Amastra Problematica
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''Amastra'' is a
genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of small air-breathing
land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...
s,
terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...
pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...
gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000  extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s in the family
Amastridae Amastridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, air-breathing, land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Amast ...
. Like many Hawaiian land snails, species in this genus have adapted to a specific ecological niche and have evolved in relative isolation. They are thriving in wet or moderately wet forested areas. Many of the species in this genus have become extinct in recent times or have become critically endangered through habitat loss or predation. This loss is often highlighted as part of the broader biodiversity crisis faced by the Hawaiian Islands.


Description

The elongated shell is typically dextral (but some are sinistral), ranging from globose-conic to oblong-conic in shape. It may be umbilicate or imperforate. he shell surface might show growth striations or a fine malleation. The coloration varies, often appearing dull or dark, but sometimes light with a dull, darker, or yellowish cuticle. The shell consists of 5½ to 8
whorl A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs). In nature File:Photograph and axial plane floral diagra ...
s, with the
spire A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...
and
apex The apex is the highest point of something. The word may also refer to: Arts and media Fictional entities * Apex (comics) A-Bomb Abomination Absorbing Man Abraxas Abyss Abyss is the name of two characters appearing in Ameri ...
conical in shape. The
aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
is ovate, and the outer
lip The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...
is not expanded but is often thickened internally. The
columella Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire. His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...
features a spiral lamella that penetrates ''about half a whorl'', and is present at all stages of growth observed. Above the lamella, the axis is slightly sinuous. The species is
viviparous In animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, with the maternal circulation providing for the metabolic needs of the embryo's development, until the mother gives birth to a fully or partially developed juve ...
. The jaw is vertically striate, and the teeth are arranged in nearly straight transverse rows, exhibiting the typical quadrate form. The central teeth are narrow with small, sinuous cusps.


Distribution

This genus is
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
to the
Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the Pacific Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the Hawaii (island), island of Hawaii in the south to nort ...
.


