Rakhine State ( ; , ; ), formerly known as Arakan State, is a
state in
Myanmar
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and has ...
(Burma). Situated on the western coast, it is bordered by
Chin State to the north,
Magway Region
Magway Region (, ; formerly Magway Division) is an administrative divisions of Myanmar, administrative division in central Myanmar. It is the second largest of Myanmar's seven divisions, with an area of . Pa-de Dam (ပဒဲဆည်) is one of ...
,
Bago Region and
Ayeyarwady Region to the east, the
Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Geographically it is positioned between the Indian subcontinent and the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese peninsula, located below the Bengal region.
Many South Asian and Southe ...
to the west and the
Chattogram Division of
Bangladesh
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
to the northwest. It is located approximately between latitudes 17°30' north and 21°30' north and longitudes 92°10' east and 94°50' east. The north–south
Arakan Mountains or
Rakhine Yoma separate Rakhine State from central Myanmar. Off the coast of Rakhine State there are some fairly large islands such as
Ramree,
Cheduba and
Myingun. Rakhine State has an area of and its capital is
Sittwe
Sittwe (, ), formerly Akyab (), is the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Sittwe is located on an estuarial island created at the confluence of the Kaladan, Mayu, and Lay Mro rivers emptying into the Bay of Bengal. As of 2019 the cit ...
(formerly known as Akyab).
Names
The state was historically known as Arakan in English until the Burmese government adopted the English name Rakhine in 1989.
History

The history of the region of
Arakan (now renamed Rakhine State) can be roughly divided into seven parts. The first four divisions and the periods are based on the location of the centre of power of the main polities in the northern Rakhine region, especially along the Kaladan River. Thus, the history is divided into the
Dhanyawadi,
Waithali,
Laymro
Rakhine State occupies the northern coastline of Myanmar up to the border with Bangladesh and corresponds to the historical Kingdom of Arakan. The history of Rakhine is divided into 7 parts – the independent kingdoms of Dhanyawadi, Waithali ...
and
Mrauk U
Mrauk U ( ) is a town in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. It is the capital of Mrauk-U Township, a subregion of the Mrauk-U District.
Mrauk U is culturally significant for the local Rakhine people, Rakhine (Arakanese) people and is the location ...
. Mrauk U was conquered by the
Konbaung dynasty of Burma in 1784–85, after which Rakhine became part of the Konbaung kingdom of Burma. In 1824, the first
Anglo-Burmese war erupted and in 1826, Rakhine (alongside
Tanintharyi) was ceded to the
British East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...
as
war reparations by the Burmese. Rakhine thus became part of the
province of Burma in
British India
The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...
. In 1948, Burma was given independence and Rakhine became part of the newly independent state.
Independent kingdom
Beginning in the 400s, the
Pyus and Kanyans of Tibeto-Burman people began migrating westward, crossing the
Arakan Mountains and settling in what is now Rakhine State.
By the 1100s, they had consolidated control of the region, becoming a tributary state of the
Pagan Empire until the 13th century.
Over time, these Tibeto-Burmans mixed with
Indo-Aryans and formed a distinct cultural identity, eventually becoming the
Rakhine people (also known as the Arakanese).
According to Arakanese legend, the first recorded kingdom was founded by the
Sakya clan of Buddha who are ancient Hindus Indo-aryans, centred around the northern town of
Dhanyawadi, arose in the 34th century BCE and lasted until 327 CE. Rakhine documents and inscriptions state that the famed
Mahamuni Buddha image was cast in Dhanyawady in around 554 BCE when the Buddha visited the kingdom. After the fall of Dhanyawadi in the 4th century CE, the centre of power shifted to a new dynasty based in the town of
Waithali. The
Waithali kingdom ruled the regions of Arakan from the middle of the 4th century to 818 CE. The period is seen as the classical period of Arakan culture, architecture and Buddhism, as the Waithali period left behind more archaeological remains than its predecessor. A new dynasty emerged in four towns along the
Lemyo River as Waithali waned in influence, and ushered in the Lemro period, where four principal towns served as successive capitals.

