Anaplasia () is a condition of
cells with poor
cellular differentiation
Cellular differentiation is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation happens multiple times during the development of a multicellula ...
, losing the
morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to
endothelial cells. The term also refers to a group of morphological changes in a cell (nuclear
pleomorphism, altered
nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, presence of
nucleoli
The nucleolus (; : nucleoli ) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis. The nucleolus also participates in the formation of signal recognition particles and plays a ro ...
, high proliferation index) that point to a possible
malignant transformation
Malignant transformation is the process by which cells acquire the properties of cancer. This may occur as a primary process in normal tissue, or secondarily as ''malignant degeneration'' of a previously existing benign tumor.
Causes
There are ...
.
Such loss of structural differentiation is especially seen in most, but not all, malignant
neoplasm
A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists ...
s. Sometimes, the term also includes an increased capacity for
multiplication
Multiplication is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction, and division (mathematics), division. The result of a multiplication operation is called a ''Product (mathem ...
. Lack of differentiation is considered a hallmark of aggressive malignancies (for example, it differentiates
leiomyosarcomas from
leiomyomas). The term ''anaplasia'' literally means "to form backward". It implies dedifferentiation, or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. It is now known, however, that at least some cancers arise from
stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell. They are the earliest type of cell ...
s in
tissues; in these tumors failure of differentiation, rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells, account for undifferentiated
tumor
A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists ...
s.
Anaplastic cells display marked
pleomorphism (variability). The
nuclei are characteristically extremely hyperchromatic (darkly stained) and large. The
nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio may approach 1:1 instead of the normal 1:4 or 1:6. Giant cells that are considerably larger than their neighbors may be formed and possess either one enormous
nucleus or several nuclei (
syncytia
A syncytium (; : syncytia; from Greek: σύν ''syn'' "together" and κύτος ''kytos'' "box, i.e. cell") or symplasm is a multinucleate cell that can result from multiple cell fusions of uninuclear cells (i.e., cells with a single nucleus), ...
). Anaplastic nuclei are variable and bizarre in size and shape. The
chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryote, eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures. This prevents the strands from becoming tangled and also plays important r ...
is coarse and clumped, and
nucleoli
The nucleolus (; : nucleoli ) is the largest structure in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is best known as the site of ribosome biogenesis. The nucleolus also participates in the formation of signal recognition particles and plays a ro ...
may be of astounding size. More important,
mitoses
Mitosis () is a part of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells in which replicated chromosomes are separated into two new nuclei. Cell division by mitosis is an equational division which gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the ...
are often numerous and distinctly atypical; anarchic multiple spindles may be seen and sometimes appear as tripolar or quadripolar forms. Also, anaplastic cells usually fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another (i.e., they lose normal polarity). They may grow in sheets, with total loss of communal structures, such as
gland
A gland is a Cell (biology), cell or an Organ (biology), organ in an animal's body that produces and secretes different substances that the organism needs, either into the bloodstream or into a body cavity or outer surface. A gland may also funct ...
formation or stratified
squamous
Epithelium or epithelial tissue is a thin, continuous, protective layer of cells with little extracellular matrix. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. Epithelial ( mesothelial) tissues line the outer surfaces of man ...
architecture. Anaplasia is the most extreme disturbance in cell growth encountered in the spectrum of cellular proliferations.
See also
*
Pleomorphism
*
List of biological development disorders
The following is a list of terms used to describe biological disorders of development, arranged by root word and shared prefix:
References
Bibliography
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Biological development disorders
Lists of diseases
Disability-relate ...
References
{{Authority control
Oncology
Induced stem cells