American Cheetah
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''Miracinonyx'' (colloquially known as the "American cheetah" or the "New World cheetah") is an extinct genus of felids belonging to the subfamily
Felinae The small cats or Felinae are a subfamily of Felidae distinguished by their bony hyoids, which let them purr but not roar. Other authors have proposed an alternative definition for this subfamily, as comprising only the living conical-toothed cat ...
that was
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
to
North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere, Northern and Western Hemisphere, Western hemispheres. North America is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South Ameri ...
from the
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( ; referred to colloquially as the ''ice age, Ice Age'') is the geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was fin ...
epoch (about 2.5 million to 16,000 years ago) and morphologically similar to the modern
cheetah The cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') is a large Felidae, cat and the Fastest animals, fastest land animal. It has a tawny to creamy white or pale buff fur that is marked with evenly spaced, solid black spots. The head is small and rounded, wit ...
(''Acinonyx jubatus''), although its apparent similar ecological niches have been considered questionable due to anatomical morphologies of the former that would have limited its ability to act as a specialized pursuit predator. The genus was originally known from fragments of skeletons, but nearly complete skeletons have been recovered from Natural Trap Cave in northern
Wyoming Wyoming ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States, Western United States. It borders Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho t ...
. The two species commonly identified are ''M. inexpectatus'' and ''M. trumani''. Sometimes, a third species, ''M. studeri'', is included, but it is more often listed as a
junior synonym In taxonomy, the scientific classification of living organisms, a synonym is an alternative scientific name for the accepted scientific name of a taxon. The botanical and zoological codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. ...
of ''M. inexpectatus''. ''M. inexpectatus'' ranged from the
Blancan The Blancan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 4,750,000 to 1,806,000 years BP, a period of .Irvingtonian The Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), spanning from 1.8 million – 250,000 years Before Present, BP.
ages of North America while ''M. trumani'' was exclusive to the Rancholabrean age.


Discovery and naming

The first fossils attributed to ''Miracinonyx'' were several isolated teeth from Port Kennedy Bone Cave from
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
, dating back to the
Irvingtonian The Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), spanning from 1.8 million – 250,000 years Before Present, BP.
age. The American paleontologist
Edward Drinker Cope Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American zoologist, paleontology, paleontologist, comparative anatomy, comparative anatomist, herpetology, herpetologist, and ichthyology, ichthyologist. Born to a wealthy Quaker fam ...
originally considered these to be related to the
spotted hyena The spotted hyena (''Crocuta crocuta''), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus ''Crocuta'', native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as being of least concern by the IUC ...
, and described the material as ''Crocuta inexpectata'' in 1895. However, in 1899 he reclassified the specimens as ''Uncia inexpectata'', considering them closely related to the
snow leopard The snow leopard (''Panthera uncia'') is a species of large cat in the genus ''Panthera'' of the family Felidae. The species is native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. It is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List because ...
. More fossil material was recovered from deposits of similar age in
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
and
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, where in 1941 American paleontologist
George Gaylord Simpson George Gaylord Simpson (June 16, 1902 – October 6, 1984) was an American paleontologist. Simpson was perhaps the most influential paleontologist of the twentieth century, and a major participant in the modern synthesis, contributing '' Tempo ...
found them all belonging to the same animal, one he considered to be more closely related to the
cougar The cougar (''Puma concolor'') (, ''Help:Pronunciation respelling key, KOO-gər''), also called puma, mountain lion, catamount and panther is a large small cat native to the Americas. It inhabits North America, North, Central America, Cent ...
(''Puma concolor''), naming the animal as ''Felis (Puma) inexpectata''. A second species, ''Felis studeri'', was described by D. E. Savage in 1960 based on a more complete material consisting of extensive postcranial and cranial material of the animal. However, a 1976 review of fossil pumas from Kurtén considered ''F. inexpectata'' and ''F. studeri'' to be the same species, with ''F. inexpectata'' having priority. The other valid species (then as ''Felis trumani'') was described in 1969 by Orr based on a complete skull from the
Late Pleistocene The Late Pleistocene is an unofficial Age (geology), age in the international geologic timescale in chronostratigraphy, also known as the Upper Pleistocene from a Stratigraphy, stratigraphic perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division ...
found in Crypt Cave,
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.


