The ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' are a family of
fungi
A fungus (: fungi , , , or ; or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and mold (fungus), molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as one ...
that is mainly found in parts of New Zealand, South America, Asia and parts of Europe. According to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota, there were 41 genera placed within the family, although the position of 13 of those genera is uncertain.
The 2020 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa severely reduced the family to 4 members.
Origins and controversies
This family of fungi was established as ''Amphispaerieae'' to contain the previously unclassified
genera
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In binomial nomenclature, the genus name forms the first part of the binomial s ...
''
Caryospora'', ''
Strickeria'', ''
Ohleria'', and ''
Amphisphaeria'', among others. However, the name was forgotten over time. In 1964, the name was reintroduced as the current ''Amphisphaeriaceae'', and genera such as ''
Apiorynchostoma'', and again, ''Amphisphaeria''. There was plenty of controversy about which order the Amphisphaeriaceae should be placed in. In 1973, ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' was placed under the
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* A socio-political or established or existing order, e.g. World order, Ancien Regime, Pax Britannica
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
...
''
Sphaeriales'' (and some sources still classify it as such). In 1983, however, Amphisphaeriaceae was placed in under the order ''
Amphisphaeriales'', along with ''
Cainiaceae'', and ''
Hyponectriaceae''. After much study, however, ''Cainiaceae'' was merged with ''Amphisphaeriaceae'', and were considered Xylariaceous. Because of this, Amphisphaeriaceae was officially placed in the order ''
Xylariales
The Xylariales are an order (biology), order of fungi within the class (biology), class Sordariomycetes (also known as Pyrenomycetes), subdivision Pezizomycotina, division (mycology), division Ascomycota. It was the original order of the Class (t ...
'' in 1993.
In 2020, it was placed by in the order ''Amphisphaeriales'' and also subclass
Xylariomycetidae.
Current status
''Amphisphaeriaceae'' is a large, complicated family of
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...
. The
asci are cylindrical or club-shaped, and they have a simple top ring that is
amyloid
Amyloids are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology of typically 7–13 nm in diameter, a β-sheet secondary structure (known as cross-β) and ability to be stained by particular dyes, such as Congo red. In the human ...
(starchy), or sometimes nonamyloid. Many ''Amphisphaeriaceae'' genera have not been linked to
anamorphs.
Many fungi that are part of the family are fatal to plants, causing them to die. In fact, several genera of Amphisphaeriaceae have been listed as invasive species.
Genera
In 2007, it held 41 genera; ''
Amphisphaerella'' — ''Amphisphaeria'' — ''
Arecophila'' — ''
Blogiascospora'' — ''
Broomella'' —
''
Cannonia'' — ''
Capsulospora'' — ''
Ceriophora'' — ''
Ceriospora'' — ''
Chitonospora'' — ''
Clypeophysalospora'' — ''
Discostroma'' — ''
Distorimula'' — ''
Dyrithiopsis'' — ''
Dyrithium'' — ''
Ellurema'' — ''
Flagellosphaeria'' — ''
Frondispora'' — ''
Funiliomyces'' — ''Griphosphaerioma'' — ''
Iodosphaeria'' — ''
Lanceispora'' — ''
Leiosphaerella'' — ''Lepteutypa'' — ''
Lindquistomyces'' — ''
Manokwaria'' — ''
Monochaetia'' — ''
Monographella'' — ''
Mukhakesa'' — ''
Neobroomella'' — ''
Neohypodiscus'' — ''
Ommatomyces'' — ''
Oxydothis'' — ''
Paracainiella'' — ''
Pemphidium'' — ''
Pestalosphaeria
''Pestalosphaeria'' is a genus of fungi in the family Pestalotiopsidaceae.
The morphological characters of ''Pestalosphaeria'' comprise cylindrical asci with a J+ apical apparatus, ascospores uniseriate in the ascus, three cells, ellipsoid, an ...
'' — ''
Reticulosphaeria'' — ''
Urosporella'' — ''
Urosporellopsis'' and ''
Xylochora''.
[
In 2020, it was just 4 genera;]Sporocadaceae
The Sporocadaceae are a family of fungi, that was formerly in the order Xylariales. It was placed in the Amphisphaeriales order in 2020.
Species of ''Sporocadaceae'' are endophytic (living with a plant), plant pathogenic (causing disease) or ...
) — ''Cannonia'' ( Coniochaetales genera incertae sedis) — ''Capsulospora'' (lost) — ''Ceriophora'' — ''Ceriospora'' (lost) — ''Chitonospora'' (Amphisphaeriales genus incertae sedis) — ''Clypeophysalospora'' ( Clypeophysalosporaceae) — ''Discostroma'' (lost) — ''Distorimula'' (lost) — ''Dyrithiopsis'' (within Hymenopleella genus, Sporocadaceae) — ''Dyrithium'' (lost) — ''Ellurema'' (lost) — ''Flagellosphaeria'' (lost) — ''Frondispora'' (lost) — ''Funiliomyces'' (lost) — ''Iodosphaeria'' ( Iodosphaeriaceae) — ''Lanceispora'' (Xylariales genera incertae sedis) — ''Leiosphaerella'' ( Pseudomassariaceae) — ''Lindquistomyces'' (lost) — ''Manokwaria'' (lost) — ''Monochaetia'' (Sporocadaceae) — ''Monographella'' (in Idriella genus, Microdochiaceae) — ''Mukhakesa'' (lost) — ''Neobroomella'' (lost) — ''Neohypodiscus'' ( Boliniaceae) — ''Ommatomyces'' (Clypeosphaeriaceae
The Clypeosphaeriaceae are a family of fungi in the order Xylariales.
Genera
As accepted by GBIF
The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) is an international organisation that focuses on making scientific data on biodiversity avail ...
) — ''Oxydothis'' ( Oxydothidaceae) — ''Paracainiella'' (lost) — ''Pemphidium'' (lost) — ''Pestalosphaeria'' ( Pestalotiopsidaceae) — ''Reticulosphaeria'' (lost) — ''Urosporella'' (Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis) — ''Urosporellopsis'' (lost) and ''Xylochora'' (lost).
Works cited
* https://web.archive.org/web/20120210055418/http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Amphisphaeriaceae_Family.asp
* http://www.invasive.org/listview.cfm?list=4
* http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=42641
* http://www.fungaldiversity.org/fdp/sfdp/FD_1_147-157.pdf
* http://beta.uniprot.org/taxonomy/97129
* http://www.invasive.org/browse/family.cfm?id=902
References
{{Authority control
Xylariales
Ascomycota families