Anti-Semitic Canard

Antisemitic tropes, also known as antisemitic canards or antisemitic libels, are " sensational reports, misrepresentations or fabrications" about Jews as an ethnicity or Judaism as a religion.

Since the 2nd century, malicious allegations of Jewish guilt have become a recurring motif in antisemitic tropes, which take the form of libels, stereotypes or conspiracy theories. They typically present Jews as cruel, powerful or controlling, some of which also feature the denial or trivialization of historical atrocities against Jews. These tropes have led to pogroms, genocides, persecutions and systemic racism for Jews throughout history. Antisemitic tropes mainly evolved in monotheistic societies, whose religions were derived from Judaism, many of which were traceable to Christianity's early days. These tropes were mirrored by 7th-century Quranic claims that Jews were "visited with wrath from Allah" due to their supposed practice of usury and disbelief in his revelations. In medieval Europe, antisemitic tropes were expanded in scope to justify mass persecutions and expulsions of Jews. Particularly, Jews were repeatedly massacred over accusations of causing epidemics and "ritually consuming" Christian babies' blood.

In the 19th century, lies about Jews plotting "world domination" by "controlling" mass media and global banking spread, which mutated into modern tropes, especially the libel that Jews " invented and promoted communism". These tropes fatefully formed Adolf Hitler's worldview, contributing to World War II and the Holocaust, which killed at least 6 million Jews (67% pre-war European Jews). Since the 20th century, antisemitic libels' usage has been documented among groups that self-identify as "anti-Zionists".

Most contemporary tropes feature the denial or trivialization of anti-Jewish atrocities, especially the denial or trivialization of the Holocaust, or of the Jewish exodus from Muslim countries. Holocaust denial and antisemitic tropes are inextricable, typical of which is the libel that the Holocaust was "fabricated" or "exaggerated" to "advance" Jews' or Israel's interests. The most recent example is the denial or trivialization of the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel, with the victims overwhelmingly Jewish, including several Holocaust survivors.

Political tropes

World domination

The publication of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' in 1903 is usually considered the beginning of contemporary conspiracy theory literature. The trope embodied by the book is manifested in both writings and imagery, where Jews are accused of plotting world domination nefariously. Typical examples include Nazi-originated cartoons depicting Jews as a giant octopus reaching across the globe. A 2001 Egyptian reprint of Henry Ford's antisemitic text ''The International Jew'', with the same octopus imagery on the front cover.

Among the earliest refutations of ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' as a forgery were a series of articles printed in ''The Times'' in 1921, which revealed the forgery's content to have been plagiarized from the unrelated satire '' The Dialogue in Hell Between Machiavelli and Montesquieu''. The Russian imperial state popularized the forgery to discredit the Bolsheviks by accusing Jews of organizing the Russian revolution. The forgery scapegoated Jews as the leading subversive force to try to dispel mass revolt and keep the empire united.

Later, the trope spread westward when the Great Depression and Nazism's rise catalyzed its dissemination. A Polish equivalent goes by '' Judeopolonia'', which posited an imaginary Jewish domination of Poland. Contemporarily, the trope often goes by '' Zionist Occupation Government'' (ZOG), which accuses the Jews of "controlling Western governments" for selfish ends, like benefitting Israel. The ''ZOG'' is widely peddled by antisemites, such as the Neo-Nazis, white nationalists, Islamists and black supremacists.

Malcolm X, a well known Black American activist, believed in ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', which he introduced to the Nation of Islam (NOI) for circulation among their Black American audience. In 2003, the Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohammed drew a standing ovation at an OIC conference after alleging:

The New Black Panther Party (NBPP), a black separatist group, has actively peddled the myth. Prior to a 2006 Democratic primary runoff in the U.S. state of Georgia, the NBPP alleged

When the NBPP-backed candidate Cynthia McKinney lost to her rival Hank Johnson, NBPP's members alleged "Jewish electoral domination".

In April 2017, ''Politico'' magazine published an article alleging "links" between the then–U.S. President Donald Trump, Russian dictator Vladimir Putin and Jewish religious group Chabad. Jonathan Greenblatt (CEO) of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) condemned the article as "evok ngage-old myths about Jews". In December 2023, Australian Green MP Jenny Leong, echoed Mahathir Mohammed's 2003 speech at a ''Palestine Justice Movement'' forum:

Leong apologized after being condemned. Whereas, the "Jewish power" myth is often veiled as the "criticism" of "Jewish plutocrats" allegedly behind political changes. For instance, QAnon conspiracy theorists believe in the existence of a "satanic cabal" of global elites ('' globalists'') "drinking children's blood" to achieve "world domination". Two-time heavyweight world champion Tyson Fury also believes in a "Zionist plot" to "lower" public moral standard via the media and finance. As per Argentine-Israeli educator Gustavo Perednik, antisemites often pass off their aggressive instinct as a "struggle" of "the oppressed" against the "powerful" to maximize its appeal to left-wing audience.

Controlling the media

Another common antisemitic trope is that "the Jews control the media and Hollywood". In Eastern Europe, the Czech politician Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, believed that Jews "controlled the press", despite his previous objection to antisemitism during the Hilsner affair. In Western Europe, Arthur Griffith, the founder of the Sinn Féin party decisive to Ireland's independence, was subscribed to the "Jewish media control" trope. Griffith alleged that Dublin newspapers were

Griffith's antisemitism is still present in the party. For instance, lower house parliamentarian Réada Cronin alleged in 2020 that Jews were "responsible for European wars" and "Adolf Hitler was a pawn of the ewishRothschilds ..maynot have been too far wrong". In the United States, J.J. Goldberg, The Forward's editorial director, published a study of such trope in 1997. He concluded that Jewish Americans "do not make a high priority of Jewish concerns" despite holding prominent positions in the American media industry. Variants on this theme focus on Hollywood, the press and the music industry.