Taxonomy and evolution

Research into the American cheetah has been contradictory. It was originally believed to be an early cougar representative, before being reclassified in the 1970s as a close relative of the cheetah. This suggested that the ancestors of the cheetah diverged from the ''Puma'' lineage in the Americas and migrated back to the Old World, a claim repeated as recently as , and by However, other research by Barnett and Faurby, through examining
mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondrion, mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mitochondrial DNA is a small portion of the D ...
and reanalyzing morphology, has suggested reversing the reclassification: the American cheetah developed cheetah-like characteristics through parallel evolution, but it is most closely related to ''Puma'' and not to the modern cheetah of
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and
Asia Asia ( , ) is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population. It covers an area of more than 44 million square kilometres, about 30% of Earth's total land area and 8% of Earth's total surface area. The continent, which ...
. Moreover, Faurby notes that no ''
Acinonyx ''Acinonyx'' is a genus within the Felidae family. The only living species of the genus, the cheetah (''A. jubatus''), lives in open grasslands of Africa and Asia. Several fossil remains of cheetah-like cats were excavated that date to the lat ...
'' fossils have been found in North America, and no ''Miracinonyx'' fossils elsewhere. However, posit that the supposed homoplasy between the genera is controversial, as it is asserted that is not necessarily any conclusive anatomical or genetic basis for dismissing a homologous relationship between ''Acinonyx'' and ''Miracinonyx''. The veracity of the origin of the modern cheetah is also debated; however, ''Miracinonyx'' is believed to have evolved from cougar-like ancestors, regardless of whether in the
Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ...
or the
New World The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas, and sometimes Oceania."America." ''The Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (). McArthur, Tom, ed., 1992. New York: ...
. The cougar and ''M. trumani'' are believed to have split from a cougar-like ancestor around three million years ago; where ''M. inexpectatus'' fits in is unclear, although it is probably a more primitive version of ''M. trumani''. Below is the phylogeny from when describing the earliest known fossil record of cougars in
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere. It can also be described as the southern Subregion#Americas, subregion o ...
. As shown here, they found ''Miracinonyx'' to be a sister taxon to ''Puma'' (though in their paper they considered the former genus to be an extinct subgenus of the latter). found these animals to be intermediates in size and morphology between cheetahs and cougars and decided to place them in their own genus ''Miracinonyx''. The name is a combination of the
Latin Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic languages, Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins (Italic tribe), Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area aroun ...
("wonderful") and ''
Acinonyx ''Acinonyx'' is a genus within the Felidae family. The only living species of the genus, the cheetah (''A. jubatus''), lives in open grasslands of Africa and Asia. Several fossil remains of cheetah-like cats were excavated that date to the lat ...
'', the cheetah family, itself a combination of the
Greek Greek may refer to: Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor of all kno ...
() meaning "unmoved" or "motionless" and () meaning "nail" or "hoof".


Description

It has been proposed that ''Miracinonyx'' is an instance of parallel evolution with the cheetah of the ''Acinonyx'' genus. Recent studies, however, suggest that it was not as specialized in chasing as the cheetah, as it retained retractable claws and could supinate its forelimbs to grapple with prey, which may have diminished its ability to run fast compared to the true cheetah. Instead, it was more closely related to the cougar; ''M. trumani'' might have employed a hunting behavior without modern analogue, which may not have relied on speed as much as a cheetah. ''M. trumani'' also had a brain similar to a cougar's, albeit with cheetah-like adaptations in the auditory and visual cortexes, and therefore was not as cognitively prepared for the predatory behavior of true cheetahs. Moreover, it had underdeveloped paranasal sinuses which prevents the brain from overheating in ''Acinonyx'' during high-speed chases, though this may reflect the colder temperatures of Pleistocene North America compared to Africa and Iran. Additionally, the injuries that led to the death of a sub-adult ''Miracinonyx'' according to a 2022 research article by John-Paul Michael Hodnett ''et al'' suggest that ''Miracinonyx'' felids, like extant cats such as the puma, regularly fought one another; instances of conspecific aggression among ''Acinonyx'' cheetahs are relatively rare. ''Miracinonyx'' species were also larger than a modern cheetah and similar in size to a modern North American cougar. The body mass was typically around , with a head-and-body length of , tail length around , and shoulder height of . Large specimens could have weighed more than . ''Miracinonyx'' most likely preyed on mountain goats (''Oreamnus americanus''),
horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 mi ...
s (''Equus'' sp.) and especially pronghorns (''Antilocapra americana''). It is often assumed that pronghorns evolved to evade ''Miracinonyx'', but this is still debated. Recent research has suggested that the pronghorn's speed may have been shaped by multiple ecological pressures beyond a single predator, including prehistoric wolves, North American lions, and environmental factors such as open grasslands. In the Neogene period (or more specifically the Miocene epoch), in North America, grassland environments, especially those of C4 carbon fixations, were replacing forested lands in North America as well as C3 plants, causing extensive changes in vegetational structure. As a result, artiodactyls and perissodactyls generally evolved with hypsodont dentition for eating C4 grasses and distally longer limbs for easier movement within open environments. In comparison, true pursuit predators didn't even exist until the Plio-Pleistocene, a more recent development of carnivorans compared to the ungulates that already were built for speed some 20 million years before. This general analysis, however, does not preclude the pronghorn’s unusually high speed being a specific adaption to predation pressure from cheetahs, as isotopic analysis does indicate pronghorn were their preferred prey, making up an estimated 40% of their diet.


