Algorists

Algorithmic art or algorithm art is art, mostly visual art, in which the design is generated by an algorithm. Algorithmic artists are sometimes called algorists. Algorithmic art is created in the form of digital paintings and sculptures, interactive installations and music compositions.

Algorithmic art is not a new concept. Islamic art is a good example of the tradition of following a set of rules to create patterns. The even older practice of weaving includes elements of algorithmic art.

As computers developed so did the art created with them. Algorithmic art encourages experimentation allowing artists to push their creativity in the digital age. Algorithmic art allows creators to devise intricate patterns and designs that would be nearly impossible to achieve by hand. Creators have a say on what the input criteria is, but not on the outcome.

Overview

Algorithmic art, also known as computer-generated art, is a subset of generative art (generated by an autonomous system) and is related to systems art (influenced by systems theory). Fractal art is an example of algorithmic art. Fractal art is both abstract and mesmerizing.

For an image of reasonable size, even the simplest algorithms require too much calculation for manual execution to be practical, and they are thus executed on either a single computer or on a cluster of computers. The final output is typically displayed on a computer monitor, printed with a raster-type printer, or drawn using a plotter. Variability can be introduced by using pseudo-random numbers. There is no consensus as to whether the product of an algorithm that operates on an existing image (or on any input other than pseudo-random numbers) can still be considered computer-generated art, as opposed to computer-assisted art.

History

Roman Verostko argues that Islamic geometric patterns are constructed using algorithms, as are Italian Renaissance paintings which make use of mathematical techniques, in particular linear perspective and proportion.

Some of the earliest known examples of computer-generated algorithmic art were created by Georg Nees, Frieder Nake, A. Michael Noll, Manfred Mohr and Vera Molnár in the early 1960s. These artworks were executed by a plotter controlled by a computer, and were therefore computer-generated art but not digital art. The act of creation lay in writing the program, which specified the sequence of actions to be performed by the plotter. Sonia Landy Sheridan established Generative Systems as a program at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1970 in response to social change brought about in part by the computer-robot communications revolution.Sonia Landy Sheridan, "Generative Systems versus Copy Art: A Clarification of Terms and Ideas", in: '' Leonardo'', Vol. 16, No. 2 (Spring, 1983), pp. 103-108. Her early work with copier and telematic art focused on the differences between the human hand and the algorithm.Flanagan, Mary. "An Appreciation on the Impact of the work of Sonia Landy Sheridan." The Art of Sonia Landy Sheridan. Hanover, NH: Hood Museum of Art, 2009, pp. 37–42.

Aside from the ongoing work of Roman Verostko and his fellow algorists, the next known examples are fractal artworks created in the mid to late 1980s. These are important here because they use a different means of execution. Whereas the earliest algorithmic art was "drawn" by a plotter, fractal art simply creates an image in computer memory; it is therefore digital art. The native form of a fractal artwork is an image stored on a computer –this is also true of very nearly all equation art and of most recent algorithmic art in general. However, in a stricter sense "fractal art" is not considered algorithmic art, because the algorithm is not devised by the artist.

In light of such ongoing developments, pioneer algorithmic artist Ernest Edmonds has documented the continuing prophetic role of art in human affairs by tracing the early 1960s association between art and the computer up to a present time in which the algorithm is now widely recognized as a key concept for society as a whole.

Rational approaches to art

While art has strong emotional and psychological ties, it also depends heavily on rational approaches. Artists have to learn how to use various tools, theories and techniques to be able to create impressive artwork. Thus, throughout history, many art techniques were introduced to create various visual effects. For example, Georges-Pierre Seurat invented pointillism, a painting technique that involves placing dots of complementary colors adjacent to each other. Cubism and Color Theory also helped revolutionize visual arts. Cubism involved taking various reference points for the object and creating a 2-Dimensional rendering. Color Theory, stating that all colors are a combination of the three primary colors (Red, Green and Blue), also helped facilitate the use of colors in visual arts and in the creation of distinct colorful effects. In other words, humans have always found algorithmic ways and discovered patterns to create art. Such tools allowed humans to create more visually appealing artworks efficiently. In such ways, art adapted to become more methodological.

Creating perspective through algorithms

Another important aspect that allowed art to evolve into its current form is perspective. Perspective allows the artist to create a 2-Dimensional projection of a 3-Dimensional object. Muslim artists during the Islamic Golden Age employed linear perspective in most of their designs. The notion of perspective was rediscovered by Italian artists during the Renaissance. The Golden Ratio, a famous mathematical ratio, was utilized by many Renaissance artists in their drawings. Most famously, Leonardo DaVinci employed that technique in his ''Mona Lisa'', and many other paintings, such as ''Salvator Mundi''. This is a form of using algorithms in art. By examining the works of artists in the past, from the Renaissance and Islamic Golden Age, a pattern of mathematical patterns, geometric principles and natural numbers emerges.