White genocide conspiracy theory

Since 2015 when the European migrant crisis happened, the ''White genocide'' conspiracy theory has gained traction among white nationalists. Jews are often accused of facilitating unrestricted non-white immigration to alter the fabric of White-majority societies. Such libel is often peddled in conjunction with older myths, like the "Jewish power", to raise its plausibility among the targeted audience. Much of such sentiment stems from an extinction anxiety about the majority White population becoming outnumbered by the non-white population, who are often assumed as "foreign" and " incompatible" with the mainstream. Elon Musk, the current owner of ''X'' (formerly ''Twitter''), has also been accused of endorsing the theory, when he showed approval of the theory in a tweet.

In the US, there have been several terrorist attacks associated with the belief in the theory, the most recent of which include the 2017 Unite the Right rally, where dozens of casualties occurred in a car ramming attack, and the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting, where 11 were killed and 7 injured. The SPLC noted,

Economic tropes

Controlling the global financial system

The ADL documented several tropes that had associated Jews with banking, including the myth that "global banking is dominated by the ewishRothschild family" traceable to the medieval prevalence of Jews in moneylending.

Usury and profiteering

In the Middle Ages, Jews were restricted from most professions and pushed into marginalized occupations, such as tax collection and moneylending, due to the Roman Catholic Church's prohibition on Christians charging interest for loans. In 1179, the Third Council of the Lateran threatened excommunication for any Christians lending money at interest, prompting borrowers to turn to Jews for loans. Natural tension between gentile debtors and Jewish creditors reinforced pre-existing anti-Jewish biases. In England, the departing Crusaders were joined by debtors in the massacres of Jews at London and York in 1189–1190. In 1275, Edward I of England punished Jewish creditors by passing the anti-usury Statute of Jewry. Many English Jews were arrested, 300 of whom were hanged. In 1290, all Jews were expelled from England. German-American Jewish historian Walter Laqueur noted,

Propagation of Communism

In the 20th century, newer allegations of Jews masterminding the propagation of Communism emerged, including ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'' (1903). ''Judeo-Bolshevism'' was popularized by Hitler's to conflate Jews with communists and present them as an existential threat to justify the Holocaust. A Polish equivalent of this trope is , which accused "most Jews" of having "collaborated with the Soviet Union" in "importing communism" to Poland. Candace Owens, a twenty-first century American conservative pundit, alleged that "Stalin was a Jew" and his followers were "part of a Jewish cabal".

Kosher tax

The "Kosher tax" trope claims that food producers are "forced" to pay an exorbitant premium to indicate that their products are kosher, which is allegedly passed on to consumers by price increase. It is mainly spread by white supremacists. Refuters contended that food producers would not engage in the certification process if it was not profitable to obtain the "kosher certification", which is actually a voluntary business decision, while the "resultant" increased sales would lower the average cost.

Religious tropes

Guilt for the death of Jesus

Jews have been blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus throughout history:

''Jewish deicide'' was legitimized in Christian theology by Saint John Chrysostom (c. 4th century), a prominent Church Father. In the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965, Pope Paul VI issued the to refute the libel

Against radical traditionalists' objections, it was distantly followed up by an apology in 2000 for the two millennia of Catholic persecution of Jews, amid claims that the Second Temple menorah is still being hidden in the Vatican. Radical Traditionalist Catholics (''rad trads'') who oppose Christian–Jewish reconciliation have continued to peddle ''Jewish deicide''. Subreddits r/Catholicism and r/AskAChristian on Reddit are reportedly frequented by ''rad trads'' for years. As per the SPLC, the ''rad trads'' frequently circulate content from the forgery ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion''. Notably, the ''rad trads'' have peddled:

The ADL noted

Blood libel

The ''blood libel'' accusation's origin dates to the 12th century. The first recorded accusation against Jews was associated with the death of William of Norwich. Torture and human sacrifice in the ''blood libel'' run contrary to Judaism. The Ten Commandments forbid murder. The use of blood in cooking is banned by Kashrut as blood is deemed ritually unclean. The Hebrew Bible, and Halakha portray human sacrifice as one of the evils separating the pagans of Canaan from the Hebrews. Jews were prohibited from performing these rituals. Ritual cleanliness for priests prohibited even being in the same room with a human corpse. Historian Alexis P. Rubin noted,

Among those who refuted the ''blood libel'' included the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Pope Gregory IX, while Pope Clement VI said that the Black Death could not be blamed on Jews. Contemporarily, the ''blood libel'' still appears frequently in Muslim countries' state media, publications and online platforms as per their official anti-Zionism. Various Arab writers have condemned the ''blood libel''. The Egyptian newspaper ''Al-Ahram'' published articles by Osama Al-Baz, a senior advisor to the late Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, explaining the origins of the ''blood libel''.

Host desecration

In medieval Europe, Jews were often accused of stealing hosts and desecrating them to reenact the crucifixion of Jesus by stabbing or burning. The first allegation of Jewish ''host desecration'' was made recorded in 1243 in Beelitz, near Berlin, and all Jews in Beelitz were burned alive, subsequently called the ''Judenberg''. In the following centuries, similar libels circulated throughout Europe and caused several pogroms, which did not subside until Sigismund II Augustus repudiated it in 1558. However, massacres resulted from ''host desecration'' libels happened until the 19th century. The last recorded accusations were brought up in Barlad, Romania, in 1836 and 1867 respectively.