Behavior

Fossils from Arizona show that American cheetahs were territorial animals, with evidence of pathologies being found on some of the bones. ''M. inexpectatus'', ranging from the
Blancan The Blancan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 4,750,000 to 1,806,000 years BP, a period of .Irvingtonian The Irvingtonian North American Land Mammal Age on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), spanning from 1.8 million – 250,000 years Before Present, BP.
ages, and was more similar to the cougar in build than ''M. trumani.'''''' Fossil remains of ''M. inexpectatus'' found in Hamilton Cave in
West Virginia West Virginia is a mountainous U.S. state, state in the Southern United States, Southern and Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.The United States Census Bureau, Census Bureau and the Association of American ...
show that this creature lived with and competed with other large cats like jaguars (''Panthera onca'') and the saber-toothed cat ('' Smilodon'' sp.'')''. ''M. trumani'', exclusive to the Rancholabrean age, was more cursorial and
Cheetah The cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus'') is a large Felidae, cat and the Fastest animals, fastest land animal. It has a tawny to creamy white or pale buff fur that is marked with evenly spaced, solid black spots. The head is small and rounded, wit ...
-like then ''M. inexpectatus,'' but unlike cheetahs, both species retained fully retractable claws. This genus likely hunted in a way with no modern analogues as its elbow-joint morphology was intermediate between ''A. jubatus'' and ''P. concolor.'' ''Miracinonyx'' hunted cursorial prey like '' Antilocapra'' (such as the modern pronghorn) as well as the extinct '' Tetrameryx'' and '' Stockoceros'', and
horse The horse (''Equus ferus caballus'') is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal. It belongs to the taxonomic family Equidae and is one of two extant subspecies of ''Equus ferus''. The horse has evolved over the past 45 to 55 mi ...
s (''Equus'' sp.), as well as
bighorn sheep The bighorn sheep (''Ovis canadensis'') is a species of Ovis, sheep native to North America. It is named for its large Horn (anatomy), horns. A pair of horns may weigh up to ; the sheep typically weigh up to . Recent genetic testing indicates th ...
and mountain goats.


Fossil distribution

Fossil remains of ''Miracinonyx'' have been found across the
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and as far south as
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. Remains have also been unearthed in western Canada. Fossils of ''M. trumani'' have been found in
Arizona Arizona is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States, Southwestern region of the United States, sharing the Four Corners region of the western United States with Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. It also borders Nevada to the nort ...
,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
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,
Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It borders the states of Virginia to its south, West Virginia to its west, Pennsylvania to its north, and Delaware to its east ...
, and
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a U.S. state, state spanning the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes region, Great Lakes regions o ...
. The most complete finds of ''M. trumani'' are from the Natural Trap Cave in northern Wyoming. The fossils unearthed in Arizona have offered us a better understanding of this enigmatic felid. Fossils of ''M. inexpectatus'' have also been found in Florida,
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, Colorado,
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, South Carolina, Pennsylvania,
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, Maryland, and
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. Some fossil remains from sites in California, including Rancho La Brea and the McKittrick Tar Seeps, were originally misidentified as Puma concolor, but have since been reclassified as Miracinonyx trumani. This revision suggests a broader geographic and ecological range for the species in late Pleistocene California. In 2022, the skeletal remains of a ''M. inexpectatus'' were retrieved from a cave in southwestern
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.


References


External links

{{Portal bar, Paleontology, Prehistoric mammals Piacenzian first appearances Pleistocene carnivorans Pleistocene extinctions Pliocene carnivorans Prehistoric felids Felines Pleistocene mammals of North America Fossil taxa described in 1979