Alu (runic)

The sequence ''alu'' () is found in numerous Elder Futhark runic inscriptions of Germanic Iron Age Scandinavia (and more rarely in early Anglo-Saxon England) between the 3rd and the 8th century. The word usually appears either alone (such as on the Elgesem runestone) or as part of an apparent formula (such as on the Lindholm "amulet" (DR 261) from Scania, Sweden). The symbols represent the runes Ansuz, Laguz, and Uruz. The origin and meaning of the word are matters of dispute, though a general agreement exists among scholars that the word represents an instance of historical runic magic or is a metaphor (or metonym) for it.Macleod (2006:24). It is the most common of the early runic charm words.Macleod (2006:1009)

The word disappears from runic inscriptions shortly after the Migration Period, even before the Christianization of Scandinavia.Macleod (2006:100–101).
It may have lived on beyond this period with an increasing association with ale, appearing in stanzas 7 and 19 of the Old Norse poem ''Sigrdrífumál'', compiled in the 13th century ''Poetic Edda'', where knowledge of invocative "ale runes" (Old Norse ölrúnar) is imparted by the Valkyrie Sigrdrífa.Orchard (1997:5).
Theories have been suggested that the unique term '' ealuscerwen'' (possibly "pouring away of ''alu''"), used to describe grief or terror in the epic poem ''Beowulf'', recorded around the 9th to 11th century, may be directly related.

Etymology

Although the literal meaning of the word ''alu'' is generally accepted to be "ale," i.e. "intoxicating beverage," researchers have found it necessary to look deeper into the significance of the term. Earlier proposed etymologies for the word sought a connection with Proto-Germanic * "amulet, taboo" from *alh "protect."Simek (1995:16-17). Cognates in Germanic dialects would include Old English '' ealh'' "temple," Gothic ''alhs'' "temple," and Old Norse ''alh'' "amulet."Fick (1909:21). Edgar Polomé initially proposed an etymological connection between Germanic ''alu'' and Hittite "affected by witchcraft," which is in turn connected to Greek ''alúõ'' "to be beside oneself" and Latvian ''aluôt'' "to be distraught." This etymology was later proven faulty and subsequently dropped by Polomé, though he continues to suggest that a common semantic denominator connects these words with ''alu''.Polomé (1995:244-264).

Linguistic connections have been proposed between the term and the Proto-Germanic term ''*aluþ'', meaning "ale," and subsequently the word is sometimes translated as meaning "ale,"Flowers (2006:75).Runic text according to though this linguistic approach has been criticized as having "crucial difficulties." Polomé takes the word to belong to the "technical operative vocabulary" of the Germanic peoples, originally referring to "an ecstatic mental state as transferred to a potent drink" used in religious rituals in Germanic paganism.

Raetian North Etruscan dedicatory votive objects have been discovered featuring ''alu'' where the term means "dedication". Connections have been proposed between these objects and the term ''alu'' found on runic inscriptions. Theories have been proposed that the term was loaned into Runic usage from this source.

Inscriptions

Bracteates

The inscription ''alu'' appears on the following bracteates: G 205, DR BR6, DR BR13, DR BR25, DR BR42, DR BR54, DR BR59, DR BR63A, DR BR67, DR EM85;123, and DR NOR2002;10.

G 205

A gold bracteate (G 205) discovered in Djupbrunns, Hogrän, Sweden reads simply ''Alu'' and dates from around 400 CE. The bracteate was discovered in the same location as another gold bracteate (G 204) from a considerably younger date that features the inscription ''ek erilaz''. Today the bracteate is located in Swedish History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.

DR BR6

A fragment of a bracteate (DR BR6) discovered in Skrydstrup, South Jutland, Denmark bears the term ''Alu''.

The fragment dates from around 400 to 650 CE. Today the bracteate is housed in the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen, Denmark.

DR BR42

A bracteate discovered on the island of Funen, Denmark features incomprehensible and meaningful text. The bracteate is housed with many others at the National Museum of Denmark. The transcription reads:

What is transcribed as a-- above has been tentatively read as alu.
The word houaz has been interpreted as corresponding to Old Norse ''hávi'' "the high one", a name of Odin.According to the objects display at the National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.

DR NOR2002;10

The Uppåkra bracteate ( DR NOR2002;10), a C-bracteate found in Uppåkra, Scania, Sweden during a search with a metal detector in 2000. The bracteate bears a Proto-Norse runic inscription. The transliteration reads:

sima-ina alu

The bracteate depicts a man's head over a four-legged animal. The A inscription (first part, sima-ina) is placed over the back part of the head, while the B inscription (second part, alu) is placed over the animal's front legs.

The inscription seems to belong to the big group of C-bracteates with more or less comprehensible charm words.

Runestones

Eggja stone

The third panel Elder Futhark inscriptions found on the 7th or 8th CE century Eggja stone discovered on the farm Eggja located in Sogn og Fjordane, Norway is often interpreted as reading ''alu''.

Elgesem runestone

An inscription reading simply "''alu''" is found on a stone discovered in a grave mound located by the farm of Elgesem, Vestfold, Norway, in 1870.Looijenga (2003:194).Page (2005:30). The Elgesem runestone, listed in the Rundata catalog as N KJ57 U, is dated to about 400 CE. The stone is 172 centimeters tall and 90 centimeters wide, and the thickness is about 18 centimeters. The inscription is written counter-clockwise and is to be read from the top downwards.Aschehoug og Gyldendals (2005:438). As the stone has been purposefully shaped, it has been suggested that the Elgesem runestone was a cult stone used as part of some ritual.Antonsen (1988:50-53). It has also been suggested that similar shaped cult stones are depicted on the Stora Hammars I, Ardre VIII and Tängelgårda IV image stones.

Eketorp slate fragment

The Eketorp slate fragment ( Öl ACTARC37;211 U) is a runestone that was found in Eketorp, Sweden and features an Elder Futhark inscription in Proto-Norse.

The first line of the inscription reads:

... alu k...

The second line of the inscription reads:

...gþutþ...

Kinneve stone

The Kinneve stone (Vg 134) is a stone fragment (measures 7,4 x 5,0 x 2,0 cm)Västra Götalands Runstenar
of red soapstone dated to around 600 CE. It was found by chaplain John Lagerblom in 1843 in a grave on the area of the rectory (''Prästgården'') of Kinneve socken, Sweden. The stone is today housed in the collection of the Västergötland museum, Skara, Sweden. The inscription has been read as:

...siz alu h

siz (siR - the last rune is the *Algiz rune) has by Y. Kodratoff been interpreted as the end of a name, and according to Kodratoff the ''h'' can represent the *Haglaz rune. Since the fragment was found in a grave, the inscription has been theorized as potentially related to a death cult or "mortuary magic." by Yves Kodratoff.