Accusations of anti-Christian conspiracy

Throughout history, Christians alleged that Jews either dislike or sought to destroy Christianity. A 65,000-word treatise written by Martin Luther, a pioneering 16th-century Christian reformer, also consists of such a libel that is still being promoted. For instance, radio host James Edwards alleged that Jews "hate Christianity" and were "using pornography as a subversive tool against us". The ADL noted

Demonization in Christianity

As early as the 4th century, Church Father Saint John Chrysostom described a synagogue as

His anti-Jewish homily was legitimized in Christian theology as the basis of Christian antisemitism for the following millennia, ultimately subject to Nazi co-optation to garner Christian support for the Holocaust. In such regard, historian Jeremy Cohen wrote,

() is a dehumanizing imagery of Jews that appeared around the 13th century. Its popularity lasted for six centuries until Nazi revival. Sculptures of Jews, typically portrayed in "obscene human contact" with unclean animals like pigs and owls, were often found on cathedral or church ceilings, pillars, utensils, etchings etc. The images always combined multiple antisemitic motifs, which sometimes included derisive prose or poetry. Martin Luther, a 16th-century Reformation's pioneer, was noted for his vicious antisemitism. Luther wrote a 65,000-word thesis demonizing the Jews in which he not only described Jews asLuther, Martin. ''On the Jews and Their Lies'', 154, 167, 229, cited in Michael, Robert. ''Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 111. Oberman, Heiko. ''Luthers Werke''. Erlangen 1854, 32:282, 298, in Grisar, Hartmann. ''Luther''. St. Louis 1915, 4:286 and 5:406, cited in Michael, Robert. ''Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust''. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, p. 113.

but also called for extreme violence towards Jews within Europe. Martin Luther was elevated to an unprecedented status in Nazi Germany. Luther's antisemitic thesis is considered by many Western historians to have brought about the Holocaust, despite the 400-year lapse.

Demonization in other religions or movements

Beyond Abrahamic religions, the demonization of Jews is also common among new religious movements, one of which is the Black Hebrew Israelites. Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI) believe that African Americans are descendants of ancient Israelites. However, the BHI are not associated with either Jews or Christians.

Just as the "Messianic Judaism" founded by Conservative Baptist Association's Evangelical priest Moishe Rosen, the BHI do not meet any criteria for being Jewish. The BHI have seen themselves as the only "real Jews". They deny contemporary Jews' Jewish ancestry and historical connection to Israel. BHI have accused contemporary Jews of being " European converts to Judaism" and running the Atlantic slave trade, implying that they are "White oppressors". Several BHI sects have been classified as hate groups by at least three American civil rights groups, the ADL, SPLC and SWC, with the ADL claiming that not all BHI sects were anti-Semitic.

Such BHI-espoused antisemitic tropes have been popularized to discredit Jews by associating them with White supremacy. BHI sects deemed antisemitic include the ''Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge (ISUPK)'', ''House of Israel (HOI)'', '' Nation of Yahweh (NOY)'', ''Israelites Saints of Christ'', ''True Nation Israelite Congregation'' and ''The Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ (ICGJC)''. The ADL summarized the commonly used BHI slurs:

BHI groups or members have also been involved in domestic terrorism towards Jewish Americans since the 1970s, the most recent of which include the Jersey City Shooting (7 dead and 3 injured). The BHI, to some extent, managed to desensitize the public to their anti-Jewish terrorism by appropriating Jewish symbols and misusing their historically oppressed status to gain sympathy from anti-racist intellectuals.

The Unification Church (UC), founded by South Korean religious leader Sun Myung Moon in 1954, was criticized for demonizing Jews in its manifesto ''Divine Principle''. A multi-faith panel that included Rabbi A. James Rudin, the assistant director of the American Jewish Committee's department of interreligious affairs, pointed out 125 antisemitic references in their manifesto, including the libel that Jews were "collectively responsible" for the crucifixion of Christ. Rudin argued that UC's manifesto included "pejorative language, stereotyped imagery, accusations of collective sin and guilt", including its claim that "Jews had gone through a course of indemnity" due to John the Baptist's "failure to recognize Jesus as the Messiah". It is also found that the UC's text portrayed the Holocaust as a "divine punishment". The UC denied the AJC's charges as "distortion" and "obscurations".

Male menstruation

The false belief of Jewish male anal menstruation emerged in the 16th century, which formed part of the canard that all Jews were somehow female. The false belief was allegedly based on scripture associating Jews with bleeding, particularly the description of Judas Iscariot#Death, Judas' death in , where his belly was allegedly burst open, which inspired further accounts of heretics having their blood or entrails spilled via the anus at death. It was, in the 12th century, referenced to the ''blood curse'' invoked by the Jews at Pilate's court, Jesus' trial before Pilate. In the following century, a pseudoscientific explanation based on humorism, humoral medicine was added, supplemented by a verse from . By 1302, it was claimed that Jewish male descendants of those alleged to have "taken responsibility" for the crucifixion of Jesus would suffer a monthly bleeding. A 1503 account of the 1494 human sacrifice, ritual murder trials at Trnava, Tyrnau consisted of the earliest mention of the alleged monthly male bleeding. In 17th-century Spain, the notion was revived by physicians, including the king's, conflating menstruation with hemorrhoids, which contributed to the "legal concept" of "Racial antisemitism, impure blood" in a family or race.

Well poisoning

During the devastating 14th century Black Death, crowded cities were hard hit, with death tolls as high as 50%. Emotionally distraught survivors scapegoated Jews opportunistically. Soon after the Black Death's entry to Europe in 1346, persecution of Jews during the Black Death, massacres of Jews broke out between 1348 and 1351 based on false charges of Jews "spreading" the epidemic. The first massacres happened in Toulon in 1348, where the Jewish quarter was sacked and 40 Jews murdered, then in Barcelona.Anna Foa (2003). ''The Jews of Europe After the Black Death''. p. 13 "This was the context in which the Plague made its appearance in 1348. The Black Death The Plague was not unknown in [...] The first massacres took place in April 1348 in Toulon, where the Jewish quarter was raided and forty Jews were murdered in their homes. Shortly afterward, violence broke out in Barcelona and in other Catalan cities." In 1349, massacres and persecution spread across Europe, including the Erfurt massacre (1349), Erfurt massacre, Basel Massacre and massacres in Aragon and Flanders.John Marshall (2006). ''John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture''. p. 376. "The period of the Black Death saw the massacre of Jews across Germany, and in Aragon, and Flanders" 2,000 Jews were also burned alive in the Strasbourg massacre on 14 February 1349 by antisemites who justified the massacre as a "preventive measure". Such accusation later became an antisemitic trope, which evolved into the one fabricated by Joseph Stalin as the doctors' plot in the early 1950s, then the charges of Jews "spreading" intractable diseases like the HIV/AIDS, AIDS and COVID-19 misinformation#Jewish origin, COVID-19.