The
Kingdom of Mrauk U
The Kingdom of Mrauk-U (Arakanese language, Arakanese: မြောက်ဦး ဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံတော်) was a kingdom that existed on the Arakan coastal plain from 1429 to 1785. Based in the capital Mrauk-U, near t ...
which was founded in 1429 by
Min Saw Mon was the final independent Arakanese kingdom. It is seen by the Rakhine people as the golden age of their history, as Mrauk U served as a commercially important port and base of power in the Bay of Bengal region and involved in extensive maritime trade. The Kingdom of Mrauk-U went on to conquer
Chittagong with the help of the Portuguese. The country steadily declined from the 18th century onwards after its loss of Chittagong to the
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was an Early modern period, early modern empire in South Asia. At its peak, the empire stretched from the outer fringes of the Indus River Basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the northwest, and Kashmir in the north, to ...
. Internal instability, rebellion and dethroning of kings were very common. The Portuguese, during the era of their greatness in Asia, gained a temporary establishment in Arakan.
Burmese annexation
In 1784, a group of Rakhine representatives sought assistance from
Bodawpaya, king of the
Konbaung dynasty, to mediate internal disputes within the
Rakhine royal court. Responding to their request—and motivated by expansionist ambitions—Bodawpaya dispatched his son,
Thado Minsaw, the
Prince of the Front Palace, to lead a full-scale military expedition into
Arakan. The invasion force was divided into three land columns and a naval flotilla.
The campaign began on 2 December 1784, and on 2 January 1785, the
Kingdom of Mrauk U
The Kingdom of Mrauk-U (Arakanese language, Arakanese: မြောက်ဦး ဘုရင့်နိုင်ငံတော်) was a kingdom that existed on the Arakan coastal plain from 1429 to 1785. Based in the capital Mrauk-U, near t ...
—weakened by internal strife—fell to the invading forces of the
Konbaung dynasty.
Maha Thammada Raza, the last king of Mrauk U, was captured along with his queen, royal family members, ministers, monks, and artisans, and deported to
Amarapura.
One of the most significant war trophies was the sacred
Mahamuni Buddha Image, which was dismantled and transported to Amarapura, and later enshrined in
Mandalay. The Burmese also seized numerous cultural and religious artifacts, including
gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol Au (from Latin ) and atomic number 79. In its pure form, it is a brightness, bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Chemically, gold is a transition metal ...
and
silver
Silver is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ag () and atomic number 47. A soft, whitish-gray, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. ...
regalia,
bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals (such as phosphorus) or metalloid ...
statues (some originally taken from the
Ayutthaya), weapons, and sacred manuscripts.
Although the Rakhine people initially believed the Burmese would restore peace, they soon recognized the move as an annexation. Uprisings ensued, and many rebels fled to
British-controlled Bengal. When Burmese forces crossed the border in pursuit, tensions escalated between Burma and the
British East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...
, setting the stage for future conflict.
With the annexation of Arakan,
Burma
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and ha ...
came into direct territorial contact with
British India
The provinces of India, earlier presidencies of British India and still earlier, presidency towns, were the administrative divisions of British governance in South Asia. Collectively, they have been called British India. In one form or another ...
. These tensions eventually culminated in the
First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826). During the conflict, British forces captured Arakan and occupied parts of Lower Burma.
In a symbolic reversal of earlier events, the
Presidency armies
The presidency armies were the armies of the three Presidencies of British India, presidencies of the East India Company's Company rule in India, rule in India, later the forces of the the Crown, British Crown in British Raj, India, composed pr ...
took the great bell from the Mahamuni shrine as war loot. It was awarded to
Bhim Singh, a Risaldar in the 2nd Battalion of the
Bengal Army, for his bravery. The bell is still housed in a temple in
Nadrai, near
Kasganj, in present-day
Kasganj district of
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh ( ; UP) is a States and union territories of India, state in North India, northern India. With over 241 million inhabitants, it is the List of states and union territories of India by population, most populated state in In ...