Species

Species within the genus ''Amastra'' include: * † ''
Amastra abavus ''Amastra abavus'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11 mm, its diameter 6 mm. (Original description) Th ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra aemulator ''Amastra aemulator'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 15.5 mm, its diameter 8.6 mm. (Original description) The ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra affinis ''Amastra affinis'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra affinis kaupakaluana'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 (taxon inquirendum) * ''Amastra affinis pupoidea'' (Newcomb ...
'' (Newcomb, 1854) * '' Amastra agglutinans'' (Newcomb, 1854) * '' Amastra albocincta'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra albolabris'' (Newcomb, 1854) * '' Amastra anthonii'' W. Newcomb, 1861 * '' Amastra antiqua'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra assimilis'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra aurostoma ''Amastra aurostoma'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 25 mm, its diameter 12 mm. (Later supplemental descripti ...
'' Baldwin, 1896 * ''
Amastra badia ''Amastra badia'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 17 mm, its diameter 12 mm. (Original description) The shell c ...
'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra baldwiniana'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra biplicata'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra borcherdingi ''Amastra borcherdingi'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 19 mm, its diameter 10.5 mm. (Original description) Th ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra breviata'' (Baldwin, 1895) * ''
Amastra caputadamantis ''Amastra caputadamantis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 14.5 mm, its diameter 7.3 mm. (Original description) ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra conica ''Amastra conica'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra conica conica'' Baldwin, 1906 * ''Amastra conica gentilis'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''Amastra ...
'' Baldwin, 1906 * ''
Amastra conifera ''Amastra conifera'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 17 mm, its diameter 9 mm The shell is ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * † '' Amastra cornea'' (Newcomb, 1854) * † '' Amastra crassilabrum'' (Newcomb, 1854) * '' Amastra cyclostoma'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra cylindrica'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra davisiana ''Amastra davisiana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 16.5 mm, its diameter 9.2 mm. The shell is perforate, dex ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1908 * ''
Amastra decorticata ''Amastra decorticata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 16 mm, its diameter 8.5 mm The shel ...
'' Gulick, 1873 * '' Amastra delicata'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * '' Amastra durandi'' Ancey, 1897 * '' Amastra dwightii'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * ''
Amastra elegantula ''Amastra elegantula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11.8 mm, its diameter 6.9 mm. (Original description) The ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra elephantina'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra elliptica ''Amastra elliptica'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 15 mm, its diameter 8.5 mm The shell is dextral, ovate, a ...
'' Gulick, 1873 * † ''
Amastra elongata ''Amastra'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Amastridae. Like many Hawaiian land snails, species in this genus have adapted to a specific ecological niche and have evolved in r ...
'' (Newcomb, 1853) * '' Amastra eos'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * ''
Amastra extincta ''Amastra extincta'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 16 mm, its diameter 7.5 mm The shell is perforate, ovate-tu ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * '' Amastra flavescens'' (Newcomb, 1854) * † ''
Amastra flemingi ''Amastra flemingi'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 13.7 mm, its diameter 6 mm. (Original description) The shell ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 † * † '' Amastra forbesi'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra fossilis ''Amastra fossilis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 18 mm, its diameter 9 mm The species was originally describ ...
'' Baldwin, 1903 * ''
Amastra fragilis ''Amastra fragilis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter 4.7 mm. (Original description) The thin shell is ...
'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * ''
Amastra fragosa ''Amastra fragosa'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 13.7 mm, its diameter 8 mm. (Original description) The shell is narro ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra fraterna ''Amastra fraterna'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm The shell is sinistral, ovate-tu ...
'' Sykes, 1896 * † '' Amastra globosa'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * '' Amastra goniops'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra gouveii'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra grayana ''Amastra grayana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 21.5 mm, its diameter 12 mm The shell is imperforate, dextra ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * '' Amastra gulickiana'' A. Hyatt & H.A. Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra hawaiiensis'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra hitchcocki'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra humilis ''Amastra humilis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra humilis moomomiensis'' Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914 * ''Amastra humilis sepulta'' Pilsbry & ...
'' (Newcomb, 1855) * ''
Amastra hutchinsonii ''Amastra hutchinsonii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 24.5 mm, its diameter 7.3 mm The sh ...
'' (Pease, 1862) * '' Amastra implicata'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * ''
Amastra inflata ''Amastra inflata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 16.5 mm, its diameter 10 mm The shell is imperforate, conic- ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * '' Amastra inopinata'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * ''
Amastra irwiniana ''Amastra irwiniana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11.2 mm, its diameter 7.2 mm. The shell is minutely but d ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1908 * ''
Amastra johnsoni ''Amastra johnsoni'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11.3 mm, its diameter 6 mm. (Original description) The she ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra juddii'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * '' Amastra kalamaulensis'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra kauaiensis'' (Newcomb, 1860) * '' Amastra kaunakakaiensis'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra knudsenii'' ((Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra laeva'' Baldwin, 1906 * ''
Amastra lahainana ''Amastra lahainana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11 mm, its diameter 6 mm. (Original description) The shell is perf ...
'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra luctuosa'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * ''
Amastra luteola ''Amastra luteola'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The shell is dextral, elongate, and delicately striatulate. Its coloration is white, covered by a trans ...
'' (A. Férussac, 1825) * ''
Amastra magna ''Amastra magna'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra magna balteata'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amastra magna magna'' (C. B. Adams, 1851) Descri ...
'' (C. B. Adams, 1851) * ''
Amastra makawaoensis ''Amastra makawaoensis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 20.5 mm, its diameter 10 mm. (Original description) Th ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra malleata ''Amastra malleata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 8 mm. The shell is acutely ovate and d ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * ''
Amastra mastersi ''Amastra mastersi'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description (Original description) The shell is dextral and thin, consisting of seven rounded whorls, slightly rugose on the upp ...
'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra melanosis ''Amastra melanosis'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra melanosis kauensis'' Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1915 * ''Amastra melanosis melanosis'' (Newcomb, 1854) De ...
'' (Newcomb, 1854) * '' Amastra metamorpha'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra micans'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1859) * ''
Amastra mirabilis ''Amastra mirabilis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 15.8 mm, its diameter 9 mm. (Original description) The shell is imp ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * '' Amastra modesta'' (C. B. Adams, 1851) * ''
Amastra modicella ''Amastra modicella'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11 mm, its diameter 5.6 mm. (Original description) The shell is ope ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra moesta ''Amastra moesta'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the Amastridae family. Description (Original description) The shell is dextrorsal and turrito-conical, consisting of seven convex whorls adorned with fine ...
'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra montagui ''Amastra montagui'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 13 mm, its diameter 7.8 mm. (Original description) ''Amastra montagu ...
'' Pilsbry, 1913 * '' Amastra montana'' Baldwin, 1906 * ''
