Grundsätze des Städtebaus'', or ''The Sixteen Principles of Urban Design'', were from 1950 until 1955 the primary model for urban planning in the GDR. One of the authors was Edmund Collein, a Bauhaus trained architect, who later be ...

” in an architectural style that continued the “national cultural heritage”. The result was an architectural style of socialist neoclassicism. Representatives of the traditional construction method were: * Adam Buchner: Housing construction on Grünewaldstrasse/Brüderstrasse/Windmühlenstrasse/Bayrischer Platz and Hermann-Duncker-Strasse.Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 63 ''Windmühlenstraße/Bayrischer Platz'', Nr. 119 ''Wohngebiet, Dr.-Hermann-Duncker-Str.'' * Heinz AuspurgSchulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 119 ''Wohngebiet, Dr.-Hermann-Duncker-Str.'', Nr. 123 ''Wohnungsbau, Friedr.-Ludw.-Jahn-Allee'', p. 11. and Walter Lucas:Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 123 ''Wohnungsbau, Friedr.-Ludw.-Jahn-Allee'', Nr. 207 ''

Kitzscher Kitzscher () is a town in the Leipzig district, in Saxony, Germany. Geography Kitzscher is situated in the Leipziger Tieflandsbucht, at the perimeter of the Central Saxon Hills. The town is situated 6 km northeast of Borna, and 24 ...

Reihenhaussiedlung, 1933–1936 n. Entw. v. W. Lucas f. 2gesch. Wohnhäuser m. 695 Wohnungen'', p. 11. Housing construction on Hermann-Duncker-Strasse and Ranstädter Steinweg. * Martin Weber:Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 75 ''Feierabend- und Pflegeheim Martin Andersen Nexö, Stötteritzer Str. 26. 1958–1960. Erweiterung einer Anlage aus den 30er Jahren (Arch. Bornmüller)'', Nr. 108 ''Zentraler Kulturpark Clara Zetkin, Freilichtbühne 1955, Arch. M. Weber, Freilufttheater mit 2000 Plätzen in einfachen traditionellen Formen'', p. 11. Nexö old people's and nursing home at Stötteritzer Strasse 26 from the years 1958–1960 as an extension of a facility from the 1930s (arch. Bornmüller). In 1955, Weber created the open-air stage in the central Clara Zetkin Cultural Park for an open-air theater with 2,000 seats in “simple traditional forms”. * Rudolf Rohrer: Building at Roßplatz 1 of 13 from 1953 to 1956 with architectural decorations by Rudolf Oelzner and Alfred Thiele. * Wolfgang Geisler,Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 65 '' Studentenwohnheim'', Nr. 66 ''Anatomisches Institut der KMU'', Nr. 68 ''Carl-Ludwig-Institut für Physiologie der KMU'', Nr. 69 ''Physikalisches Institut der KMU'', p. 11. Hans Pape and Heinz Rauschenbach:Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, Nr. 65 '' Studentenwohnheim'', Nr. 66 ''Anatomisches Institut der KMU'', Nr. 67 ''Chemische Institute der KMU'', Nr. 89 ''Wohnkomplex J.R.Becher, Lößnig''. Geisler, Pape and Rauschenbach designed numerous buildings for research and teaching of the

(at that time named ''Karl-Marx-Universität (KMU)''). These include a student dormitory, the Anatomical Institute of the KMU, the

Carl Ludwig Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig (; 29 December 1816 – 23 April 1895) was a German physician and physiologist. His work as both a researcher and teacher had a major influence on the understanding, methods and apparatus used in almost all branche ...

Institute of Physiology of the KMU, the Physical Institute of the KMU and the Chemical Institute of the KMU. *

Hanns Hopp Hanns Hopp (9 February 1890 – 21 February 1971) was a German architect. Hopp was born in Lübeck and studied at the University of Karlsruhe and the Technical University of Munich. From 1918 he was employed as an architect for the local autho ...

and Kunz Nierade . Research and teaching buildings, including the ''Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur'' (German University of Physical Culture - DHfK) and cultural buildings, including the

Leipzig Opera The Leipzig Opera (in German: ) is an opera house and opera company located at the Augustusplatz and the Inner City Ring Road at its east side in Leipzig's district Mitte, Germany. History Performances of opera in Leipzig trace back to Singsp ...

House . * Karl Souradny: Theatre building (Schauspielhaus) Bosestraße 1 / Gottschedstrasse, built from 1955 to 1956. The entrance area shows a portico-like porch with numerous sculptural architectural decorations.

Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur (German University of Physical Culture) and Opera House

and Kunz Nierade created research and teaching buildings as well as cultural buildings with elaborately designed sandstone facades: * The ''Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur'' (German University of Physical Culture - DHfK) was completed from 1951 to 1957 based on designs by the architects Hanns Hopp and Kunz Nierade in socialist neoclassicism (“in traditional building forms”). The facades were clad with

. The forecourt was designed with bronze sculptures by Rudolf Oelzner and the plastic ''Staffelläufer'' (Relay runners) by Senta Baldamus. * The

House was built from 1959 to 1960 based on designs by Kunz Nierade and Kurt Hemmerling. Here, too, sandstone was used extensively and extensively - the “sandstone facades” were “structured in flat relief”. It is considered a building of transition: “The project planning began at a time when the period in which the artistic side of architecture was overemphasized and strived for with historicizing forms was coming to an end... In terms of design, the new opera house is as a transitional work from the architecture of national building traditions to a new, functionally determined attitude."Hocquél, p. 205, ''Nr. 177 Opernhaus''. Hanns Hopp saw the interior design as a "first step towards socialist architecture." The building refers to the "late classicism of the previous building “.Weinkauf/Schneider, p. 170. On the gable of the west facade there are sculptural representations of the muses

Clio In Greek mythology, Clio ( , ; el, Κλειώ), also spelled Kleio, is the muse of history, or in a few mythological accounts, the muse of lyre playing. Etymology Clio's name is etymologically derived from the Greek root κλέω/κλεί� ...

Calliope In Greek mythology, Calliope ( ; grc, Καλλιόπη, Kalliópē, beautiful-voiced) is the Muse who presides over eloquence and epic poetry; so called from the ecstatic harmony of her voice. Hesiod and Ovid called her the "Chief of all Muses ...