,
India
India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area; the List of countries by population (United Nations), most populous country since ...
.
The war concluded with the signing of the
Treaty of Yandabo in 1826, under which Burma ceded
Arakan and
Tenasserim to the British.
Akyab (now
Sittwe
Sittwe (, ), formerly Akyab (), is the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Sittwe is located on an estuarial island created at the confluence of the Kaladan, Mayu, and Lay Mro rivers emptying into the Bay of Bengal. As of 2019 the cit ...
) became the administrative capital of Arakan. Later, Arakan was integrated into the province of
Burma
Myanmar, officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar; and also referred to as Burma (the official English name until 1989), is a country in northwest Southeast Asia. It is the largest country by area in Mainland Southeast Asia and ha ...
under the
British Raj
The British Raj ( ; from Hindustani language, Hindustani , 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the colonial rule of the British The Crown, Crown on the Indian subcontinent,
*
* lasting from 1858 to 1947.
*
* It is also called Crown rule ...
, and then into
British Burma after it became a separate
Crown colony
A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony governed by Kingdom of England, England, and then Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain or the United Kingdom within the English overseas possessions, English and later British Empire. There was usua ...
. Administratively, Arakan was divided into three districts, following the traditional divisions of the
Mrauk U period.
British rule
Rakhine was the centre of multiple insurgencies which fought against British rule, notably led by the monks
U Ottama and
U Seinda. During the Second World War, Rakhine was given autonomy under the
Japanese occupation of Burma and was even granted its own army known as the Arakan Defense Force. The Arakan Defense Force went over to the allies and turned against the Japanese in early 1945.
Rakhine (Arakan) was the site of many battles during the Second World War, most notably the
Arakan Campaign 1942–43 and the
Battle of Ramree Island.
Burmese independence
In 1948, Rakhine became a division within the
Union of Burma, and the three districts became Arakan Division. From the 1950s, there was a growing movement for
secession
Secession is the formal withdrawal of a group from a Polity, political entity. The process begins once a group proclaims an act of secession (such as a declaration of independence). A secession attempt might be violent or peaceful, but the goal i ...
and restoration of Arakan independence.
2010 onwards (after 2008 constitution)
Since 2010, Rakhine state has had two chief ministers: Hla Maung Tin and Major General Maung Maung Ohn. Hla Maung Tin (January 2011 – 20 June 2014) was an elected Rakhine
State Hluttaw member representing USDP from
Ann Township in 2010 general election. He resigned from the post after recurrent intense inter-communal conflicts between Muslims and Rakhine ethnic groups in 2012–14. In 2014, he was replaced by Major General Maung Maung Ohn (30 June 2014 – present). Ohn was Deputy Minister for Border Affairs and head of the Rakhine State's Emergency Coordination Center before he was named to become a military-appointed Rakhine State Hluttaw member by Election Commission on 21 June 2014. His appointment as Chief Minister was formalized on 30 June 2014 although Arakan National Party opposed it.
In June 2012, Rakhine State in Myanmar experienced
severe communal violence between ethnic Rakhine Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims, resulting in at least 88 fatalities, 4,600 homes being burnt and displacement of approximately 100,000 people.
Resurgence of armed conflict (2016–present)
As of December 2024, the
State Administration Council junta stably possesses only
Sittwe Township,
Kyaukpyu Township, and
Munaung Township. The rest of Rakhine State is either controlled by the
Arakan Army, or heavily contested.
Political repression by the Myanmar government
The NLD government refused to share executive power at the state level after the
Arakan National Party (ANP) won a majority of votes in Rakhine State during the
2015 general election. Arakanese lawmakers frequently complained that their proposals in the state parliament were rejected or ignored.