Other tropes

Causing wars, revolutions and calamities

German politician Heinrich von Treitschke in the 19th century coined the phrase ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), which became 's motto. Israeli-British historian Efraim Karsh noted,

Both ends of the political spectrum accused American Jews of "dragging" the country into World War II and the Iraq War, exaggerating the influence of an alleged Israel lobby in the United States, Israel lobby. It was also promoted by political scientist John Mearsheimer in a The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy, 2007 book, which was criticized for legitimizing the "Jewish domination" trope and encouraging antisemitism. The ''Franklin Prophecy'' was unknown before its appearance in 1934 in William Dudley Pelley's Nazism in the United States, pro-Nazi magazine ''Liberation''. As per the 2004 U.S. Congress report ''Anti-Semitism in Europe: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on European Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations'',

Turning people LGBT

In 2016, Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) highlighted a video in which a Kuwaiti Salafi movement, Salafi preacher alleged that ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' and other youth cartoons were created by Jews in order to promote homosexuality, atheism, Satanism and the "emo movement". In 2018, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan accused Jews of "turning men into women and women into men" with a "specially concocted strain of marijuana" invented to make Black men gay and Effeminacy, effeminate.

In 2020, conspiracy theorist Rick Wiles endorsed a claim by some "Messianic Jews" that "Zionist as a pejorative, Zionists" seek to "make all of humanity Androgyny, androgynous" as per the Kabbalah, Kabbalistic concept of Adam Kadmon. They alleged that the plot involved "Zionist" support for transgender rights to "make people LGBT" by "putting specific things in food, in drink". Contrarily, some Racism in the LGBT community#Lesbian antisemitism, lesbian feminists have accused Jews of being "killers of the Goddess" over their perception of the Yahweh#Judaism, god of Israel being male to blame Jews for women's mistreatment under the "patriarchy".

Controlling the weather and causing natural disasters

On March 16, 2018, Council of the District of Columbia member Trayon White posted a video on his Facebook page showing snow flurries falling, alluding to the conspiracy theory of the Rothschild family conspiring to manipulate the weather. In his post, he stated, "Y'all better pay attention to this climate control, man, this climate manipulation ... And that's a model based off the Rothschilds controlling the climate to create natural disasters they can pay for to own the cities, man. Be careful." The comment was widely reported in Washington and worldwide media as an endorsement of an Antisemitism, antisemitic conspiracy theory. The ''Washington City Paper'' reported on March 19 that this was not the first time in which White alluded to a Jewish conspiracy to control global weather.

The belief that Jews use space lasers to manipulate the weather, or the belief that Jews use space lasers to cause natural disasters, also dates back to 2018, when U.S. Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene suggested that the Camp Fire (2018), Camp Fire wildfires in Butte County, California were caused by lasers which were emitted from "space solar generators" in a scheme which companies such as Rothschild & Co and Solaren were involved in. Despite her denial of antisemitic intent in relation to her belief in this theory, supporters of Greene quickly blamed the wildfires on Jews. Greene was condemned by the Republican Jewish Coalition, the Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations, and Christians United for Israel. Journalist and author Mike Rothschild, who is unrelated to Rothschild family, the Rothschilds, also condemned these statements.

Provoking or fabricating antisemitism

During a speech at the Reichstag building, Reichstag on 30 January 1939, Adolf Hitler accused "international Jewish financiers" of seeking to start a world war, but that this would be turned against them in an "Hitler's prophecy, annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe", for which the Jews would be fully to blame.

In 2002, the then-Hamas leader Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi#History with Hamas, Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi Loaded question, asked, "People always talk about what the The Holocaust, Germans did to the Jews, but the true question is, 'What did the Jews do to the Germans? Gilad Atzmon stated, "Jewish texts tend to glaze over the fact that Hitler's 28 March 1933, ordering a boycott against Jewish stores and goods, was an escalation in direct response to the Jewish war conspiracy theory, declaration of war on Germany by the worldwide Jewish leadership." In January 2005, 19 members of the Russian State Duma demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned in Russia, alleging that "most antisemitic actions in the whole world are constantly carried out by Jews themselves with a goal of provocation." After sharp protests by Russian Jewish leaders, including Russia's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar, human rights activists and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia), Russian Foreign Ministry, the Duma members retracted their appeal.

Dual loyalty

A trope found in ''The Protocols of the Elders of Zion'', but originating long before that document, is that Jews are more loyal to world Jewry than to their own country. Since Israel's reestablishment in 1948, libels of Jews being more loyal to Israel than to their country of residence and citizenship have become widespread in different countries.

Cowardice and lack of patriotism

With the rise of racism, racist theories in the 19th century, "[a]nother old anti-Semitic canard served to underline the putative 'femininity' of the Jewish race. Like women, Jews lacked an 'essence. In ''Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations'', Kurt Jonassohn and Karin S. Björnson wrote:

Jews were frequently accused of being insufficiently patriotic. In late 19th-century France, a political scandal known as the Dreyfus affair involved the wrongful conviction for treason of a young Jewish French officer. The political and judicial scandal ended with his full rehabilitation. During World War I, the German Military High Command implemented the ' (German for "Jewish Census"), which was designed to "confirm" allegations of the "lack of patriotism" among German Jews, but the results of the census disproved the accusations and were not made public. After the end of the war, the stab-in-the-back myth alleged that internal enemies, including Jews, were responsible for Germany's defeat.

