''Amastra'' is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of small air-breathing
land snail
A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...
s,
terrestrial
Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial.
Terrestrial may also refer to:
* Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...
pulmonate
Pulmonata or pulmonates is an informal group (previously an order, and before that, a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group inclu ...
gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusk
Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...
s in the family
Amastridae
Amastridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, air-breathing, land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Amast ...
.
Like many Hawaiian land snails, species in this genus have adapted to a specific ecological niche and have evolved in relative isolation. They are thriving in wet or moderately wet forested areas.
Many of the species in this genus have become extinct in recent times or have become critically endangered through habitat loss or predation. This loss is often highlighted as part of the broader biodiversity crisis faced by the Hawaiian Islands.
Description
The elongated shell is typically dextral (but some are sinistral), ranging from globose-conic to oblong-conic in shape. It may be umbilicate or imperforate. he shell surface might show growth striations or a fine malleation. The coloration varies, often appearing dull or dark, but sometimes light with a dull, darker, or yellowish cuticle. The shell consists of 5½ to 8
whorl
A whorl ( or ) is an individual circle, oval, volution or equivalent in a whorled pattern, which consists of a spiral or multiple concentric objects (including circles, ovals and arcs).
In nature
File:Photograph and axial plane floral diagra ...
s, with the
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...
and
apex
The apex is the highest point of something. The word may also refer to:
Arts and media Fictional entities
* Apex (comics)
A-Bomb
Abomination
Absorbing Man
Abraxas
Abyss
Abyss is the name of two characters appearing in Ameri ...
conical in shape. The
aperture
In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
is ovate, and the outer
lip
The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...
is not expanded but is often thickened internally. The
columella
Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella (, Arabic: ) was a prominent Roman writer on agriculture in the Roman Empire.
His in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms an important source on Roman agriculture and ancient Roman cuisin ...
features a spiral lamella that penetrates ''about half a whorl'', and is present at all stages of growth observed. Above the lamella, the axis is slightly sinuous.
The species is
viviparous
In animals, viviparity is development of the embryo inside the body of the mother, with the maternal circulation providing for the metabolic needs of the embryo's development, until the mother gives birth to a fully or partially developed juve ...
. The jaw is vertically striate, and the teeth are arranged in nearly straight transverse rows, exhibiting the typical quadrate form. The central teeth are narrow with small, sinuous cusps.
[ ]
Distribution
This genus is
endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ...
to the
Hawaiian Islands
The Hawaiian Islands () are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the Pacific Ocean, North Pacific Ocean, extending some from the Hawaii (island), island of Hawaii in the south to nort ...
.
Species
Species within the genus ''Amastra'' include:
* † ''
Amastra abavus''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra aemulator''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra affinis''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra agglutinans''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra albocincta''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra albolabris''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra anthonii''
W. Newcomb, 1861
* ''
Amastra antiqua''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra assimilis''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra aurostoma''
Baldwin, 1896
* ''
Amastra badia''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra baldwiniana''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra biplicata''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra borcherdingi''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra breviata''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra caputadamantis''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra conica''
Baldwin, 1906
* ''
Amastra conifera''
E. A. Smith, 1873
* † ''
Amastra cornea''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* † ''
Amastra crassilabrum''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra cyclostoma''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra cylindrica''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra davisiana''
C. M. Cooke, 1908
* ''
Amastra decorticata''
Gulick, 1873
* ''
Amastra delicata''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra durandi''
Ancey, 1897
* ''
Amastra dwightii''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra elegantula''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra elephantina''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra elliptica''
Gulick, 1873
* † ''
Amastra elongata''
(Newcomb, 1853)
* ''
Amastra eos''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra extincta''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''
