Apolytirio

Apolytirio ( in Dimotiki from 1976–present; known as Apolytirion, , in Katharevousa from 1837–1976; abbreviated Apol., ) is the official senior secondary education school completion certificate (graduation qualification) in Greece (and Cyprus) obtained after successfully completing the third grade of lyceum (high school). It is graded on a 20-point scale.

Specific conditions and rules apply to each type of lyceum in the Pan-Hellenic Examinations, based on subjects that are the same as or related to those of the General Lyceum. For example, the Vocational Lyceum (EPAL) has its own set of four examination subjects. Each type of school follows a different curriculum.

Types

The Apolytirio (Greek: Απολυτήριο) in Greece is awarded by the types of lyceum (upper secondary school, high school):

* ''General Lyceum'' ( - ΓΕΛ; Geniko Lykeio)
* ''Evening General Lyceum'' (; Esperino Geniko Lykeio)
* ''Model General Lyceum'' (; Protipo Geniko Lykeio)
(to enter, students must pass certain written examinations)
* ''Experimental General Lyceum'' (; Peiramatiko Geniko Lykeio)
(to enter, students must pass certain written examinations)
* ''Vocational Lyceum'' (; Epangelmatiko Lykeio)
* ''Evening Vocational Lyceum'' (; Esperino Epangelmatiko Lykeio)
* ''Model Vocational Lyceum'' (; Protipo Epangelmatiko Lykeio)
(to enter, students must pass certain written examinations)
* ''Music Lyceum'' (; Mousiko Lykeio)
(to enter, students must pass certain exams on a musical instrument)
* ''Ecclesiastical General Lyceum'' (; Geniko Ekklisiastiko Lykeio)
* ''Integrated Special Vocational Gymnasium-Lyceum'' ()
* ''Art Lyceum'' (; Kalitexniko Lykeio)
(to enter, students must pass certain exams on either arts, dance, or theater)
* ''General Lyceum of Cross-Cultural Education'' (; Diapolitismiko Lykeio)
* ''Special Lyceum'' (; Eidiko Lykeio)

The two main types are General Lyceum (Γενικό Λύκειο) - about 70% of the student and Vocational Lyceum (Επαγγελματικό Λύκειο) - about 30% of the student.

Changes over the years

The system and examinations accepted for entrance into Higher Education HE (Greek: ) in Greece went through major changes since 1980. The below timeline of lyceum subjects and Pan-hellenic exams subjects are from the General Lyceum (GEL) only and it is not an exhaustive list of the all types of lyceum nor their subjects nor their subjects of Pan-hellenic exams, while should not be relied upon as a one.

1984–1998

The most common/known Lyceum is the General Lyceum (Greek: , ''Geniko Lykeio'').

In the first 2 grades, all students are taught the same subjects. In 3rd grade, students followed a core programme of general education and each ''Desmi'' (Α, Β, Γ, and Δ) followed a specialized program (Greek: / ''Desmi'' (singular), ''Desmes'' (plural))..

An Apolytirio of ''Geniko Lykeio'' included the GPA (scale 0–20), student's conduct information and consisted of:

From 1984 until 1998 ''only'' the ''total score'' of the ''Panhellenic Examinations'' (Greek: ) was accepted for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The total Score was calculated from the individual scores, with one of the subjects having a higher weight percentage.
e.g. for A Desmi: Mathematics, B Desmi: Biology, etc.

The 4 ''Desmes'' () were:

Students had to preselect their choices in a numerical order of preference –using the bases of last year's Panhellenic Examinations' only as a guide– and submit them to their school on a given deadline, using a 4-pages machine-readable document (Greek: , ''michanografiko deltio'').
The results of the National Examinations determined not only who will pass into highest/higher education but also next year's bases.

The total individual score for every subject was 0–160)). which was the sum of the 2 examiners' scores based on the scale 0–80 each. A remarking by a 3rd examiner would determine the final score if there was a large difference between the first two scores.

:Maximum total score = ((160 x 1.15)+ (160 x 0.95) + (160 x 0.95) + (160 x 0.95)) x 10 = 6400 units

*Units: (Greek: , ''moria'' (plural)), same numeric format with the bases.

First, the scores for every student and later the bases for each course were published in every school across the country, directly from the Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs. Bases were also being broadcast on Greek TV during the day.

It was allowed to keep the individual subjects' scores (up to 3) and resit on exams to increase the total score, but only for 2 more examinations.

1999–2004

There are three grades in ''Eniaio Lykeio'' and each grade is divided in classes.

The 1st grade of ''Eniaio Lykeio'' operates as an orientation year with a general knowledge programme.

The 2nd grade includes three directions: Humanities (Θεωρητική Κατεύθυνση), Science () and Technology ().

In the 3rd grade we have again the three directions but the Technology direction operates in two courses: i) the Technology and the Production course and ii) the Information Science and Services course.

In ''Eniaio Lykeio'', there is the Support Teaching Programme. This programme can be attended by those pupils who wish to do so, regardless of their performance.

Right of entrance have only the holders of the ''Apolytirio'' lyceum certificate.

The written examinations in the subjects, either at school's level or at national level, count equivalently towards the Apolytirio's GPA. On the contrary, for entrance in highest education ''only'' the subjects examined nationally in written form are being considered. The Apolytirio is detached completely from highest education's entrance.

2005–2013

Panhellenic National Level Examinations involve 6–7 subjects of the General Lyceum (3rd grade). Besides the Lyceum Diploma (''Apolytirio''), the achievement score on a certificate awarded (, ''Bebaiosi, 2002 till the phasing-out of the old system after 2016'') takes into account final year school grade (school level evaluation) and the grades on 6 subjects of the National Examinations.

2014–2020

For the General Lyceum (GEL) 4 orientation groups existed including 4 subjects each :(I) Humanities, Law and Social Sciences (II) Sciences (III) Health Sciences (IV) Economic and Computer Studies.

In 2019, the Ministry of Education under Kostas Gavroglou of SYRIZA, decided to replace Latin with sociology in the school curriculum. This decision was not met without opposition from academics related to classical humanist studies, who called the move "anachronistic" and the major opposition party, New Democracy. In 2020,the Ministry of Education under Niki Kerameus ( ND) reinstated Latin in the school curriculum, again with opposition from SYRIZA and academics related to Sociology.

Since 2020

For the General Lyceum (GEL) 3 orientation groups exist, which include 3 subjects each: (I) Humanities and Social Sciences (II) Sciences and Health Sciences (III) Economic and Computer Studies. All students are also examined in "General Modern Greek Language and Literature and a ''countercurrent subject:'' Mathematics and Statistics for the Humanities group, and History of the Modern World for groups II and III. The ''countercurrent subjects'' stem from the General Education Mathematics and History courses of the Integrated Lyceum, albeit the curriculum and the books have been modified, especially in the case of Maths and Statistics.

Acceptance abroad

Although the total score from the Panhellenic Examinations determined the entrance in higher education in Greece, the final mark GPA (Grade Point Average) of the Apolytirio is the entry qualification most often requested in order to be accepted in higher education abroad. The results of the Panhellenic Examinations are usually not requested or are referred by different names such as ''General Entrance Examinations''.

See also

*List of Secondary School Leaving Qualifications
* Institutions of Highest Education in Greece
*Academic grading in Greece
*Education in Greece
*Education in Cyprus
*Educational stage

References

{{reflist, 2

Education in Greece
Education in Cyprus