In Joseph Stalin, Stalin's Soviet Union, the anti-cosmopolitan campaign, statewide campaign against "rootless cosmopolitans", a Soviet euphemism for Jews, was set out on 28 January 1949 with an article in the party's official newspaper ''Pravda'':

Such propaganda was followed by state campaigns of persecution until Stalin's death in 1953, which involved Doctor's Plot, mass termination of Soviet Jewish doctors and Night of the Murdered Poets, liquidation of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee based on false charges of treason, espionage and association with Zionism. The anniversary of the murders was commemorated by Soviet Jewry Movement's activists from the 1960s until the end of the Soviet Union.

In 1968, the Polish People's Republic, Soviet-dominated Polish communist state exploited Racism in Poland#Jews, pre-existing antisemitism to peddle similar claims, equating Jewish origins with "disloyalty" and "Zionist sympathies", to blame History of the Jews in Poland#Communist rule: 1945–1989, Polish Jews for the 1968 Polish political crisis, anti-communist mass protests. A purge of Polish Jews, most of whom were Holocaust survivors, ensued. The purge caused the exodus of 5,000–10,000 Polish Jews – around 20–33% of those remaining back then. An apology was made by the democratic Polish government in March 2018.

Ethnocentrism

Many antisemitic conspiracy theory websites cherry-picked quotes from Jewish religious writings to justify the libel that Judaism is "racist [...] teaching Jews to hate non-Jews." As per rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik,

As per the minutes of a 1984 U.S. Congress hearing concerning the History of the Jews in the Soviet Union, Soviet Jewry, the demonization of Jews based on bogus "ethnocentrism" charges was common:

Fabricating or exaggerating the Holocaust

Holocaust denial consists of claims that the genocide of Jews during World War II – usually referred to as the Holocaust – did not occur at all, or it did not happen in the manner or to the extent which is historically recognized. Key elements of these claims are the rejection of the following facts:

Most Holocaust denial claims imply, or openly state, that the Holocaust is a "hoax" committed out of a "deliberate List of conspiracy theories#Jewish world domination, Jewish conspiracy" to advance the "Jewish interests".A hoax designed to advance the interests of Jews:
*"The title of App's major work on the Holocaust, ''The Six Million Swindle'', is informative because it implies on its very own the existence of a conspiracy of Jews to perpetrate a hoax against non-Jews for monetary gain." Mathis, Andrew E
"Holocaust Denial, a Definition"
, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
*"Jews are thus depicted as manipulative and powerful conspirators who have fabricated myths of their own suffering for their own ends. According to the Holocaust deniers, by forging evidence and mounting a massive propaganda effort, the Jews have established their lies as 'truth' and reaped enormous rewards from doing so: for example, in making financial claims on Germany and acquiring international support for Israel.
"The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?"
, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
*"Why, we might ask the deniers, if the Holocaust did not happen would any group concoct such a horrific story? Because, some deniers claim, there was a conspiracy by Zionists to exaggerate the plight of Jews during the war in order to finance the state of Israel through war reparations." Michael Shermer & Alex Grobman. ''Denying History: Who Says the Holocaust Never Happened and Why Do They Say It?'', University of California Press, 2000, , p. 106.
*"Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world.
"Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States"
, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
*"The central assertion for the deniers is that Jews are not victims but victimizers. They 'stole' billions in reparations, destroyed Germany's good name by spreading the 'myth' of the Holocaust, and won international sympathy because of what they claimed had been done to them. In the paramount miscarriage of injustice, they used the world's sympathy to 'displace' another people so that the state of Israel could be established. This contention relating to the establishment of Israel is a linchpin of their argument." Deborah Lipstadt. ''Denying the Holocaust – The Growing Assault on Truth and Memory'', Penguin, 1993, , p. 27.
*"They [Holocaust deniers] picture a vast shadowy conspiracy that controls and manipulates the institutions of education, culture, the media and government in order to disseminate a pernicious mythology. The purpose of this Holocaust mythology, they assert, is the inculcation of a sense of guilt in the white, Western Christian world. Those who can make others feel guilty have power over them and can make them do their bidding. This power is used to advance an international Jewish agenda centered in the Zionist enterprise of the State of Israel.
"Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"
, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
*"Deniers argue that the manufactured guilt and shame over a mythological Holocaust led to Western, specifically United States, support for the establishment and sustenance of the Israeli state – a sustenance that costs the American taxpayer over three billion dollars per year. They assert that American taxpayers have been and continue to be swindled [...]
"Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"
''Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda'', Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
*"The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, ''Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana'', University of North Carolina Press, 2000, , p. 445. Nowadays, outright denial is no longer socially acceptable. It has, however, morphed into more devious forms involving antisemitic tropes' usage to Distortion in the Holocaust, distort relevant events for fabricating Jewish guilt and legitimizing antisemitism. Distortion of the Holocaust refers, ''inter alia'', to intentional efforts to excuse or minimize the The Holocaust#Aftermath and legacy, impact of the Holocaust or its principal elements, including Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, collaborators and allies of Nazi Germany. Other factors are gross minimization of the number of the victims of the Holocaust, in contradiction to reliable sources, and attempts to Victim blaming#Examples, blame the Jews for causing their own genocide. Statements have been made casting the Holocaust as a positive historical event. Those statements are not Holocaust denial but are closely connected to it as a Antisemitism#Contemporary antisemitism, radical form of antisemitism. They may suggest that the Holocaust did not go far enough in accomplishing its goal of "the Final Solution of the Jewish Question". Finally, there have been attempts to Whitewashing (politics), blur the responsibility for the establishment of List of Nazi concentration camps, concentration and death camps devised and operated by Nazi Germany by putting blame on other nations or ethnic groups. As such, Holocaust denial is antisemitic.Antisemitic:
*"Contemporary examples of antisemitism in public life, the media, schools, the workplace, and in the religious sphere could, taking into account the overall context, include [...] denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. Gas chamber#Nazi Germany, gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust)." [...] , Fundamental Rights Agency
*"It would elevate their antisemitic ideology – which is what Holocaust denial is – to the level of responsible historiography – which it is not." Deborah Lipstadt, ''Denying the Holocaust'', , p. 11.
*"The denial of the Holocaust is among the most insidious forms of anti-Semitism [...] "Roth, Stephen J. "Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law" in the ''Israel Yearbook on Human Rights'', Volume 23, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993, , p. 215.
*"Contemporary Holocaust deniers are not revisionists – not even neo-revisionists. They are Deniers. Their motivations stem from their neo-nazi political goals and their rampant antisemitism." Austin, Ben S
"Deniers in Revisionists' Clothing"
, The Holocaust/Shoah Page, Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved 29 March 2007.
*"Holocaust denial can be a particularly insidious form of antisemitism precisely because it often tries to disguise itself as something quite different: as genuine scholarly debate (in the pages, for example, of the innocuous-sounding Journal for Historical Review).
"The nature of Holocaust denial: What is Holocaust denial?"
, JPR report No. 3, 2000. Retrieved 16 May 2007.
*"This books treats several of the myths that have made antisemitism so lethal [...] In addition to these historic myths, we also treat the new, maliciously manufactured myth of Holocaust denial, another groundless belief that is used to stir up Jew-hatred." Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. ''Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, , p. 3.
*"One predictable strand of Arab Islamic antisemitism is Holocaust denial [...]" Schweitzer, Frederick M. & Perry, Marvin. ''Anti-Semitism: Myth and Hate from Antiquity to the Present'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, , p. 10.
*"Anti-Semitism, in the form of Holocaust denial, had been experienced by just one teacher when working in a Catholic school with large numbers of Polish and Croatian students." Geoffrey Short, Carole Ann Reed. ''Issues in Holocaust Education'', Ashgate Publishing, 2004, , p. 71.
*"Indeed, the task of organized antisemitism in the last decade of the century has been the establishment of Holocaust Revisionism – the denial that the Holocaust occurred." Stephen Trombley, "antisemitism", ''The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought'', W. W. Norton & Company, 1999, , p. 40.
*"After the Yom Kippur War an apparent reappearance of antisemitism in France troubled the tranquility of the community; there were several notorious terrorist attacks on synagogues, Holocaust revisionism appeared, and a new antisemitic political right tried to achieve respectability." Howard K. Wettstein, ''Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity'', University of California Press, 2002, , p. 169.
*"Holocaust denial is a convenient polemical substitute for anti-semitism." Valérie Igounet
"Holocaust denial is part of a strategy"
, ''Le Monde diplomatique'', May 1998.
*"Holocaust denial is a contemporary form of the classic anti-Semitic doctrine of the evil, manipulative and threatening world Jewish conspiracy.
"Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"
, ''Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda'', Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
*"In a number of countries, in Europe as well as in the United States, the negation or gross minimization of the Nazi genocide of Jews has been the subject of books, essay and articles. Should their authors be protected by freedom of speech? The European answer has been in the negative: such writings are not only a perverse form of anti-semitism but also an aggression against the dead, their families, the survivors and society at large." Roger Errera, "Freedom of speech in Europe", in Georg Nolte, ''European and US Constitutionalism'', Cambridge University Press, 2005, , pp. 39–40.
*"Particularly popular in Syria is Holocaust denial, another staple of Arab anti-Semitism that is sometimes coupled with overt sympathy for Nazi Germany." Efraim Karsh, ''Rethinking the Middle East'', Routledge, 2003, , p. 104.
*"Holocaust denial is a new form of anti-Semitism, but one that hinges on age-old motifs." Dinah Shelton, ''Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity'', Macmillan Reference, 2005, p. 45.
*"The stress on Holocaust revisionism underscored the new anti-Semitic agenda gaining ground within the Klan movement. Holocaust denial refurbished conspiratorial anti-Semitism. Who else but the Jews had the media power to hoodwink unsuspecting masses with one of the greatest hoaxes in history? And for what motive? To promote the claims of the illegitimate state of Israel by making non-Jews feel guilty, of course." Lawrence N. Powell, ''Troubled Memory: Anne Levy, the Holocaust, and David Duke's Louisiana'', University of North Carolina Press, 2000, , p. 445.
*"Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world.
"Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States"
, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
*"The primary motivation for most deniers is anti-Semitism, and for them the Holocaust is an infuriatingly inconvenient fact of history. After all, the Holocaust has generally been recognized as one of the most terrible crimes that ever took place, and surely the very emblem of evil in the modern age. If that crime was a direct result of anti-Semitism taken to its logical end, then anti-Semitism itself, even when expressed in private conversation, is inevitably discredited among most people. What better way to rehabilitate anti-Semitism, make anti-Semitic arguments seem once again respectable in civilized discourse and even make it acceptable for governments to pursue anti-Semitic policies than by convincing the world that the great crime for which anti-Semitism was blamed simply never happened – indeed, that it was nothing more than a frame-up invented by the Jews, and propagated by them through their control of the media? What better way, in short, to make the world safe again for anti-Semitism than by denying the Holocaust?" Reich, Walter
"Erasing the Holocaust"
''The New York Times'', 11 July 1993.
*"There is now a creeping, nasty wave of anti-Semitism [...] insinuating itself into our political thought and rhetoric [...] The history of the Arab world [...] is disfigured [...] by a whole series of outmoded and discredited ideas, of which the notion that the Jews never suffered and that the Holocaust is an obfuscatory confection created by the elders of Zion is one that is acquiring too much, far too much, currency." Edward Said, "A Desolation, and They Called it Peace" in ''Those Who Forget the Past'', Ron Rosenbaum (ed), Random House 2004, p. 518.Conspiracy theory:
*"While appearing on the surface as a rather arcane pseudo-scholarly challenge to the well-established record of Nazi genocide during the Second World War, Holocaust denial serves as a powerful conspiracy theory uniting otherwise disparate fringe groups [...]
"Introduction: Denial as Anti-Semitism"
, "Holocaust Denial: An Online Guide to Exposing and Combating Anti-Semitic Propaganda", Anti-Defamation League, 2001. Retrieved 12 June 2007.
*"Before discussing how Holocaust denial constitutes a conspiracy theory, and how the theory is distinctly American, it is important to understand what is meant by the term 'Holocaust denial'." Mathis, Andrew E
"Holocaust Denial, a Definition"
, The Holocaust History Project, 2 July 2004. Retrieved 18 December 2006.
*"Since its inception [...] the Institute for Historical Review (IHR), a California-based Holocaust denial organization founded by Willis Carto of Liberty Lobby, has promoted the antisemitic conspiracy theory that Jews fabricated tales of their own genocide to manipulate the sympathies of the non-Jewish world.
"Antisemitism and Racism Country Reports: United States"
, Stephen Roth Institute, 2000. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
Holocaust deniers are condemned for ignoring all the evidence disproving their falsehood.Predetermined conclusion:
*Revisionism' is obliged to deviate from the standard methodology of historical pursuit because it seeks to mold facts to fit a preconceived result, it denies events that have been objectively and empirically proved to have occurred, and because it works backward from the conclusion to the facts, thus necessitating the distortion and manipulation of those facts where they differ from the preordained conclusion (which they almost always do). In short, 'revisionism' denies something that demonstrably happened, through methodological dishonesty." McFee, Gordon
"Why 'Revisionism' Isn't"
, The Holocaust History Project, 15 May 1999. Retrieved 22 December 2006.
*Alan L. Berger, "Holocaust Denial: Tempest in a Teapot, or Storm on the Horizon?", in Zev Garber and Richard Libowitz (eds), ''Peace, in Deed: Essays in Honor of Harry James Cargas'', Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1998, p. 154.