In 2017, State Counsellor
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi (born 19 June 1945) is a Burmese politician, diplomat, author, and political activist. She was awarded the 1991 Nobel Peace Prize. She served as State Counsellor of Myanmar and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Myanmar), Ministe ...
and the
Tatmadaw reportedly rejected national-level political dialogue in Rakhine State, a mandatory step under the
Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement (NCA). This dialogue would have allowed regional stakeholders to present proposals at large-scale public consultations, with the outcomes discussed at the Union Peace Conference, also known as the 21st Century Panglong. In February 2017, the
Arakan Liberation Party (ALP)—one of eight NCA signatories—requested to hold ethnic-based national-level political dialogue in Rakhine State. Aung San Suu Kyi declined, stating that the ALP was not yet ready. Despite submitting three formal requests, the government did not respond. At a Joint Implementation Coordination Meeting (JICM), Suu Kyi again denied the request, citing the sensitive situation involving Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State.
On 16 January 2018, thousands of residents in
Mrauk U
Mrauk U ( ) is a town in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. It is the capital of Mrauk-U Township, a subregion of the Mrauk-U District.
Mrauk U is culturally significant for the local Rakhine people, Rakhine (Arakanese) people and is the location ...
staged a protest after officials banned a memorial event commemorating the 233rd anniversary of the fall of the
Mrauk U Kingdom. Local police opened fire on the crowd, killing seven people and injuring 12. Two speakers at the event—
Aye Maung, a prominent Rakhine politician, and
Wai Hun Aung, a Sittwe-based activist—were subsequently charged. Aye Maung was charged under Section 17(1) of the Unlawful Associations Act and Sections 121 and 505 of the Penal Code, relating to high treason and incitement, while Wai Hun Aung was charged with public mischief. Eight Rakhine youths injured in the protest were also detained and charged under Article 6(1) for allegedly damaging government and public property.
On 16 October 2020, the
Union Election Commission
The Union Election Commission (, abbreviated UEC) is the national level electoral commission of Myanmar (Burma), responsible for organising and overseeing elections in Burma, as well as vetting parliamentary candidates and political parties.
...
(UEC) announced that the
2020 Myanmar general election would not be held in several areas of Rakhine State, including the townships of
Pauktaw,
Ponnagyun,
Rathedaung,
Buthidaung,
Maung Daw,
Kyauktaw,
Minbya,
Myebon, and
Mrauk U
Mrauk U ( ) is a town in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. It is the capital of Mrauk-U Township, a subregion of the Mrauk-U District.
Mrauk U is culturally significant for the local Rakhine people, Rakhine (Arakanese) people and is the location ...
; along with multiple quarters and village tracts in
Kyaukphyu Township,
Ann Township,
Sittwe Township, and
Toungup Township. The UEC stated that free and fair elections could not be held due to ongoing conflict and instability.
With the exception of Toungup Township, ethnic Rakhine parties have historically been dominant in these areas. The
Rakhine Nationalities Development Party (RNDP) and
Arakan National Party (ANP) won the majority of seats in these townships during the 2010 and 2015 general elections.
2020–present
In November 2020, the Myanmar military and the Arakan Army (AA) reached an informal ceasefire, leading to a temporary reduction in hostilities in Rakhine State. However, after the military coup in February 2021, clashes resumed in the region.
Following the military coup in February 2021, Rakhine State experienced intensified armed conflicts, particularly between the
Myanmar Armed Forces (MAF) and the Arakan Army (AA). By September 2021, the AA and its political wing, the
United League of Arakan (ULA), had gained control over roughly 75% of Rakhine’s townships.
In early 2024, the battle for the border town of
Maungdaw resulted in heavy fighting, leading to numerous civilian casualties and displacements. Reports indicate that during this period, civilians, including the Rohingya population, were subjected to coordinated killings, large-scale arson attacks, and shelling. Notably, on August 5, 2024, an attack in Maungdaw targeted Rohingya civilians attempting to flee by boat, resulting in numerous deaths.
On October 27, 2023,
Operation 1027 was launched by the
Three Brotherhood Alliance, consisting of the Arakan Army (AA), the
Ta'ang National Liberation Army (TNLA), and the
Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA). The offensive led to the capture of over 130 military outposts and strategic bases in northern
Shan State
Shan State (, ; , ) is a administrative divisions of Myanmar, state of Myanmar. Shan State borders China (Yunnan) to the north, Laos (Louang Namtha Province, Louang Namtha and Bokeo Provinces) to the east, and Thailand (Chiang Rai Province, Chia ...
