Apophis (; ), also known as Apep () or Aphoph (, )
[ Erman, Adolf, and Hermann Grapow, eds. 1926–1953. ''Wörterbuch der aegyptischen Sprache im Auftrage der deutschen Akademien''. 6 vols. Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'schen Buchhandlungen. (Reprinted Berlin: Akademie-Verlag GmbH, 1971).] is the
ancient Egyptian deity who embodied darkness and
disorder, and was thus the opponent of light and
Maat (order/
truth
Truth or verity is the Property (philosophy), property of being in accord with fact or reality.Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionarytruth, 2005 In everyday language, it is typically ascribed to things that aim to represent reality or otherwise cor ...
).
Ra was the bringer of light and hence the biggest opposer of Apophis.
Features
Because
Ra was the
solar deity, bringer of light, and thus the upholder of
Maat, Apophis was viewed as the greatest enemy of
Ra, and thus was given the title ''Enemy of
Ra'', and also "the Lord of Chaos".
"The Lord of Chaos" was seen as a giant
snake
Snakes are elongated limbless reptiles of the suborder Serpentes (). Cladistically squamates, snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping scales much like other members of the group. Many species of snakes have s ...
or
serpent leading to such titles as ''Serpent from the Nile'' and ''Evil
Dragon
A dragon is a Magic (supernatural), magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but European dragon, dragons in Western cultures since the Hi ...
''. Some elaborations said that he stretched 16
yard
The yard (symbol: yd) is an English units, English unit of length in both the British imperial units, imperial and US United States customary units, customary systems of measurement equalling 3 foot (unit), feet or 36 inches. Sinc ...
s in length and had a head made of
flint
Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Historically, flint was widely used to make stone tools and start ...
.
Presented on a
Naqada I (c. 4000–3550 BCE) C-ware bowl (now in Cairo) a snake was painted on the inside rim combined with other desert and aquatic animals as an enemy of a deity, seemingly a solar deity, who is invisibly hunting in a big rowing vessel. The snake on the inside rim is believed to be Apophis.
The few descriptions of the origin of Apophis in myth usually demonstrate that it was born after
Ra, usually from his
umbilical cord
In Placentalia, placental mammals, the umbilical cord (also called the navel string, birth cord or ''funiculus umbilicalis'') is a conduit between the developing embryo or fetus and the placenta. During prenatal development, the umbilical cord i ...
. Geraldine Pinch claims that a much later creation myth explained that, "Apophis sprang from the saliva of the goddess
Neith
Neith (, a borrowing of the Demotic (Egyptian), Demotic form , also spelled Nit, Net, or Neit) was an ancient Egyptian deity, possibly of Ancient Libya, Libyan origin. She was connected with warfare, as indicated by her emblem of two crossed b ...
when she was still in the primeval waters. Her spit became a snake 120 yards long."
But Apophis was commonly believed to have existed from the beginning of time in the waters of
Nu of primeval chaos.
Battles with Ra

Tales of Apophis battles against
Ra were elaborated during the
New Kingdom. Storytellers said that every day Apophis must lie below the horizon and not persist in the mortal kingdom. This appropriately made him a part of the
underworld
The underworld, also known as the netherworld or hell, is the supernatural world of the dead in various religious traditions and myths, located below the world of the living. Chthonic is the technical adjective for things of the underworld.
...
. In some stories, Apophis waited for
Ra in a western mountain called ''Manu'', where the sun set, and in others, Apophis lurked just before dawn, in the ''Tenth region of the Night''. The wide range of Apophis possible locations gained him the title ''World-Encircler''. It was thought that his terrifying roar would cause the underworld to rumble. Myths sometimes say that Apophis was trapped there, because he had been the previous chief god overthrown by
Ra, or because he was evil and had been imprisoned.
The
Coffin Texts imply that Apophis used a magical gaze to overwhelm
Ra and his entourage.
Ra was assisted by a number of defenders who travelled with him, including
Set
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
and possibly the
Eye of Ra. Apophis movements were thought to cause earthquakes, and his battles with
Set
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
may have been meant to explain the origin of thunderstorms. In one account,
Ra himself defeats Apophis in the form of a
cat.
Religious Practices
Ra's victory each night was thought to be ensured by the prayers of the
Egyptian priest
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deity, deities. They also have the authority or power to administer religious rites; in parti ...
s and worshippers at
temple
A temple (from the Latin ) is a place of worship, a building used for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. By convention, the specially built places of worship of some religions are commonly called "temples" in Engli ...
s. The Egyptians practiced a number of
ritual
A ritual is a repeated, structured sequence of actions or behaviors that alters the internal or external state of an individual, group, or environment, regardless of conscious understanding, emotional context, or symbolic meaning. Traditionally ...
s and
superstition
A superstition is any belief or practice considered by non-practitioners to be irrational or supernatural, attributed to fate or magic (supernatural), magic, perceived supernatural influence, or fear of that which is unknown. It is commonly app ...
s that were thought to ward off Apophis and to aid Ra in continuing his journey across the sky.
In an annual
rite
Rite may refer to:
Religion
* Ritual, an established ceremonious act
* Rite (Christianity), sacred rituals in the Christian religion
* Ritual family, Christian liturgical traditions; often also called ''liturgical rites''
* Catholic particular ch ...
called the ''Ritual of Overthrowing Apophis'', priests would build an
effigy
An effigy is a sculptural representation, often life-size, of a specific person or a prototypical figure. The term is mostly used for the makeshift dummies used for symbolic punishment in political protests and for the figures burned in certain ...
of Apophis that was thought to contain all of the evil and darkness in
Egypt
Egypt ( , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the Northeast Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to northe ...
, and burn it to protect everyone from Apophis evil for another year.