Holocaust deniers include the late "anti-Zionist" Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, former Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmedinejad, late Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah, late French people, French professor Robert Faurisson, French people, French teacher Vincent Reynouard, British people, British author David Irving and Germar Rudolf.

In 2010, a poll found that 56% of citizens in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco and the United Arab Emirates, UAE believed that the Jews "deserved the Holocaust", most of whom were found to hold the false beliefs that

In 2014, another global survey found that almost half of the world did not know that the Holocaust ever happened, making them more susceptible to the tropes as mentioned.

Holocaust inversion

Whereas, "[t]he main motif in Arab cartoons about Israel features 'the devilish Jew and "[t]he core anti-Semitic motif of the Jew as the paradigm of an "absolute evil" has a set of submotifs. These, in turn, recur over the centuries but are differently cloaked according to the predominant narrative of the period." Such demonization by association with Israel is termed the comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany, Holocaust inversion. ''Holocaust inversion'' is an inversion of reality where Jews, the Holocaust's primary victims, are transposed into being the primary perpetrators to erase their Persecution of Jews, historical victimhood and justify antisemitism. It is deemed a form of Holocaust trivialization. The World Jewish Congress noted that ''Holocaust inversion'' could be manifested as:

In such regard, the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy remarked,

''Zionist as a pejorative, Zio'', ''Zio-Nazi'' and even ''Zionist'' are used deceptively by antisemites to promote antisemitism while maintaining plausible deniability. David Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan, KKK's Grand Wizard#The third Klan (post–World War II), Grand Wizard, reportedly invented ''Zio'' as an anti-Jewish slur based on Zionism's popularity among Jewish history#The 21st century, contemporary Jews, especially in the American Jews, United States and British Jews, United Kingdom. Holocaust studies#Scholars, Holocaust historian Yehuda Bauer saw ''Zio-Nazi'' as hate speech, while the Meta Platforms, Meta restricted these terms on Facebook and Instagram.

Yossi Klein Halevi, the author of ''The New York Times'' bestseller ''Letters to My Palestinian Neighbor'', considered the trope a transmutation of an archaic dehumanizing motif of Jews:

Nevertheless, it is notable that Cold War mass killings under communist regimes, communist regimes, including the Soviet Union and its Polish People's Republic, puppet state in Poland, had an often neglected history of anti-cosmopolitan campaign, persecuting their Doctors' plot, Jewish subjects 1968 Polish political crisis, based on "anti-Zionism".

Controlling the Atlantic slave trade

Exploiting the African American–Jewish relations#Antisemitism among African Americans, pre-existing racial tension between Black and Jewish Americans, antisemites have exaggerated Jews' role in the Atlantic slave trade in an attempt to Demonization, demonize them in the eyes of African Americans, Black Americans. The belief that Jews "orchestrated" the Atlantic slave trade is the central Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam, tenet of the American Islamism, Islamist hate group Nation of Islam (NOI), led by Louis Farrakhan. A number of historians, including Saul S. Friedman, conducted research into the matter. Friedman published the book ''Jews and the American Slave Trade'' to summarise his findings, concluding that Jewish involvement in the Atlantic slave trade was negligible, thereby disproving the rumour. Also, in 1995, the American Historical Association (AHA) explicitly condemned "any statement alleging that Jews played a disproportionate role in the Atlantic slave trade".''Encyclopedia of American Jewish history'', Volume 1, pp. 199

Organ harvesting

Palestinians

In August 2009, an article in the Swedish tabloid accused Israeli troops of harvesting organs from Palestinians who died in their custody. Henrik Bredberg wrote in the rival newspaper : "Donald Boström publicized a variant of an anti-Semitic classic, the Jew who abducts children and steals their blood." In a video on their website, ''Time (magazine), Time'' magazine quoted the 2009 Swedish 's unbacked variant of the classic antisemitic blood libel accusation as fact and retracted the allegations that Israeli soldiers had harvested and sold Palestinian organs in 2009 within hours on 24 August 2014 after a denouncing report from HonestReporting came out.