Melpomene In Greek mythology, Melpomene (; grc, Μελπομένη, Melpoménē, to sing' or 'the one that is melodious), initially the muse of chorus, eventually became the muse of tragedy, and is now best known in that association. Etymology Mel ...

and

Terpsichore In Greek mythology, Terpsichore (; grc-gre, Τερψιχόρη, "delight in dancing") is one of the nine Muses and goddess of dance and chorus. She lends her name to the word "terpsichorean" which means "of or relating to dance". Appearanc ...

. These sculptures come from the previous building, were salvaged during demolition and integrated into the new building.

Hugo Hagen Hugo Hagen (1818 – 14 April 1871, Berlin) was a German sculptor. Life He was a student of Ludwig Wilhelm Wichmann. From 1842 to 1857, he was an assistant in the studios of Christian Daniel Rauch, where he contributed to creating the statue ...

created the gable panel above the vestibule of the New Theater building, depicting the poetry that other arts delight in. Hagen also created the large

acroterion An acroterion, acroterium, or akroteria is an architectural ornament placed on a flat pedestal called the ''acroter'' or plinth, and mounted at the apex or corner of the pediment of a building in the classical style. An acroterion placed at th ...

Apollo, Clio and Calliope. Eduard Lürssen created three pairs of winged Victorias and metopes on the back wall of the vestibule, representing the muses

Polyhymnia Polyhymnia (; el, Πολυύμνια, lit=the one of many hymns), alternatively Polymnia (Πολύμνια), was, in Greek mythology, the Muse of sacred poetry, sacred hymn, dance and eloquence, as well as agriculture and pantomime. Etymology ...

Erato In Greek mythology, Erato (; grc, Ἐρατώ) is one of the Greek Muses, which were inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. The name would mean "desired" or "lovely", if derived from the same root as Eros, as Apollonius ...

, Terpsichore,

Urania Urania ( ; grc, , Ouranía; modern Greek shortened name ''Ránia''; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy, and in later times, of Christian poetry. Urania is the goddess of astronomy and stars, h ...

and

Euterpe Euterpe (; el, Εὐτέρπη, lit=rejoicing well' or 'delight , from grc, εὖ, eû, well + el, τέρπειν, térpein, to please) was one of the Muses in Greek mythology, presiding over music. In late Classical times, she was named muse ...

, each accompanied by two geniuses. On the theater's “classically simple gable roof” there are four gilded peace doves, which symbolically place the building under the theme of peace”. Supraportes with bas-reliefs show theater symbols and state emblems. Bundesarchiv Bild 183-D1021-0091-005, Leipzig, Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur.jpg, Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur (German University of Physical Culture) Oper Leipzig - 2013 - 1.JPG,

House, front view

New residential construction

Heinz Auspurg, Walter Lucas and Adam Buchner were responsible for the new residential building. From 1950 to 1951, the building complex on Ranstädter Steinweg was completed according to designs by the architects Heinz Auspurg (urban development) and Walter Lucas (project) in socialist neoclassicism (“tradition-bound forms”).

created the numerous

oriel window An oriel window is a form of bay window which protrudes from the main wall of a building but does not reach to the ground. Supported by corbels, brackets, or similar cantilevers, an oriel window is most commonly found projecting from an upper ...

reliefs. From 1953 to 1956, the building complex on Hermann -Duncker Street in the Lindenau district of Leipzig built in socialist neoclassicism (“trad. Forms”Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, p. 69, Nr. 119 ''Wohngebiet, Dr.-Hermann-Duncker-Str.'') was completed. It was the first new residential development area after 1945 in the working-class district of western Leipzig. It was built on former gardens and arable land as well as on formerly rural and agricultural areas. It was part of a new housing program in Leipzig. A new district was created around Dunckerstrasse in Leipzig-Lindenau. Apartment units with 1 to 4 rooms with kitchens and bathrooms, shops, shopping streets, a post office, a laundry and a paddling pool for children were created. From 1952 to 1954, the building complex on Gruenewaldstrasse, Brüderstrasse and Windmühlenstrasse was completed according to designs by the architect Adam Buchner in socialist neoclassicism (“in trad. arch. forms”Schulz/Müller/Schrödl, p. 47, Nr. 63 ''Windmühlenstraße/Bayrischer Platz.''). Buildings with “plastered facades with

porphyry __NOTOC__ Porphyry (; el, Πορφύριος, links=no, ''Porphyrios'' "purple-clad") may refer to: * Porphyry (geology), an igneous rock with large crystals in a fine-grained matrix and important Roman building material * Porphyritic, the gene ...

structure” were created. Tram (3667382937).jpg, Grünewaldstrasse, Brüderstrasse and Windmühlenstrasse Leipzig Mietshaus Gruenewaldstrasse 2009 02 22.jpg, Grünewaldstrasse Respeite a sinalização (3668175866), Ausschnitt (Windmühlenstraße in Leipzig).jpg, Windmühlenstrasse

Ringbebauung (Ring development)

Rudolf Rohrer was responsible for the representative buildings. From 1953 to 1956, a seven- to nine-story, curved building complex based on Rohrer's designs was built at Roßplatz 1-13 at the inner city ring road A “plastered building with travertine structure” was created. The collective of architects around Rudolf Rohrer designed the building ensemble with echoes of Leipzig's building tradition. These included oriel windows extending over several floors, as they had shaped the image of the bourgeois house in the Baroque period, and arcades, which were typical in the Renaissance and Classicism. In the middle section is the two-story ring café flanked like a tower with “facades based on the Leipzig Baroque tradition.” It is a “plastered building with travertine structure.” The sculptural decoration comes from Rudolf Oelzner and Alfred Thiele. The Ring Café shows a floor-high arched window gallery that is reminiscent of a Baroque orangery and represents a “return to the Baroque”. Ringcafé2.JPG, Ring Café, exterior view of the entrance to the west wing (2014) Ringcafé3.JPG, Ring-Café, arcade at Roßplatz (2014) Ringcafé4.JPG, Ring-Café, interior view of the west wing stairwell (2014)

University buildings

The buildings for the

were designed by the architects Wolfgang Geisler, Hans Pape and Heinz Rauschenbach : * The anatomical institute at Liebigstrasse 13 in Leipzig was built between 1951 and 1956 based on designs by the architects Wolfgang Geisler and Heinz Rauschenbach. On the east side of the main building there are eight portrait medallions created by the Leipzig sculptor Alfred Thiele and depicting doctors. Above the entrances to the lecture hall there are two stone tablets that proclaim the principles of anatomy. Two frescoes in the large lecture hall were created by Schubert and Max Gerhard Uhlig. A sculpture of the anatomist Wilhelm His by the

artist Weidanz also decorates the building.Hocquél, p. 214, ''Nr. 188 Herderinstitut, Lumumbastraße 4''. * The

Herder A herder is a pastoral worker responsible for the care and management of a herd or flock of domestic animals, usually on open pasture. It is particularly associated with nomadic or transhumant management of stock, or with common land grazin ...