Amastra montivaga ''Amastra montivaga'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 13.2 mm, its diameter 7.3 mm. (Original description) The shell is p ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * '' Amastra morticina'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra mucronata ''Amastra mucronata'' is a species of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra mucronata atroflava'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amastra mucronata citrea'' Sykes, 1896 * ...
'' (Newcomb, 1853) * ''
Amastra nana ''Amastra nana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11.5 mm, its diameter 6.5 mm. (Original description) The shell ...
'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra nannodes'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * '' Amastra neglecta'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * ''
Amastra nigra ''Amastra nigra'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra humilis moomomiensis'' Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914 * ''Amastra humilis sepulta'' Pilsbry & C ...
'' (Newcomb, 1855) * ''
Amastra nubifera ''Amastra nubifera'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra nubifera dissimiliceps'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amastra nubifera nubifera'' Hyatt & P ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra nubigena ''Amastra nubigena'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 10.2 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. (Original description) The shell is i ...
'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * '' Amastra nubilosa'' (Mighels, 1845) * '' Amastra nucleola'' (Gould, 1845) * ''
Amastra nucula ''Amastra nucula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 12 mm, its diameter 8 mm The shell is globose-conic and dext ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * '' Amastra obesa'' (Newcomb, 1853) * '' Amastra oswaldi'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * † '' Amastra ovatula'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * ''
Amastra pagodula ''Amastra pagodula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 10.9 mm, its diameter 7.4 mm. (Original description) The shell is na ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra paulula ''Amastra paulula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 9.8 mm, its diameter 5.4 mm. (Original description) The shell is perf ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * † ''
Amastra pellucida ''Amastra pellucida'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Amastridae. The species wasn't extinct at the time of discovery. It has been assessed for The IUCN Red List of Threa ...
'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra perversa'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra petricola ''Amastra petricola'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 10.2 mm, its diameter 5.9 mm The dextral shell is sharply ...
'' (Newcomb, 1855) * ''
Amastra pilsbryi ''Amastra pilsbryi'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 13.4 mm, its diameter 8.1 mm. (Original description) The shell is im ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1913 * † '' Amastra porcus''Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra porphyrostoma'' (Pease, 1869) * '' Amastra praeopima'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * '' Amastra problematica'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * ''
Amastra pullata ''Amastra pullata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra pullata pullata'' (Baldwin, 1895) * ''Amastra pullata subnigra'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 (d ...
'' (Baldwin, 1895) * ''
Amastra pusilla ''Amastra pusilla'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 11.6 mm, its diameter 5.1 mm The shell is dextral, conically ...
'' (Newcomb, 1855) * † ''
Amastra reticulata ''Amastra reticulata'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra reticulata conspersa'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) * ''Amastra reticulata dispersa'' ...
'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra ricei ''Amastra ricei'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 24.7 mm, its diameter 13 mm. (Original description) The shell is imperf ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra rubens ''Amastra rubens'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the Amastridae family. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra rubens castanea'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amastra rubens corneiformis'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amas ...
'' (Gould, 1845) * '' Amastra rubida'' Gulick, 1873 * '' Amastra rubristoma'' Baldwin, 1906 * '' Amastra rugulosa'' Pease, 1870 * ''
Amastra seminigra ''Amastra seminigra'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 21.2 mm, its diameter 10.3 mm. (Original description) Th ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra senilis ''Amastra senilis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 21.2 mm, its diameter 16 mm The shell is openly umbilicate a ...
'' Baldwin, 1903 * ''
Amastra sericea ''Amastra sericea'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra sericea anaglypta'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''Amastra sericea sericea'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1859) D ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1859) * ''
Amastra similaris ''Amastra similaris'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 12.5 mm, its diameter 7.7 mm The shell is umbilicate, ovat ...
'' Pease, 1870 * '' Amastra sinistrorsa'' Baldwin, 1906 * '' Amastra sola'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra soror ''Amastra soror'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra soror interjecta'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amastra soror laticeps'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 191 ...
'' (Newcomb, 1854) * ''
Amastra spaldingi ''Amastra spaldingi'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 18.9 mm, its diameter 9.6 mm. The shell is imperforate, d ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1908 * '' Amastra sphaerica'' Pease, 1870 * ''
Amastra spicula ''Amastra spicula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 18.9 mm, its diameter 10.1 mm. (Original description) The shell is im ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra spirizona ''Amastra spirizona'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the Amastridae family. Subspecies * ''Amastra spirizona chlorotica'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * ''Amastra spirizona nigrolabris'' E.A. Smith, 1873 * ''A ...
'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) * '' Amastra subcornea'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra subcrassilabris ''Amastra subcrassilabris'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 12.5 mm, its diameter 7.4 mm. (Original descriptio ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra subobscura'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * † '' Amastra subrostrata'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1859) * † '' Amastra subsoror'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra sykesi'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra tenuilabris ''Amastra tenuilabris'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Subspecies: ''Amastra tenuilabris rubicunda'' (Baldwin, 1895) Description The length of the shell attains 15& ...
'' Gulick, 1873 * † '' Amastra tenuispira'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra textilis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) * '' Amastra thaamuni'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''
Amastra thurstoni ''Amastra thurstoni'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * † ''Amastra thurstoni bembicodes'' C. M. Cooke, 1933 * ''Amastra thurstoni thurstoni'' C. M. C ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra transversalis ''Amastra transversalis'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra transversalis bryani'' Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914 * ''Amastra transversalis transv ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * ''
Amastra tricincta ''Amastra tricincta'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 1–8.8 mm, its diameter 5 mm. (Original description) The ...
'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * '' Amastra tristis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) * ''
Amastra turritella ''Amastra turritella'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra turritella aiea'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911 * ''Amastra turritella turritella'' (A. Féruss ...
'' (A. Férussac, 1821) * '' Amastra ultima'' (Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914) * † '' Amastra umbilicata'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * ''
Amastra undata ''Amastra undata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 17 mm, its diameter 12 mm. (Later supplemental description ...
'' (Baldwin, 1895) * ''
Amastra uniplicata ''Amastra uniplicata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. ;Subspecies: * ''Amastra uniplicata uniplicata'' (W. D. Hartman, 1888) * ''Amastra uniplicata vetuscula'' C. M. ...
'' (W. D. Hartman, 1888) * ''
Amastra variegata ''Amastra variegata'' is a terrestrial snail species belonging to the family Amastridae. Description The shell of ''Amastra variegata'' is reddish-brown with darker variegated bands, hence the specific epithet "variegata". Its body is transluce ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer 1849) * '' Amastra vetusta'' (Baldwin, 1895) * '' Amastra violacea'' (Newcomb, 1853) * '' Amastra viriosa'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 * ''
Amastra whitei ''Amastra whitei'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 12.6 mm, its diameter 6.8 mm. (Original description) The shell is impe ...
'' C. M. Cooke, 1917