In December 2009, Israel's Channel 2 (Israel), Channel 2 published an interview with Yehuda Hiss, the former chief pathologist at Abu Kabir Forensic Institute, L. Greenberg Institute of Forensic Medicine, where he accused workers at the forensic institute of taking skin, corneas, heart valves and bones from deceased Israelis, Palestinians and foreign workers without permission in the 1990s. Hiss was dismissed as head of Abu Kabir in 2004 after discovery of the use of organs. Israeli officials acknowledged that isolated incidents had taken place, but the vast majority of cases involved Israeli citizens and no such incidents had occurred for a protracted period, while Hiss had already been removed from his position. In a state inquiry report, they also found "no evidence that Hiss targeted Palestinians...The families of dead Israeli soldiers were among those who complained about Hiss's conduct." Despite this, similar accusations are still made by different members of society, including the Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor.

During the 2023–present Gaza war conspiracy theories were spread that the IDF was harvesting the organ of Palestinians. There has been no evidence presented to substantiate this outside of claims made by the Gaza Ministry of Health. Despite this the claim has been spread and been used to incite anti-Jewish sentiments online.

Haiti

In the immediate aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Israel sent 120 staff, doctors and troops of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) to Port-au-Prince. The IDF set up a field hospital that performed 316 surgeries and delivered 16 babies. On 18 January, an American "activist" called ''T. West'' posted a YouTube video calling on Haitians to be wary of "personalities who are out for money", which he referred to as the Israeli Defense Force (IDF).
To explain his allegations, West stated that in the past "the IDF [had] participated in stealing organ transplants of Palestinians and others", thus echoing the 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy, ''Aftonbladet'' Israel controversy. West, who claimed to speak for a black-empowerment group called AfriSynergy Productions, stopped short of making more explicit accusations against the IDF's behaviour in Haiti but he noted that there was "little monitoring" of it in the quake's aftermath, insinuating that organ theft was at the very least a strong possibility. The Iranian state outlet Press TV promoted the allegations. In a speech on 22 January, Ayatollah Ahmad Khatami said "There have been news reports that the Zionist regime, in the case of the catastrophe of Haiti, and under the pretext of providing relief to the people of Haiti, is stealing the organs of these wretched people", again without citing any evidence. On 27 January, a Syrian TV reporter described T. West's video as "document ngthis heinous crime and [...] show ngIsraelis engaged in stealing organs from the earthquake victims" (despite the fact that the video quite evidently does no such thing).

On 1 February 2010, "''The Palestine Telegraph''" accused the IDF of Organ procurement, harvesting organs in Haiti for sale based on the said YouTube video by T. West whose material was re-used from Hezbollah's Al-Manar TV. In the United Kingdom, Baroness Jenny Tonge was removed from her role as Liberal Democrat health spokeswoman as a result of an interview in which she suggested that an independent inquiry should be established. Israeli media and Jewish groups fought back against the claims immediately. In an interview with the ''Ynetnews'', West re-iterated his accusation of IDF's past organ theft and cited Operation Bid Rig as further "evidence" of Jewish "involvement" in organ trafficking. The Anti-Defamation League responded, labeling West's allegations as an antisemitic "Big Lie", while an author for the ''Jewish Ledger'' referred to the rumors as a renewed ''blood libel''.

9/11 conspiracy theories

Some conspiracy theories hold that Jews or Israel played a key role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. As per a paper published by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.", but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world". A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on 11 September has been widely reported and widely debunked. The number of Jews who died in the attacks – typically estimated at 400 – tracks closely with the proportion of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israelis died in the attack.

In 2003, the ADL published a report which attacked "hateful conspiracy theories" that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by Israelis and Jews, saying that they had the potential to "rationalize and fuel global anti-Semitism". The ADL's report found that "The Big lie, Big Lie has united the American far-right, white supremacists and the Arab and Muslim world". It also found that many of those were modern manifestations of the ''Protocols of the Elders of Zion''. The ADL has characterized the Jeff Rense website as carrying antisemitic materials, such as "American Jews staged the 9/11 terrorist attacks for their own financial gain and to induce the American people to endorse wars of aggression and genocide on the nations of the Middle East and the theft of their resources for the benefit of Israel". Accusations of Jews masterminding the 9/11 attacks have also been made by the Black supremacy, black supremacist New Black Panther Party (NBPP), which have gained traction among anti-Zionist Black Americans.

Contradictory accusations

Various researchers noted the cognitive dissonance, irrational contradictions in antisemitic tropes. Leon Pinsker noted as early as in 1882:

In her 2003 book ''The Holocaust and Antisemitism: A Short History'', Jocelyn Hellig wrote:

Curtis stated:

Gustavo Perednik wrote in ''Judeophobia'':

Comments about tropes

As per defense attorney Kenneth S. Stern, Kenneth Stern, "Historically, Jews have not fared well around conspiracy theories. Such ideas fuel Antisemitism, anti-Semitism. The myths that all Jews are Jewish deicide, responsible for the death of Christ, or Well poisoning#Medieval accusations against Jews, poisoned wells, or Blood libel, killed Christian children to bake Matzah, matzos, or 'Holocaust denial, made up' the Holocaust, or plot to control the world, do not succeed each other; rather, the list of anti-Semitic canards gets longer." Hannah Arendt, in analyzing antisemitism in the first part of ''The Origins of Totalitarianism'', shared a joke:

See also

* Conspiracy theory
* Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
* False accusation
* Geography of antisemitism
* Jewish history
* Moral panic
* Persecution of Jews
* Scapegoating
* Stereotypes of Jews
* Timeline of antisemitism
* Timeline of Jewish history

Notes

References

Works cited

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Further reading

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External links

Antisemitism Uncovered: A Guide to Old Myths in a New Era
�� Anti-Defamation League

{{Antisemitism topics, state=collapsed

Antisemitic tropes,
Conspiracy theories involving Jews
Political tropes