Institute at Lumumbastrasse 4 was built from 1952 to 1954 for the then Workers' and Farmers' Faculty. It is a three or four-story plastered building with structures in red

porphyry tuff. The main entrance is designed in “historicizing forms”. Between the windows are 15 tall terracotta reliefs by Gudrun Richter-Thiele. * The student dormitory, Nürnberger Str. 48, was designed by the architects Wolfgang Geisler and Heinz Rauschenbach between 1954 and 1956. The five-story corner building has a hipped roof and plastered facades with coupled windows. Vertically emphasized

ashlar Ashlar () is finely dressed (cut, worked) stone, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared, or a structure built from such stones. Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, generally rectangular cuboid, mentioned by Vitr ...

structure decorates the facade. It was the first new dormitory building in the

GDR East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until German reunification, its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In t ...

for foreign students at Leipzig University. * Hans Pape built the building for the ''Leipzig Hochschule für Bauwesen'' (today part of

Leipzig University of Applied Sciences The Leipzig University of Applied Sciences, in German the Hochschule für Technik, Wirtschaft und Kultur (HTWK), is a Fachhochschule in Leipzig, in the Saxony Saxony (german: Sachsen ; Upper Saxon: ''Saggsn''; hsb, Sakska), officially th ...

) at Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 132 from 1958 to 1960 with a facade traditionally clad in sandstone. The sandstone relief was created by the sculptor

Waldemar Grzimek Waldemar Grzimek (December 5, 1918 – May 26, 1984) was a German sculptor. Grzimek was born in Rastenburg, East Prussia (now Kętrzyn, Warmia-Masuria) to a Silesian family, which moved to Berlin in 1925 when Grzimek's father Günther Grzimek ...

, the mosaic by Georg Eichhorn. Anatomie-Leipzig.jpg, Anatomic institute, lecture hall HTWK Leipzig Erweiterungsbau.jpg, Hochschule für Bauwesen

Sports and cultural buildings

Karl Souradny was responsible for numerous sports and cultural buildings of that time in Leipzig: * Schauspielhaus (Theater House) Bosestrasse 1: The theater building on the corner of Dittrichring 19 and Gottschedstrasse 8, built from 1955 to 1956, was designed according to designs by the Leipzig architects Karl Souradny, Rolf Brummer and Franz Herbst using “ neoclassical architectural elements”. The building is five storeys and has a cladding made of sandstone slabs on the two lower floors. The entrance area on Bosestrasse shows a portico-like porch with numerous sculptural architectural decorations that indicate the function of the building. The auditorium for 900 spectators was covered with wall paneling made of French walnut. The stage house is tall. In the main foyer there is a bust of

Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (, ; 22 January 1729 – 15 February 1781) was a philosopher, dramatist, publicist and art critic, and a representative of the Enlightenment era. His plays and theoretical writings substantially influenced the developm ...

and a memorial plaque for

Friederike Caroline Neuber Friederike Caroline Neuber, née Friederike Caroline Weissenborn, also known as Friedericke Karoline Neuber, Frederika Neuber, Karoline Neuber, Carolina Neuber, Frau Neuber, and ''Die Neuberin'' (9 March 1697 – 30 November 1760), was a German ...

, which are intended to commemorate Leipzig's important theater traditions. * The ''Sportforum'' (sports forum) was also built under the direction of Karl Souradny. The forecourt of the Leipzig Sports Forum was designed with sculptures by Rudolf Oelzner. Leipzig Schauspielhaus 1.jpg, Schauspielhaus, view from Gottschedstrasse Leipzig Schwimmstadion Nordtribuene Kassenhalle2.JPG, Leipzig Sportforum: Swimming stadium (Jahnallee)

Sculptors of the stalinist architecture period

A sculptor of that period in Leipzig was the sculptor

. His works include the column relief on the so-called ''Pilzsäule'' (mushroom column) in the Messehaus am Markt Arcade, the relief work on Roßplatz, the sandstone portrait medallions of important physicians on the main building of the Anatomical Institute at Leipzig University and the oriel window reliefs on the buildings on Ranstädter Steinweg. Rudolf Oelzner created full-length sculptures on Roßplatz, on the forecourt of the ''Deutsche Hochschule für Körperkultur'' (German University of Physical Culture - DHfK) with bronze sculptures and the large sculptures on the forecourt of the Leipzig Central Stadium. Senta Baldamus created the sculpture ''Staffelläufer'' (Relay Runners), bronze (1975), Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Allee, forecourt of the Sports Science Faculty of the University of Leipzig (formerly the Sports Medicine Institute of the German University for Physical Culture). Ringbebauung Igel.jpg, Roßplatz sculptures by Rudolf Oelzner Oelzner Speerwerfer.jpg, Bronze sculpture by Rudolf Oelzner in front of DHfK, ''Speerwerfer'' (javelin thrower) DHfK Leipzig Staffelläufer 001.JPG, Plastic group ''Staffelläufer'' (Relay runners) by Senta Baldamus in front of DHfK Diskuswerfer-Siegerehrung.jpg, Sportforum, forecourt design with sculptures by Rudolf Oelzner

Pictorial architecture (from the mid-1960s)

In the second half of the 1960s,

Walter Ulbricht Walter Ernst Paul Ulbricht (; 30 June 18931 August 1973) was a German communist politician. Ulbricht played a leading role in the creation of the Weimar-era Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and later (after spending the years of Nazi rule in ...

initiated the GDR-specific phase of “image symbol architecture” in the style of

Socialist Realism Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II. Socialist realism is ch ...

with striking figural buildings. Representatives of that time were: * Architects

Hermann Henselmann Hermann Henselmann (3 February 1905 – 19 January 1995) was a German architect most famous for his buildings constructed in East Germany during the 1950s and 1960s. Early years Henselmann was born in Roßla and studied at the Kunstgewerbesc ...