, including the key border town of
Laukkai. Reports indicated significant losses for the Myanmar military, with hundreds of soldiers killed and over 4,000 troops, including senior officers, surrendering.
By February 2025, a CSIS report indicated that the Arakan Army had begun establishing local governments in the Rakhine townships under its control. However, little is known about their governance structure or the inclusion of non-Arakan ethnic groups. It remains unclear whether the AA will halt military operations after securing its claimed territory, as its offensives in
Paletwa,
Magway, and other areas suggest broader territorial ambitions. The group's stance on Myanmar’s political future is also uncertain, while it previously sought autonomy under the 2008 constitution like the
United Wa State Army, it may now pursue full statehood or independence.
Demographics
Rakhine State, like many parts of the country, has a diverse ethnic population. Official Burmese figures state Rakhine State's population as 3,118,963.
Ethnic makeup
The
Rakhine make up the majority of the state's population, followed by a considerable population of
Rohingya Muslims. The Rakhine reside mainly in the lowland valleys as well as
Ramree and
Manaung (Cheduba) islands. A number of other ethnic minorities like the
Thet,
Kamein
The Kamein (), also known as the Kaman (), are a Southeast Asians, Southeast Asian ethnic group indigenous to Rakhine State, Myanmar, where they primarily reside, and who predominantly follow Islam in Myanmar, Islam. The name ''Kaman'' comes fr ...
,
Chin
The chin is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible (List_of_human_anatomical_regions#Regions, mental region) below the lower lip. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm.
Evolution
The presence of a we ...
,
Mro,
Chakma,
Khami,
Daingnet,
Bengali Hindu
Bengali Hindus () are adherents of Hinduism who ethnically, linguistically and genealogically identify as Bengalis. They make up the majority in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and Assam's Barak Valley ...
and
Maramagri inhabit mainly in the hill regions of the state.
After the 2014
Census in Myanmar, the Burmese government indefinitely withheld release of detailed ethnicity data, citing concerns around political and social concerns surrounding the issue of ethnicity in Myanmar.
In 2022, researchers published an analysis of the
General Administration Department
The General Administration Department (, abbreviated GAD) is a civil service body that staffs all regional and state-level governments in Myanmar and provides administration for the country's myriad districts and townships.
It also plays a centra ...
's nationwide 2018-2019 township reports to tabulate the ethnic makeup of Rakhine State.
Religion

According to the
State Sangha Maha Nayaka Committee's 2016 statistics, 12,943 Buddhist monks were registered in Rakhine State, comprising 2.4% of Myanmar's total
Sangha membership, which includes both novice
samanera and fully-ordained bhikkhu.
The majority of monks belong to the
Thudhamma Nikaya (88.9%), followed by
Shwegyin Nikaya (3.9%), with the remainder of monks belonging to other small
monastic orders.
534
thilashin were registered in Rakhine State, comprising 0.9% of Myanmar's total thilashin community.
The Rakhine are traditionally
Theravada Buddhists. As per the 1983 Census, 98.63% of the Rakhine in Rakhine State were Buddhist and another 1.19% were Muslim. The Chin were the 3rd largest ethnic group, contributing 4% of the population in the 1983 Census. At that time, out of the 64,404 Chin in Rakhine, 55.76% were Buddhist and 33.79% were Animist.
Muslims constituted more than 80–96% of the population near the border with
Bangladesh
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
and the coastal areas. As per the 1983 Census, 99.82% of the Rohingya, 99.24% of the "Other foreigners", 89.20% of the "Mixed races", 85.50% of the Indians and 67.51% of the "Pakistanis" in Rakhine state were Muslims.