Amastra flavescens''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* † ''
Amastra flemingi''
C. M. Cooke, 1917 †
* † ''
Amastra forbesi''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra fossilis''
Baldwin, 1903
* ''
Amastra fragilis''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra fragosa''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra fraterna''
Sykes, 1896
* † ''
Amastra globosa''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra goniops''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra gouveii''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra grayana''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''
Amastra gulickiana''
A. Hyatt & H.A. Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra hawaiiensis''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra hitchcocki''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra humilis''
(Newcomb, 1855)
* ''
Amastra hutchinsonii''
(Pease, 1862)
* ''
Amastra implicata''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra inflata''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''
Amastra inopinata''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra irwiniana''
C. M. Cooke, 1908
* ''
Amastra johnsoni''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra juddii''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra kalamaulensis''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra kauaiensis''
(Newcomb, 1860)
* ''
Amastra kaunakakaiensis''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra knudsenii''
((Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra laeva''
Baldwin, 1906
* ''
Amastra lahainana''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra luctuosa''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''
Amastra luteola''
(A. Férussac, 1825)
* ''
Amastra magna''
(C. B. Adams, 1851)
* ''
Amastra makawaoensis''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra malleata''
E. A. Smith, 1873
* ''
Amastra mastersi''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra melanosis''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra metamorpha''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra micans''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1859)
* ''
Amastra mirabilis''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra modesta''
(C. B. Adams, 1851)
* ''
Amastra modicella''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra moesta''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra montagui''
Pilsbry, 1913
* ''
Amastra montana''
Baldwin, 1906
* ''
Amastra montivaga''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra morticina''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra mucronata''
(Newcomb, 1853)
* ''
Amastra nana''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra nannodes''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra neglecta''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra nigra''
(Newcomb, 1855)
* ''
Amastra nubifera''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra nubigena''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* ''
Amastra nubilosa''
(Mighels, 1845)
* ''
Amastra nucleola''
(Gould, 1845)
* ''
Amastra nucula''
E. A. Smith, 1873
* ''
Amastra obesa''
(Newcomb, 1853)
* ''
Amastra oswaldi''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* † ''
Amastra ovatula''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra pagodula''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra paulula''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* † ''
Amastra pellucida''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra perversa''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra petricola''
(Newcomb, 1855)
* ''
Amastra pilsbryi''
C. M. Cooke, 1913
* † ''
Amastra porcus''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra porphyrostoma''
(Pease, 1869)
* ''
Amastra praeopima''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra problematica''
C. M. Cooke, 1933
* ''
Amastra pullata''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra pusilla''
(Newcomb, 1855)
* † ''
Amastra reticulata
''Amastra reticulata'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Amastridae.
;Subspecies:
* ''Amastra reticulata conspersa'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855)
* ''Amastra reticulata dispersa'' ...
''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra ricei''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra rubens
''Amastra rubens'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the Amastridae family.
;Subspecies:
* ''Amastra rubens castanea'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''Amastra rubens corneiformis'' Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''Amas ...
''
(Gould, 1845)
* ''
Amastra rubida''
Gulick, 1873
* ''
Amastra rubristoma''
Baldwin, 1906
* ''
Amastra rugulosa''
Pease, 1870
* ''
Amastra seminigra''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra senilis''
Baldwin, 1903
* ''
Amastra sericea''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1859)
* ''
Amastra similaris''
Pease, 1870
* ''
Amastra sinistrorsa''
Baldwin, 1906
* ''
Amastra sola''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra soror''
(Newcomb, 1854)
* ''
Amastra spaldingi''
C. M. Cooke, 1908
* ''
Amastra sphaerica''
Pease, 1870
* ''
Amastra spicula''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra spirizona
''Amastra spirizona'' is a species of land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the Amastridae family.
Subspecies
* ''Amastra spirizona chlorotica'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''Amastra spirizona nigrolabris'' E.A. Smith, 1873
* ''A ...