, Horst Siegel and Helmut Ullmann: High-rise building of the Karl Marx University (1968/1972) and the main building of the Karl Marx University (1968/1974), which was demolished in 2005. * Sculptors Frank Ruddigkeit, Klaus Schwabe, Rolf Kuhrt and

Werner Tübke Werner Tübke (30 July 1929 in Schönebeck, Germany – 27 May 2004 in Leipzig, Germany) was a German painter, best known for his monumental '' Peasants' War Panorama'' located in Bad Frankenhausen. Associated with the Leipzig School, he is ...

, who decorated the main building of the Karl Marx University, which was demolished in 2005 , with sculptures and murals. * Architects Horst Krantz, Hans Großmann and Klaus Burtzik: ''Leipzig Information'' (Information Center of the City of Leipzig) (1969) * Architects

Rudolf Skoda Felix Rudolf Skoda (26 September 1931 – 2 April 2015) was a German architect and academic teacher. He was chief architect for the Neue Gewandhaus in Leipzig. Life Born in Leipzig, Skoda was the son of the painter and graphic artist Felix S ...

, Eberhard Göschel, Volker Sieg and Winfried Sziegoleit: New

(1977/1981)

University high-rise

The

City-Hochhaus Leipzig City-Hochhaus is 36-story skyscraper in Leipzig, Germany. At , it is the tallest multistory building in Leipzig and is located proximately of the eastern part of the inner city ring road in Leipzig's district Mitte. The tower was designed by a ...

is a strikingly figurative building and was built as university high-rise from 1968 to 1972. The dominant high-rise has the shape of an open book: The main building of the Karl Marx University, which was demolished in 2005 , was built between 1968 and 1974 and was the “political and intellectual and cultural center of the city” during the GDR era: The seminar building on Universitätsstrasse remains today from the “GDR building from the 1960s/1970s”. The seminar building is a five-story, 2-Mp reinforced concrete frame structure with 22 lecture halls of various sizes. In 1973, the bronze relief ''Leninism, Marxism of Our Time'', created by the artists Frank Ruddigkeit, Klaus Schwabe and Rolf Kuhrt in the style of

socialist realism Socialist realism is a style of idealized realistic art that was developed in the Soviet Union and was the official style in that country between 1932 and 1988, as well as in other socialist countries after World War II. Socialist realism is ch ...

, was installed. The main building of the university thus became a socialist building, above whose entrance the bronze relief ''Aufbruch'' (Awakening) with

Karl Marx Karl Heinrich Marx (; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and socialist revolutionary. His best-known titles are the 1848 ...

's head was placed.

created an almost wide mural for the foyer on the theme of the working class and the intelligentsia. In the ground floor foyer there was an almost tall sandstone epitaph for the rector Caspar Borner, created around 1547 by Paul Speck, which was inserted into the wall. The main building of the former Karl Marx University was demolished in 2007. Bundesarchiv Bild 183-P0307-001, Leipzig, Universitätshochhaus.jpg, Main building of the former

University Leipzig and today's City-Hochhaus, then university high-rise DDR - panoramio.jpg, Bronze relief ''Aufbruch'' (Awakening), formerly above the entrance to Karl Marx University Bundesarchiv Bild 183-P0421-016, Leipzig, Universität, Verwaltungsgebäude.jpg, University foyer, wide mural by

: ''Working class and intelligentsia''

Swimming hall, Mainzer Strasse 4

The swimming hall at Mainzer Strasse 4 in Leipzig is a copy of the Dresden swimming hall on Freiberger Strasse, which was built according to designs by VEB Projektierung Sport Buildings Leipzig (H. Konrad, G. Nichtitz, E. Kaltenbrunn). The hall has a downward curved ceiling. The concave, curved prestressed concrete roof was constructed as a hanging

shell structure Shell may refer to: Architecture and design * Shell (structure), a thin structure ** Concrete shell, a thin shell of concrete, usually with no interior columns or exterior buttresses ** Thin-shell structure Science Biology * Seashell, a hard ...

with prestressing steel that supports prefabricated reinforced concrete panels. The building was built “when an astonishing willingness to experiment was allowed in architecture in the GDR. This pictorial architecture as a built landscape fits entirely into the trend of global post-war modernism between

Brasília Brasília (; ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located at the top of the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitsche ...

and

... There is also a copy of the Dresden original on the grounds of the DHfK Leipzig (near the Sportforum)..."''Schwimm- und Sprunghalle Freiberger Platz: Transparenz, Leichtigkeit und Schwung – aber wo ist der Platz?''
auf www.das-neue-dresden.de

Leipzig information center

In 1969, the architects Horst Krantz, Hans Großmann and Klaus Burtzik built the Leipzig City Information Center (Leipzig Information) with tourist offers, an exhibition area and a conference area. The structure was a two-story building whose roof shape was characterized by “steel trusses staggered like a fan”. The facade was almost completely glazed. On the ground floor there was a mocha bar and a ticket hall with a decorative copper wall design by Bruno Kubas. On the upper floor there was a film hall, as well as exhibition and conference rooms. In front of the building there was a large open space, framed by three pavilions for exhibition purposes on the east side and smaller green spaces and water features on the west side. The three sculptural elements in the fountains, consisting of overlapping basic geometric shapes, were created by

Harry Müller Harry Müller (25 September 1930 – 19 April 2020) was a German sculptor. Biography Müller first studied in Leipzig in 1951, and then was a student of Waldemar Grzimek at the Weißensee Academy of Art Berlin from 1953 to 1960. He developed hi ...

in 1972. Today they are on

Richard-Wagner-Platz Richard Wagner Platz (formerly: ''Wilhelmplatz'') is in Berlin's Charlottenburg district of Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Today, the former market place is mainly perceived as a traffic junction, only a small segment of the square towards ''Schuste ...

. The ceramic-coated column created by the Leipzig sculptor Herbert Viecenz, which depicted the history of Leipzig, was destroyed during the demolition work (1999) on the information center.