Administrative divisions
Rakhine State consists of seven districts, as below, showing areas and officially estimated populations in 2002:
*
Maungdaw (3,538 km
2; 763,844 people)
*
Sittwe
Sittwe (, ), formerly Akyab (), is the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Sittwe is located on an estuarial island created at the confluence of the Kaladan, Mayu, and Lay Mro rivers emptying into the Bay of Bengal. As of 2019 the cit ...
(12,504 km
2; 1,099,568 people)
*
Mrauk-U (recently created out of Sittwe District)
*
Kyaukpyu (9,984 km
2; 458,244 people)
*
Ann (NA km
2; NA people)
*
Taungup (NA km
2; NA people)
*
Thandwe (10,753 km
2; 296,736 people)
* Total Rakhine State: 36,778 km
2; 2,915,000 people
Combined, these districts have a total of 17 townships and 1,164 village-tracts.
Sittwe
Sittwe (, ), formerly Akyab (), is the capital of Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma). Sittwe is located on an estuarial island created at the confluence of the Kaladan, Mayu, and Lay Mro rivers emptying into the Bay of Bengal. As of 2019 the cit ...
is the capital of the state.
Transport
Few roads cross the
Arakan Mountains from central Burma to Rakhine State. The three highways that do are the
Ann to
Munbra (
Minbya in Burmese pronunciation) road in central Rakhine,
the
Toungup to
Pamtaung road in south central Rakhine,
and the
Gwa to
Ngathaingchaung road in far southern Rakhine.
Air travel still is the usual mode of travel from
Yangon
Yangon, formerly romanized as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar. Yangon was the List of capitals of Myanmar, capital of Myanmar until 2005 and served as such until 2006, when the State Peace and Dev ...
and
Mandalay to Sittwe and
Ngapali, the popular beach resort. Only in 1996 was a highway from Sittwe to the mainland constructed. The state still does not have a rail line (although
Myanmar Railways has announced a 480-km rail extension to Sittwe from Pathein via Ponnagyun-Kyauttaw-Mrauk U-Minbya-Ann).
The airports in Rakhine State are
*
Sittwe Airport
*
Kyaukpyu Airport
*
Thandwe Airport
*
Ann Airport
*
Manaung Airport
With Chinese investment, a deep sea port has been constructed in Kyaukphyu to facilitate the transport of natural gas and
crude oil from the Indian Ocean to China without passing through
Strait of Malacca.
Rivers useful for transportation in Rakhine are
*
Naf River
The Naf River ( ''Naf Nodi'' ; ; ) is an international river marking part of the Bangladesh–Myanmar border, border of southeastern Bangladesh and northwestern Myanmar.
Geography
The Naf's average depth is , and maximum depth is . Its width ...
*
Kaladan River
*
Lemro River
*
Mayu River
Economy
Rakhine is one of the poorest states in Myanmar.
Over 69% of the population live in poverty.
Rice is the main crop in the region, occupying around 85% of the total agricultural land.
Coconut
The coconut tree (''Cocos nucifera'') is a member of the palm tree family (biology), family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus ''Cocos''. The term "coconut" (or the archaic "cocoanut") can refer to the whole coconut palm, ...
and
nipa palm plantations are also important. Fishing is a major industry, with most of the catch transported to
Yangon
Yangon, formerly romanized as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar. Yangon was the List of capitals of Myanmar, capital of Myanmar until 2005 and served as such until 2006, when the State Peace and Dev ...
, but some is also exported. Wood products such as timber,
bamboo
Bamboos are a diverse group of mostly evergreen perennial plant, perennial flowering plants making up the subfamily (biology), subfamily Bambusoideae of the grass family Poaceae. Giant bamboos are the largest members of the grass family, in th ...
and fuel wood are extracted from the mountains. Small amounts of inferior-grade
crude oil are produced from primitive, shallow, hand-dug wells, but there is yet unexplored potential for petroleum and natural gas production.
Tourism is slowly being developed. The ruins of the ancient royal town
Mrauk U
Mrauk U ( ) is a town in northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. It is the capital of Mrauk-U Township, a subregion of the Mrauk-U District.