The Egyptian priests had a detailed guide to fighting Apophis , referred to as ''The Books of Overthrowing Apep'' (or the ''Book of Apophis'', in Greek). The chapters described a gradual process of dishonoring, dismemberment, and disposal, which include:
*Spitting Upon Apophis
*Defiling Apophis with the Left Foot
*Taking a Lance to Smite Apophis
*Fettering Apophis
*Taking a Knife to Smite Apophis
*Putting Fire Upon Apophis
In addition to stories about
Ra's victories, this guide had instructions for making
wax models, or small drawings, of the serpent, which would be spat on, mutilated and burnt, whilst reciting
spells that would aid
Ra in killing Apophis. Fearing that even the image of Apophis could give power to the demon, any rendering would always include another deity to subdue the monster.
As Apophis was thought to live in the underworld, he was sometimes thought of as an ''Eater of
Soul
The soul is the purported Mind–body dualism, immaterial aspect or essence of a Outline of life forms, living being. It is typically believed to be Immortality, immortal and to exist apart from the material world. The three main theories that ...
s''. Thus the dead also needed protection, so they were sometimes buried with spells that could destroy Apophis . The ''
Book of the Dead'' does not frequently describe occasions when
Ra defeated the chaos snake explicitly called Apophis. Only ''Book of the Dead'' Spells 7 and 39 can be explained as such.
[J.F.Borghouts, ''Book of the Dead 9 From Shouting to Structure'' (Studien zum Altaegyptischen Totenbuch 10, Wiesbaden, 2007).]
Gallery
File:LdM Imenemsaouf.jpg, Apophis below the barque of Ra with seven knives, Book of the Dead of Amenemsaouf, 21st Dynasty, Louvre Museum
The Louvre ( ), or the Louvre Museum ( ), is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world. It is located on the Rive Droite, Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement of Paris, 1st arron ...
, Paris
Paris () is the Capital city, capital and List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, largest city of France. With an estimated population of 2,048,472 residents in January 2025 in an area of more than , Paris is the List of ci ...
File:Edfu16.JPG, The hieroglyph for Apophis name showing a serpent stabbed with five knives, Temple of Edfu, Ptolemaic period
File:Papyrus of Hunefer, detail.jpg, Ra, in the form of a cat, smiting Apophis with a knife. Papyrus of Hunefer, 19th dynasty
File:Apep 1.jpg, Atum
Atum (, Egyptian: ''jtm(w)'' or ''tm(w)'', ''reconstructed'' ; Coptic ''Atoum''), sometimes rendered as Atem, Temu, or Tem, is the primordial God in Egyptian mythology from whom all else arose. He created himself and is the father of Shu and ...
facing Apophis , tomb of Ramesses I, 19th Dynasty (c. 1292–1290 BC)
File:A shallow white cross-lined ware bowl illustrating a man on a boat alongside a hippo and crocodile MET DP259217.jpg, Example of a Naqada 1 C-Ware bowl (though not the one depicting Apophis )
See also
*
99942 Apophis, near Earth asteroid
*
Apep (star system), triple star system that is a gamma-ray burst progenitor in the Milky Way
*
Ethnoherpetology
* Referenced in John Langan's
''The Fisherman'' (novel), the world-girdling serpent harnessed as a source of magical potency
*
Nikko Jenkins, American criminal who motivated his series of murders by claiming that he is a worshipper of Apophis
*
Jörmungandr
In Norse mythology, Jörmungandr (, see Etymology), also known as the Midgard Serpent or World Serpent (, "worm of Midgard"), is an unfathomably large and monstrous sea serpent or worm who dwells in the world sea, encircling the Earth ( Midga ...
*
Mehen
*
Ouroboros
The ouroboros or uroboros (; ) is an ancient symbol depicting a serpent symbolism, snake or European dragon, dragon Autocannibalism, eating its own tail. The ouroboros entered Western tradition via Egyptian mythology, ancient Egyptian iconogra ...
*
Python (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Python (; '' gen''. Πύθωνος) was the serpent, sometimes represented as a medieval-style dragon, living at the center of the Earth, believed by the ancient Greeks to be at Delphi.
Mythology
Python, sometimes written P ...
*
Unut
Unut, also known as Wenut or Wenet, was a Prehistory, prehistoric Ancient Egyptian hare and snake goddess of fertility and new birth.
Known as "The swift one", the animal sacred to her was the hare, but originally, she had the form of a snake. ...
*
Vritra
Vritra (, , ) is a danava in Hinduism. He serves as the personification of drought, and is an adversary of the king of the devas, Indra. As a danava, he belongs to the race of the asuras. Vritra is also known in the Vedas as Ahi ( ). He appe ...
*
Wadjet
Wadjet (; "Green One"), known to the Greek world as Uto (; ) or Buto (; ) among other renderings including Wedjat, Uadjet, and Udjo, was originally the ancient Egyptian Tutelary deity, local goddess of the city of Dep or Buto in Lower Egypt, ...
*
Leviathan
Leviathan ( ; ; ) is a sea serpent demon noted in theology and mythology. It is referenced in several books of the Hebrew Bible, including Psalms, the Book of Job, the Book of Isaiah, and the pseudepigraphical Book of Enoch. Leviathan is of ...
*
Satan
Satan, also known as the Devil, is a devilish entity in Abrahamic religions who seduces humans into sin (or falsehood). In Judaism, Satan is seen as an agent subservient to God, typically regarded as a metaphor for the '' yetzer hara'', or ' ...
*
Ancient serpent
References
External links
Apep, Water Snake-Demon of Chaos, Enemy of Ra...
{{Authority control
African dragons
Amratian culture
Chaos gods
Dragon deities
Egyptian death gods
Egyptian demons
Egyptian underworld
Evil gods
Personifications
Night gods
Snake gods
Underworld gods