New Gewandhaus

The New

was created from 1977 to 1981 by a collective led by

, which included the architects Eberhard Göschel, Volker Sieg and Winfried Sziegoleit. Rudolf Skoda created a building with a large glass front. The Sighard Gilles ceiling painting can be clearly seen through the glass facade.Weinkauf/Schneider, pp. 180f. From 1980 to 1981, Sighard Gille painted the large and tall ceiling painting ''Song of Life'', which was inspired by Gustav Mahler's

Lied von der Erde ''Das Lied von der Erde'' ("The Song of the Earth") is an orchestral song cycle for two voices and orchestra written by Gustav Mahler between 1908 and 1909. Described as a symphony when published, it comprises six songs for two singers who alt ...

. It is located on the site of a wall frieze that was created by the painter Wolfgang Peuker, but was boarded up and painted over with Sighard Gilles' ceiling painting. In the dark, the Sighard Gilles ceiling painting in the foyer area acts as an interesting “light architectural effect” in the

space. The entrance to the hall is through a passage that expands into a small atrium where there is a fountain sculpture by Horst Georg Skorupa. This sculpture is intended to be reminiscent of the former Leipzig

alta cappella An alta cappella or alta musica (Italian), haute musique (French) or just alta was a kind of town wind band found throughout continental Europe from the thirteenth to the eighteenth centuries, which typically consisted of shawms and slide trumpets ...

. Also in the passage is the marble relief Orpheus, made by Johannes Hartmann in 1904 for the

St. Louis World's Fair The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $15 milli ...

. In the foyer of the smaller hall there is also a bronze portrait of the former Gewandhaus conductor and composer

Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), born and widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period. Mendelssohn's compositions include sym ...

, created by

Jo Jastram Joachim Jastram (4 September 1928 – 7 January 2011) was a German sculptor. Life Early years Jo Jastram was born in Rostock close to Germany's Baltic Sea, Baltic Sea (''East Sea / Ostsee'') coast. His father was a teacher. He attended the S ...

. The

Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven (baptised 17 December 177026 March 1827) was a German composer and pianist. Beethoven remains one of the most admired composers in the history of Western music; his works rank amongst the most performed of the classic ...

sculpture by

is located in the ground floor foyer of the small hall. In the foyer of the second floor, which was built to surround the hall, is the gallery of the New Gewandhaus with paintings by Gudrun Brüne,

Dietrich Burger Dietrich Burger (born 14 August 1935) is a German painter and graphic artist. Life Born in Bad Frankenhausen, Burger studied at the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig under Bernhard Heisig from 1953 to 1958. From 1964, he taught ther ...

, Ulrich Hachulla, Heidrun Hegewald, Susanne Kandt-Horn,

Harald Metzkes Harald Metzkes (born 23 January 1929) is a German painter and graphic artist. Life Harald Metzkes was born and grew up in Bautzen, a long-established mid-sized town in eastern Saxony. His father was a doctor. In 1945 he undertook war service, ...

Ronald Paris Ronald Paris (12 August 1933 – 17 September 2021) was a German painter and graphic artist. Life Provenance and education Ronald Paris was born in Sondershausen, a small town in central Germany with a long tradition as an army town. His fat ...

Nuria Quevedo Nuria Quevedo Teixidó (born 18 March 1938) is a Spanish painter and graphic artist, affiliated with the Communist Party, who has lived in Berlin since age 15. Biography Nuria Quevedo's father, José Quevedo Fernández, was an aviator of the Spa ...

Arno Rink Arno Rink (26 September 1940 – 5 September 2017) was a German painter. He was accepted to the Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst Leipzig (HGB) in 1962 and studied under Werner Tübke, Hans Mayer-Foreyt and Harry Blume. He is associated with th ...

Willi Sitte Willi Sitte (28 February 1921 – 8 June 2013) was a German painter who was for a long time the president of the East German association of visual artists. References * Wolfgang Hütt: ''Willi Sitte''. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 1976. *Robert R ...

, Volker Stelzmann,

Walter Womacka Walter Womacka (22 December 1925 – 18 September 2010) was a German Socialist Realist artist. His work was pioneering early German Democratic Republic (GDR) aesthetics. Biography Walter Womacka was born on 22 December 1925 in Horní Jiře ...

Heinz Zander Heinz Zander (born 2 October 1939) is a German painter, graphic artist, illustrator and writer. Zander belongs to the Leipzig School. His fields of work are painting (oil), drawing, graphics and illustration. He is also active as a writer and ...

and Frank Ruddigkeit.

MM Signet

Today you can see the double “M” for the designation Muster-Messe. The tall steel skeleton structure is covered with aluminum sheet. The design for the signets, erected in 1965, came from the Leipzig architects Manfred Weigend and Martin Lehmann (born 1934).

Béton

Old Church of St. Trinitatis

A work in

béton brut ''Béton brut'' () is a French term that translates in English to “raw concrete”. The term is used to describe concrete that is left unfinished after being cast, displaying the patterns and seams imprinted on it by the formwork.''Exposed concr ...

was the Church of St. Trinitatis (Propsteikirche) at Emil-Fuchs-Strasse 5-7, which was built from 1978 to 1982 based on designs by a collective from the ''Bauakademie der DDR'' (GDR Building Academy) under the direction of Udo Schultz. The facade consisted of a “concrete box grid”.Weinkauf/Schneider, 2011, p. 184. A high surrounding parapet made of dark slate was built above the concrete honeycomb windows as the upper building finish. The bell tower was tall and has no

natural stone This is a geographical list of natural stone used for decorative purposes in construction and monumental sculpture produced in various countries. The dimension-stone industry classifies stone based on appearance and hardness as either "granit ...

cladding. There were two steel pylons on the north and south facades, which have led over the roof. In the

pylon Pylon may refer to: Structures and boundaries * Pylon (architecture), the gateway to the inner part of an Ancient Egyptian temple or Christian cathedral * Pylon, a support tower structure for suspension bridges or highways * Pylon, an orange mar ...

s on the north side, the copper doors created by Achim Kühn (* 1942) stood under the theme of the ''Path of Faith''. In 2018, the church has been demolished.