Mrauk U is culturally significant for the local Rakhine people, Rakhine (Arakanese) people and is the location ...
and the beach resorts of
Ngapali are the major attractions for foreign visitors, but facilities are still primitive, and the transportation infrastructure is still rudimentary.

While most places in Myanmar have chronic power shortages, in rural states like Rakhine the problem is greater. In 2009, the electricity consumption of a state of 3 million people was 30
MW, or 1.8% of the country's total generation capacity.
In December 2009, the military government added three more hydropower plants, Saidin, Thahtay Chaung and
Laymro
Rakhine State occupies the northern coastline of Myanmar up to the border with Bangladesh and corresponds to the historical Kingdom of Arakan. The history of Rakhine is divided into 7 parts – the independent kingdoms of Dhanyawadi, Waithali ...
myit, at a cost of over US$800 million. The three plants together can produce 687 megawatts, with surplus electricity distributed to other states and divisions.
[
]
Additionally, as of November 2024, reports indicate that over 2 million people in Rakhine State are at risk of famine due to reduced food production and ongoing conflicts. Without urgent action, it is predicted that 95% of the population will regress into survival mode.
Global interests
China
China considers Rakhine State as a strategic interest. Rakhine State hosts several major Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects, including the Kyaukphyu deep-sea port and oil and gas pipelines. This region serves as an important land and maritime route, allowing China access to the Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approximately 20% of the water area of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia (continent), ...
and reducing its dependence on the Strait of Malacca.
Myanmar also acts as a buffer state for China in managing Western and Indian influence in Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Au ...
. Despite international criticism, it is known that China has maintained close relations with Myanmar's military while also engaging with major ethnic armed organizations (EAOs).
India
India sees Myanmar as an important partner under its "Act East" policy, which aims to improve connectivity and strengthen India's influence in Southeast Asia. India’s main concerns include ensuring stability in its northeastern states and balancing China's growing presence in Myanmar. India has invested in strategic projects such as the Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project and the India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway.
Like China, India also maintains flexible diplomacy by engaging with both Myanmar’s military government and EAOs operating near its borders, including the AA.
Others
The United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
and European countries may support Rakhine state's political aspirations if it aligns with their broader goals of democracy
Democracy (from , ''dēmos'' 'people' and ''kratos'' 'rule') is a form of government in which political power is vested in the people or the population of a state. Under a minimalist definition of democracy, rulers are elected through competitiv ...
and human rights. However, shifts in U.S. political leadership and global trends in democratic governance may affect the level of support and engagement.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world and among the List of countries and dependencies by ...
, which shares a border with Rakhine State, is primarily concerned about stability and potential refugee movements. The country hosts around one million Rohingya refugees who fled Rakhine State, and it has expressed interest in their safe return. Bangladesh’s stance on the Rakhine state depends on how it addresses Rohingya-related issues.
Education
Educational opportunities in Myanmar are extremely limited outside the main cities of Yangon
Yangon, formerly romanized as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar. Yangon was the List of capitals of Myanmar, capital of Myanmar until 2005 and served as such until 2006, when the State Peace and Dev ...
and Mandalay. The following is a summary of the public school system in the state in academic year 2013–2014.
Sittwe University is the main university in the state.
Health care
The general state of health care in Myanmar is poor. The military government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. In general, the health care infrastructure outside of Yangon
Yangon, formerly romanized as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar. Yangon was the List of capitals of Myanmar, capital of Myanmar until 2005 and served as such until 2006, when the State Peace and Dev ...
and Mandalay is extremely poor but is worse in remote areas like Rakhine State. The entire Rakhine State has fewer hospital beds than the Yangon General Hospital. The following is a summary of the public health care system in the state.
See also
* List of Arakanese monarchs
* History of Rakhine
* Arakan
* Rakhine State Cultural Museum
References
Further reading
* Collis, Maurice (1943), ''The Land of the Great Image: Being Experiences of Friar Manrique in Arakan'' (US publication 1958, Alfred A. Knopf).
{{Authority control
States of Myanmar
1974 establishments in Burma
States and territories established in 1974