Taxa inquirenda

* ''Amastra amboinensis'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * ''Amastra amicta'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * ''Amastra citrea'' Sykes, 1896: synonym of
Amastra mucronata citrea ''Amastra'' is a genus of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Amastridae. Like many Hawaiian land snails, species in this genus have adapted to a specific ecological niche a ...
Sykes, 1896 (superseded rank) * ''Amastra lineolata'' (Newcomb, 1853) * ''Amastra longa'' Sykes, 1896 * ''Amastra peasei'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * ''Amastra seminuda'' Baldwin, 1906 * ''Amastra villosa'' Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''
Amastra hutchinsonii ''Amastra hutchinsonii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 24.5 mm, its diameter 7.3 mm The sh ...
'' (Pease, 1862) (junior subjective synonym)


Synonyms

* ''Amastra acuta'' (Swainson, 1828): synonym of ''Amastra spirizona'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra anaglypta'' C. M. Cooke, 1917: synonym of ''Amastra sericea anaglypta'' C. M. Cooke, 1917 (superseded rank) * ''Amastra bigener'' Hyatt, 1911: synonym of ''Amastra affinis'' (Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra carinata'' Gulick, 1873: synonym of ''Amastra agglutinans'' (Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra citrea'' Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''Amastra mucronata citrea'' Sykes, 1896 (superseded rank) * ''Amastra conicospira'' E. A. Smith, 1873: synonym of Amastra cylindrica (Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra cookei'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911: synonym of ''Amastra textilis'' (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra deshaysii'' (Morelet, 1857): synonym of ''Amastra assimilis'' (Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra frosti'' Ancey, 1892: synonym of ''Amastra micans'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1859) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra heliciformis'' Ancey, 1890: synonym of ''
Tropidoptera heliciformis ''Tropidoptera heliciformis'' is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Amastridae. Description The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 10 mm. (Original description in L ...
'' (Ancey, 1890) (superseded combination) * ''Amastra henshawi'' Baldwin, 1903: synonym of ''Amastra flavescens henshawi'' Baldwin, 1903 (superseded rank) * ''Amastra kuhnsi'' Cooke, 1908: synonym of '' Laminella kuhnsi'' (C. M. Cooke, 1908) (original combination) * ''Amastra nigrolabris'' E. A. Smith, 1873: synonym of ''Amastra spirizona nigrolabris'' E. A. Smith, 1873 (superseded rank) * ''Amastra rustica'' Gulick, 1873: synonym of ''Amastra affinis'' (Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra saxicola'' Baldwin, 1903: synonym of ''Amastra flavescens saxicola'' Baldwin, 1903 (superseded combination) * ''Amastra simularis'' W. D. Hartman, 1888: synonym of ''Amastra mucronata'' (Newcomb, 1853) (junior subjective synonym) * ''Amastra villosa'' Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''Amastra hutchinsonii'' (Pease, 1862) (junior subjective synonym


References

* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017 * *


External links


Sykes, E. R. (1900). Fauna Hawaiiensis. University Press, Cambridge. Volume II, Part IV, Mollusca: pp. 271–412, pls 11, 12
* * * * {{Authority control Amastridae Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Molluscs of Hawaii