Bird free flight hall in Leipzig Zoo

In 1969, Reiner Grube built a bird-free flight hall in

, now a listed building, consisting of a gable wall made of concrete blocks with thermal glazing. The glass roof rises above a free-standing steel structure made of box girders on V-supports. A photograph shows the gable wall made of concrete blocks with the following description:

Prefabricated buildings

Under Böhme's leadership, the 5 MP panel construction was developed for Leipzig. From 1963 to 1966, 4-story prefabricated buildings with a hipped roof were initially built in the Leipzig-Sellerhausen WK. From 1966, Erich Böhme, together with Eduard Regula and Martin Winkler, built the 8-10-story prefabricated buildings on Leipzig's Johannisplatz. From 1968 to 1971, Erich Böhme developed the “Leipzig” variant of the apartment type P2/11 together with Thomas Oechelhäuser. This created the residential complex on ''Straße des 18. Oktober'' with many architectural details:

s with colored glass

parapet A parapet is a barrier that is an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof, terrace, balcony, walkway or other structure. The word comes ultimately from the Italian ''parapetto'' (''parare'' 'to cover/defend' and ''petto'' 'chest/breast'). ...

ceramic A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelai ...

mosaic A mosaic is a pattern or image made of small regular or irregular pieces of colored stone, glass or ceramic, held in place by plaster/mortar, and covering a surface. Mosaics are often used as floor and wall decoration, and were particularly pop ...

s, concrete structures on the gable, concrete form elements in front of distribution corridors. The “Leipzig” variant of the apartment type P2/11 was not only used in 1968/1971 for the residential houses on the ''Straße des 18. Oktober'' in Leipzig. The “Leipzig” variant of the apartment type P2/11 was also used in the “

Johannes R. Becher Johannes Robert Becher (, 22 May 1891 – 11 October 1958) was a German politician, novelist, and poet. He was affiliated with the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) before World War II. At one time, he was part of the literary avant-garde, writin ...

” residential complex in Leipzig-Lößnig in 1971. From 1971 to 1975, the Lößnig development area was built east of Zwickauer Strasse with 3,082 apartments in exclusively eleven-story apartment blocks. To round off the Astoria complex on the northern edge of Leipzig city center, 10-story residential buildings of the central aisle type in 5 MP transverse wall construction with 275 residential units for boarding school use were built on the east side of Gerberstrasse with 320 residential units. The residential buildings at Gerberstrasse 16 / Kurt-Schumacher-Strasse show a facade structure using vertically offset concrete structural elements by

International Style

„Hotel Deutschland“

The ''Hotel Deutschland'' (later renamed ''Interhotel am Ring'') on Karl-Marx-Platz was built between 1963 and 1965 by Helmut Ullmann (1930–1991) and Wolfgang Scheibe (1928–2006) based on designs by the architect Manfred Böhme and was the largest of the three newly built Leipzig hotels. It consisted of a flat wing in the form of a reinforced concrete framing and a six-story ward block in 5 MP transverse wall construction. It had a horizontal facade structure and

s with colored ceramic sculptures. The visual artistic design came from

Gerhard Eichhorn Gerhard Eichhorn (3 May 1927 – 15 December 2015) was a German graphic artist, painter and draughtsman. Life Born in Judenbach, Eichhorn attended the in Sonneberg in 1942/43 and from 1945 to 1947, graduating as a ceramic modeller. From 1950 ...

(1927–2015). The flat wing along Grimmaischer Steinweg was demolished at the end of the 1990s as part of the renovation and modernization of the house. Today the hotel is called ''Radisson Blu Hotel Leipzig'' and belongs to the “

Radisson Blu Radisson Blu is an international chain of hotels operated by Radisson Hotels. With roots dating back to the 1960s, the Radisson Blu brand name came into existence in 2009 with a rebranding from Radisson SAS. Its hotels are found in major cities, ...

” hotel chain of the same name.

Messehaus am Markt and Guesthouse of the GDR government

The ''Messehaus am Markt'',

16, was also built in 1961/1963 based on designs by Frieder Gebhardt. The building is a synthesis of modernity and monument protection: “modern construction tasks

ad to Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service. Advertising aims to put a product or service in the spotlight in hopes of drawing it attention from consumers. It is typically used to promote a ...

be taken into account with monument preservation concerns, such as those arising from the proximity of the

old town hall Old or OLD may refer to: Places *Old, Baranya, Hungary *Old, Northamptonshire, England *Old Street station, a railway and tube station in London (station code OLD) *OLD, IATA code for Old Town Municipal Airport and Seaplane Base, Old Town, Mai ...

and the ''Königshaus'' (Royal house) ..with the formation of arcades in the entrance area ..were also “Characteristic Leipzig building traditions have been incorporated”. In the entrance hall there is a natural stone relief by Hanna Studnitzka and Elfried Ducke on the topic “Leipzig trade fair events yesterday and today”. The guest house of the

Council of Ministers of East Germany The Council of Ministers (German: ''Ministerrat der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik'') was the cabinet and executive branch of the German Democratic Republic from November 1950 until the country was reunified on 3 October 1990.Starcevi, Nesha ( ...

in Leipzig was built between 1967 and 1969 in the International Modernist style based on designs by the architect collective Fritz Gebhardt or Frieder Gebhardt in the Leipzig borough ''Musikviertel''. The house was one of the most representative buildings in the city of Leipzig. Guests included

Erich Honecker Erich Ernst Paul Honecker (; 25 August 1912 – 29 May 1994) was a German communist politician who led the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) from 1971 until shortly before the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. He held the post ...

Erich Mielke Erich Fritz Emil Mielke (; 28 December 1907 – 21 May 2000) was a German communist official who served as head of the East German Ministry for State Security (''Ministerium für Staatsicherheit'' – MfS), better known as the Stasi, from 1957 un ...

and

Franz Josef Strauß Franz Josef Strauss ( ; 6 September 1915 – 3 October 1988) was a German politician. He was the long-time chairman of the Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) from 1961 until 1988, member of the federal cabinet in different positions between ...

. The furnishings were just as elaborate as those in the GDR government's guest house next to Schönhausen Palace in

Pankow Pankow () is the most populous and the second-largest borough by area of Berlin. In Berlin's 2001 administrative reform, it was merged with the former boroughs of Prenzlauer Berg and Weißensee; the resulting borough retained the name Pankow. ...