''
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
* ''
Amastra subcornea''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra subcrassilabris''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra subobscura''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* † ''
Amastra subrostrata''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1859)
* † ''
Amastra subsoror''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra sykesi''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra tenuilabris''
Gulick, 1873
* † ''
Amastra tenuispira''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra textilis''
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
* ''
Amastra thaamuni''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra thurstoni''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra transversalis''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''
Amastra tricincta''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911
* ''
Amastra tristis''
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
* ''
Amastra turritella''
(A. Férussac, 1821)
* ''
Amastra ultima''
(Pilsbry & C. M. Cooke, 1914)
* † ''
Amastra umbilicata''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1856)
* ''
Amastra undata''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra uniplicata''
(W. D. Hartman, 1888)
* ''
Amastra variegata''
(L. Pfeiffer 1849)
* ''
Amastra vetusta''
(Baldwin, 1895)
* ''
Amastra violacea''
(Newcomb, 1853)
* ''
Amastra viriosa''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
* ''
Amastra whitei''
C. M. Cooke, 1917
Taxa inquirenda
* ''Amastra amboinensis''
E. A. Smith, 1873
* ''Amastra amicta''
E. A. Smith, 1873
* ''Amastra citrea''
Sykes, 1896: synonym of
Amastra mucronata citrea Sykes, 1896 (superseded rank)
* ''Amastra lineolata''
(Newcomb, 1853)
* ''Amastra longa''
Sykes, 1896
* ''Amastra peasei''
E. A. Smith, 1873
* ''Amastra seminuda''
Baldwin, 1906
* ''Amastra villosa''
Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''
Amastra hutchinsonii''
(Pease, 1862) (junior subjective synonym)
Synonyms
* ''Amastra acuta''
(Swainson, 1828): synonym of ''Amastra spirizona''
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra anaglypta''
C. M. Cooke, 1917: synonym of ''Amastra sericea anaglypta''
C. M. Cooke, 1917 (superseded rank)
* ''Amastra bigener''
Hyatt, 1911: synonym of ''Amastra affinis''
(Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra carinata''
Gulick, 1873: synonym of ''Amastra agglutinans''
(Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra citrea''
Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''Amastra mucronata citrea''
Sykes, 1896 (superseded rank)
* ''Amastra conicospira''
E. A. Smith, 1873: synonym of Amastra cylindrica (Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra cookei''
Hyatt & Pilsbry, 1911: synonym of ''Amastra textilis''
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra deshaysii''
(Morelet, 1857): synonym of ''Amastra assimilis''
(Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra frosti''
Ancey, 1892: synonym of ''Amastra micans''
(L. Pfeiffer, 1859) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra heliciformis''
Ancey, 1890: synonym of ''
Tropidoptera heliciformis
''Tropidoptera heliciformis'' is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Amastridae.
Description
The length of the shell attains 6 mm, its diameter 10 mm.
(Original description in L ...
''
(Ancey, 1890) (superseded combination)
* ''Amastra henshawi''
Baldwin, 1903: synonym of ''Amastra flavescens henshawi''
Baldwin, 1903 (superseded rank)
* ''Amastra kuhnsi''
Cooke, 1908: synonym of ''
Laminella kuhnsi''
(C. M. Cooke, 1908) (original combination)
* ''Amastra nigrolabris''
E. A. Smith, 1873: synonym of ''Amastra spirizona nigrolabris''
E. A. Smith, 1873 (superseded rank)
* ''Amastra rustica''
Gulick, 1873: synonym of ''Amastra affinis''
(Newcomb, 1854) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra saxicola''
Baldwin, 1903: synonym of ''Amastra flavescens saxicola''
Baldwin, 1903 (superseded combination)
* ''Amastra simularis''
W. D. Hartman, 1888: synonym of ''Amastra mucronata''
(Newcomb, 1853) (junior subjective synonym)
* ''Amastra villosa''
Sykes, 1896: synonym of ''Amastra hutchinsonii''
(Pease, 1862) (junior subjective synonym
References
* Bank, R. A. (2017). Classification of the Recent terrestrial Gastropoda of the World. Last update: July 16, 2017
*
*
External links
Sykes, E. R. (1900). Fauna Hawaiiensis. University Press, Cambridge. Volume II, Part IV, Mollusca: pp. 271–412, pls 11, 12*
*
*
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{{Authority control
Amastridae
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Molluscs of Hawaii