Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the
Permian
The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.9 Mya. It is the last period of the Pale ...
and
Triassic
The Triassic ( ) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.6 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.36 Mya. The Triassic is the first and shortest period ...
periods. By far the most speciose group are the
dicynodonts
Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typica ...
, a clade of beaked, tusked herbivores.Chinsamy-Turan, A. (2011) ''Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation - Histology - Biology'' p.39. Indiana University Press, . Retrieved May 2012 Anomodonts were very diverse during the
Middle Permian
The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/ epoch of the Permian. The Guadalupian was preceded by the Cisuralian and followed by the Lopingian. It is named after the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas, and dates between 272.95 ...
Late Permian
Late may refer to:
* LATE, an acronym which could stand for:
** Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy, a proposed form of dementia
** Local-authority trading enterprise, a New Zealand business law
** Local average treatment effect, ...
, filling ecological niches ranging from large browsers down to small burrowers. Few dicynodont families survived the
Permian–Triassic extinction event
The Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event, also known as the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian Extinction and colloquially as the Great Dying, formed the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, a ...
, but one lineage ( Kannemeyeriiformes) evolved into large, stocky forms that became dominant terrestrial herbivores right until the
Late Triassic
The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch (geology), epoch of the Triassic geologic time scale, Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between annum, Ma and Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the Middle Triassic Epoch ...
Biseridens
''Biseridens'' ("two rows of teeth") is an extinct genus of anomodont therapsid, and one of the most basal anomodont genera known. Originally known from a partial skull misidentified as an eotitanosuchian in 1997, another well-preserved skull ...
Otsheridae
Otsheriidae is an extinct family of small herbivorous anomodont
Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods. By far the most speciose group are the dicynodonts, a clade of beaked, tu ...
Suminia
''Suminia'' is an extinct genus of basal anomodont that lived during the Tatarian age of the late Permian, spanning approximately from 268-252 Ma.Rybczynski N. 2000. Cranial anatomy and phylogenetic position of Suminia getmanovi, a basal anomodo ...
Venjukovia
''Venyukovia'' (named after its discoverer, Pavel N. Venyukov) is an extinct genus of venyukovioid therapsid, a basal anomodont from the Middle Permian of Russia. The type and sole species, ''V. prima'', is known only by a partial lower jaw with ...
Galeops
''Galeops'' is an extinct genus of anomodont therapsids from the Middle-Late Permian of South Africa. It was described by Robert Broom
Robert Broom FRS FRSE (30 November 1866 6 April 1951) was a British- South African doctor and palaeonto ...
Dicynodont
Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dicynodonts were herbivorous animals with a pair of tusks, hence their name, which means 'two dog tooth'. Members of the group possessed a horny, typica ...
ia
Phylogeny
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to ...
modified from Liu ''et al.'' (2009):
Below is a cladogram from Kammerer ''et al.'' (2013). The data matrix of Kammerer ''et al.'' (2013), a list of characteristics that was used in the analysis, was based on that of Kammerer ''et al.'' (2011), which followed a comprehensive taxonomic revision of '' Dicynodon''. Because of this, many of the relationships found by Kammerer ''et al.'' (2013) are the same as those found by Kammerer ''et al.'' (2011). However, several taxa were added to the analysis, including '' Tiarajudens'' '' Eubrachiosaurus'', '' Shaanbeikannemeyeria'', '' Zambiasaurus'' and many "outgroup" taxa (positioned outside Anomodontia), while other taxa were re-coded. As in Kammerer ''et al.'' (2011), the interrelationships of non- kannemeyeriiformdicynodontoids are weakly supported and thus vary between the analyses.