. The wall relief by

Bernhard Heisig Bernhard Heisig (31 March 1925 – 10 June 2011) was a German painter and graphic artist. Long-time director of the Leipzig Academy (Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst; 1961–64, 1976–87) and a leading figure in East Germany's Leipzig School ...

in the foyer is well known. Gebhardt also provided the designs for the construction of the ''Messehaus am Markt'' (Trade fair building on the

(1961–1963), the renovation of the

(1965) and the construction of the

Wintergartenhochhaus The Wintergartenhochhaus is a 32-story high-rise building in Leipzig-Mitte, subdivision Ostvorstadt. The residential building was built from 1970 to 1972 as ''Wohnhochhaus Wintergartenstraße'' (residential high-rise on Wintergartenstrasse) and i ...

(1970–1972).

Interhotel Merkur

An example of the

International Style International style may refer to: * International Style (architecture), the early 20th century modern movement in architecture *International style (art), the International Gothic style in medieval art *International Style (dancing), a term used in ...

in Leipzig” is the Interhotel Merkur. The GDR had been a member of the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizi ...

since 1973 and established international relations with all countries. Japan was one of the first western industrialized countries with which the then GDR established important trade relations. Therefore, the Japanese construction group

Kajima Corporation is one of the oldest and largest construction companies in Japan. Founded in 1840, the company has its headquarters in Motoakasaka, Minato, Tokyo. The company is known for its DIB-200 proposal. The company stock is traded on four leading Jap ...

Tokyo built the ''Internationales Handelszentrum (IHZ)'' in

Berlin Berlin is Capital of Germany, the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and List of cities in Germany by population, by population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European U ...

and, as a follow-up order, the five-star luxury Hotel Merkur in Leipzig. The high-rise was built from 1978 to 1981 by the Kajima Corporation Tokyo. The building has 29 floors. Large suspended concrete slabs create the façade. The plates have ceramic facings, in a light ocher color at the base zone or a dark ocher color. The shape of the orthogon determines the floor plan, the surfaces on the facade and the shape of the building.

Reconstruction, Contemporary Modernism and Postmodernism

Bowlingtreff-am-Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz-Leipzig-Aufnahme-Juni-2016-a

The Neue Messe was built in the “contemporary modern” styleWeinkauf/Schneider, S. 190 ''Neue Messe'' from 1992 to 1996 based on designs by

Gerkan, Marg and Partners Gerkan, Marg & Partners (gmp) is an international architectural company based in Hamburg, Germany. The company was founded in 1965 by Meinhard von Gerkan and , and now has more than 300 employees in 13 offices. In the same year the archite ...

. It is a long, wide and tall glass hall, which is characterized by “unusual light architecture”. The glass barrel vault consists of an external steel tube construction and glass surfaces suspended underneath. This hall represents the main entrance. Visitors can enter the five square exhibition halls via glass tubes. The

Museum der bildenden Künste The Museum der bildenden Künste (German: "Museum of Fine Arts") is a museum in Leipzig, Saxony, Germany. It covers artworks from the Late Middle Ages to Modernity. History Museum Foundation and First Museum The museum dates back to the fo ...

(Museum of Fine Arts) at Katharinenstrasse 20 was built from 2000 to 2004 based on designs by the Berlin architects Karl Hufnagel, Peter Pütz and Michael Rafaelian. It is a tall glass cube intended as a “crystal”. The building has a double-skinned, glass curtain wall. A

stack effect The stack effect or chimney effect is the movement of air into and out of buildings through unsealed openings, chimneys, flue-gas stacks, or other containers, resulting from air buoyancy. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor ...

is created between the two glass fronts. This prevents heating in summer and heat loss in winter. The ''Petersbogen'' at

36 was built from 1999 to 2001 in the contemporary modern style based on designs by Gerd Heise for HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner. From the 16th century onwards, the University's Collegium iuridicum, where

Johann Wolfgang Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as treatis ...

studied, was located on this site. Today the Faculty of Law with its seminar library is once again located in the Petersbogen. The publishing house of the

was located in today's

House at Tauchaer Strasse (today Rosa-Luxemburg-Strasse) 19 to 21, which was built according to designs by Oskar Schade. In the 1950s, the publishing house moved to another building at Peterssteinweg 19. From 1997 to 1999 the building was modernized according to designs by the architects Heiken and Partner. The first

postmodern Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourseNuyen, A.T., 1992. The Role of Rhetorical Devices in Postmodernist Discourse. Philosophy & Rhetoric, pp.183–194. characterized by skepticism toward the " grand narratives" of modern ...

building in Leipzig is the ''Bowlingtreff'' (Bowling club) on Wilhelm-Leuschner-Platz, which was built in 1987 and was designed by Winfried Sziegoleit and can be seen as an example of GDR postmodernism. The ''Strohsack Passage'' at Nikolaistrasse 6 to 10 and Ritterstrasse 7 was built from 1995 to 1997 in the postmodern style according to designs by Bernd Appel, Anuscha Behzade and Heike Bohne . The remains of the facade up to the second floor from the Baroque period have been preserved. The ''Bauwens House'' at Burgplatz 2 was built for HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner from 1991 to 1994 based on designs by Gerd Heise. The colossal pillars with granite cladding combine the ground floor and the 1st floor as a two-story base and therefore imitate the colossal pillars of antiquity. The middle part of the facade pushes forward like a

risalit An ''avant-corps'' ( it, avancorpo or , plural , german: Risalit, pl, ryzalit), a French term literally meaning "fore-body", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the ''corps de logis'', often taller than othe ...

. The MDR broadcasting center building was built from 1991 to 1994 based on designs by Gerd Heise for HPP Hentrich-Petschnigg & Partner. A 13-story glass high-rise with a concave south side rises above a four-story sandstone base building. The extension for the

building was designed in the form of a book spine based on designs by the Stuttgart architect Gabriele Glöckler. The building was inaugurated on 9 May 2011. The architecture of the Leipzig Porsche customer center is based on the shape of a

diamond Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, ...

. The building consists of a concrete base and a tall tower resting on it, which is shaped like a

Spinning top A spinning top, or simply a top, is a toy with a squat body and a sharp point at the bottom, designed to be spun on its vertical axis, balancing on the tip due to the gyroscopic effect. Once set in motion, a top will usually wobble for a f ...

and clad in metal. The Verbundnetz Gas AG (VNG) administration building at Braunstrasse 7 in

was built from 1995 to 1997 based on designs by Eike Becker, Georg Gewers, Swantje Kühn and Oliver Kühn. The facade consists of a long glass bar that runs parallel to the street. On the north side there is a glass cubic tower. The KPMG administration building at Münzgasse 2 in Leipzig-Südvorstadt was built from 1996 to 1997 based on designs by Till Schneider and Michael Schumacher. The six-story building is also known as an “iron house” because of its unusual structural shape. In 1999 the building was awarded the City of Leipzig's Architecture Prize to promote building culture. The

townhouse A townhouse, townhome, town house, or town home, is a type of terraced housing. A modern townhouse is often one with a small footprint on multiple floors. In a different British usage, the term originally referred to any type of city residence ...

s at Nonnenstrasse 17-21 with a transition to Holbeinstrasse in Leipzig-Plagwitz (at the river

White Elster The White Elster
Accessed on 16 Jan 2011. (, ) is a long river in central

Alte Messe from 2001 to 2003 based on designs by Ingrid Spengler and Fredo Wiescholek . The building has a “North German-looking clinker brick facade”. The term “Bio-City” describes the modern research facility Biotechnological-Biomedical Center (BBZ) at the University of Leipzig. The central building at the BMW plant in Leipzig was built in 2004 based on designs by the London architect

Zaha Hadid Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid ( ar, زها حديد ''Zahā Ḥadīd''; 31 October 1950 – 31 March 2016) was an Iraqi-British architect, artist and designer, recognised as a major figure in architecture of the late 20th and early 21st centu ...

. The building was awarded the Architecture Prize of the City of Leipzig and the German Architecture Prize in 2005. The

Paulinum (University of Leipzig) The Paulinum is a university building of University of Leipzig, whose construction began in 2007. Today's Paulinum stands at the site of the old university church, the Paulinerkirche, which was destroyed in 1968 during the communist regime of Eas ...

was built to a design by

Erick van Egeraat Erick van Egeraat (; born 1956) is a Dutch architect and author. He heads the architectural practice based in Rotterdam with offices in Moscow, Budapest and Prague. He is best known for his projects of ING Group Headquarters in Budapest, Drents ...

, Martin Behet, Roland Bondzio and Yu-Han Michael Lin. The historicized Gothic

and the

tracery window Tracery is an architectural device by which windows (or screens, panels, and vaults) are divided into sections of various proportions by stone ''bars'' or ''ribs'' of moulding. Most commonly, it refers to the stonework elements that support the ...

are intended to be reminiscent of the historic St. Pauli University Church. The ''Marktgalerie'' at

11-15, built from 2001 to 2005, is intended to commemorate the Bismarckhaus and Stieglitzs Hof. In place of the magnificent neo-baroque buildings that were destroyed in the war, the modern trade fair office was built on the market in the 1960s. The trade fair office was demolished in 2001 and the market gallery was built from 2001 to 2005 based on a design by Norbert Hippler (Rhode/Kellermann/Wawrowsky) with a facade by Christoph Mäckler. The building complex with its roof landscape is intended to be reminiscent of the historical building silhouettes. The ''Thüringer Hof'' was built between 1993 and 1996 as a historic reconstruction of a building partially destroyed in the war based on a design by Alexander von Branca. The ''Haus des Buches'' (House of the Book) at Gerichtsweg 28 was built by Gerd Heise for HPP from 1993 to 1996. The building complex consists of a mix of old and new buildings: The ''Trifugium'' building complex at Barfußgäßchen 11/13/15 was built from 1904 to 1906 based on designs by Arthur Hänsch, but was partially destroyed in the Second World War. In the 1990s, a reconstruction with a partial new building took place: “The corner building No. 15 was burned down to the basement after the bombing in the Second World War and was not subsequently restored. During the reconstruction in 1995 to 1996, the house was built according to old plans in such a way that no difference to the old buildings can be seen."Weinkauf/Schneider, pp. 126f. The facade of the ''Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig'' (Leipzig City History Museum, Haus Böttchergäßchen; 2004) is made of natural stone and is opened at the top by a glass staggered floor (design: Ulrich Coersmeier, architectural firm Ilg Friebe Nauber, Cologne and Leipzig). BMW Leipzig MEDIA 050727 Download ZGB 4 max.jpg, BMW plant Leipzig by

Sitz des Deutschen Forschungszentrums für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig.JPG, Bio City Leipzig Weisse Elster Stadthaeuser.jpg,

Townhouse A townhouse, townhome, town house, or town home, is a type of terraced housing. A modern townhouse is often one with a small footprint on multiple floors. In a different British usage, the term originally referred to any type of city residence ...

s at the

White Elster The White Elster
Accessed on 16 Jan 2011. (, ) is a long river in central

KPMG administration building Leipzig VNG.JPG, Administration building Verbundnetz Gas AG (VNG) Porsche Diamond.jpg, Leipzig Porsche Costumer Center DNB2012.JPG,

building, extension Bildermuseumleipzig.jpg,

(Museum of Fine Arts) Leipzig Petersbogen.jpg, Petersbogen Leipzig Leipziger Volkszeitung.jpg,

publishing building Leipzig Strohsack-Passage.jpg, Strohsack Arcade Leipzig Bauwenshaus.jpg, Bauwens House Leipzig Ri.-Le.-Str 6.jpg,

MDR MDR may refer to: Biology * MDR1, an ATP-dependent cellular efflux pump affording multiple drug resistance * Mammalian Diving reflex * Medical device reporting * Multiple drug resistance, when a microorganism has become resistant to multiple drugs ...

Thüringer Hof 2014.jpg, Thüringer Hof

Bibliography

* * * * * * * * Hannelore Künzl: ''Islamische Stilelemente im Synagogenbau des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts.'' Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt am Main u. a. 1984, ISBN 3-8204-8034-X (Judentum und Umwelt, 9).
''Zu Leipziger Synagogen S. 162, 164, 186, 187ff, 204, 206f., 222, 241, 264, 275, 321, 323, 324, 345, 382, 401, 413, 494, 495, 501, 534.'' * * * * * * * * *

References

(Incorporates information translated from the German Wikipedia) {{Portal, Germany, Saxony, architecture

Buildings and structures in Leipzig History of Leipzig