Role of the algorithm

From one point of view, for a work of art to be considered algorithmic art, its creation must include a process based on an algorithm devised by the artist. An artists may also select parameters and interact as the composition is generated. Here, an algorithm is simply a detailed recipe for the design and possibly execution of an artwork, which may include computer code, functions, expressions, or other input which ultimately determines the form the art will take. This input may be mathematical, computational, or generative in nature. Inasmuch as algorithms tend to be deterministic, meaning that their repeated execution would always result in the production of identical artworks, some external factor is usually introduced. This can either be a random number generator of some sort, or an external body of data (which can range from recorded heartbeats to frames of a movie.) Some artists also work with organically based gestural input which is then modified by an algorithm. By this definition, fractals made by a fractal program are not art, as humans are not involved. However, defined differently, algorithmic art can be seen to include fractal art, as well as other varieties such as those using genetic algorithms. The artist Kerry Mitchell stated in his 1999 ''Fractal Art Manifesto'': This artist is notable for his place in the Fractal Art movement, as is his opinion and manifesto.

Algorists

"Algorist" is a term used for digital artists who create algorithmic art. Pioneering algorists include Vera Molnár, Dóra Maurer and Gizella Rákóczy.

Algorists formally began correspondence and establishing their identity as artists following a panel titled "Art and Algorithms" at SIGGRAPH in 1995. The co-founders were Jean-Pierre Hébert and Roman Verostko. Hébert is credited with coining the term and its definition, which is in the form of his own algorithm:

if (creation && object of art && algorithm && one's own algorithm) else

Types

Artists can write code that creates complex and dynamic visual compositions.

Cellular automata can be used to generate artistic patterns with an appearance of randomness, or to modify images such as photographs by applying a transformation such as the stepping stone rule (to give an impressionist style) repeatedly until the desired artistic effect is achieved. Their use has also been explored in music.

Fractal art consists of varieties of computer-generated fractals with colouring chosen to give an attractive effect. Especially in the western world, it is not drawn or painted by hand. It is usually created indirectly with the assistance of fractal-generating software, iterating through three phases: setting parameters of appropriate fractal software; executing the possibly lengthy calculation; and evaluating the product. In some cases, other graphics programs are used to further modify the images produced. This is called post-processing. Non-fractal imagery may also be integrated into the artwork.

Genetic or evolutionary art makes use of genetic algorithms to develop images iteratively, selecting at each "generation" according to a rule defined by the artist.

Algorithmic art is not only produced by computers. Wendy Chun explains:

The American artist, Jack Ox, has used algorithms to produce paintings that are visualizations of music without using a computer. Two examples are ''visual performances'' of extant scores, such as Anton Bruckner's Eighth Symphony and Kurt Schwitters' ''Ursonate''. Later, she and her collaborator, Dave Britton, created the 21st Century Virtual Color Organ that does use computer coding and algorithms.

Since 1996 there have been ambigram generators that auto generate ambigrams.

Contemporary views on algorithmic art

The necessity of algorithmic art

In modern times, humans have witnessed a drastic change in their lives. One such glaring difference is the need for more comfortable and aesthetic environment. People have started to show particular interest towards decorating their environment with paintings. While it is not uncommon to see renowned, famous oil paintings in certain environments, it is still unusual to find such paintings in an ordinary family house. Oil paintings can be costly, even if its a copy of the painting. Thus, many people prefer simulating such paintings. With the emergence of Artificial Intelligence, such simulations have become possible. Artificial intelligence image processors utilize an algorithm and machine learning to produce the images for the user.

Studies on algorithmic and generative art

Recent studies and experiments have shown that artificial intelligence, using algorithms and machine learning, is able to replicate oil paintings. The image look relatively accurate and identical to the original image. Such improvements in algorithmic art and artificial intelligence can make it possible for many people to own renowned paintings, at little to no cost. This could prove to be revolutionary for various environments, especially with the rapid rise in demand for improved aesthetic. Using the algorithm, the simulator can create images with an accuracy of 48.13% to 64.21%, which would be imperceptible to most humans. However, the simulations are not perfect and are bound to error. They can sometimes give inaccurate, extraneous images. Other times, they can completely malfunction and produce a physically impossible image. However, with the emergence of newer technologies and finer algorithms, research are confident that simulations could witness a massive improvement. Other contemporary outlooks on art have focused heavily on making art more interactive. Based on the environment or audience feedback, the algorithm is fine-tuned to create a more appropriate and appealing output. However, such approaches have been criticized since the artist is not responsible for every detail in the painting. Merely, the artist facilitates the interaction between the algorithm and its environment and adjusts it based on the desired outcome.

See also

* Algorithmic composition
* Computer-aided design
* DeepDream
* Demoscene
* Display hack
* Low-complexity art
* Infinite compositions of analytic functions

References

Further reading

* Oliver Grau (2003)
''Virtual Art: From Illusion to Immersion''
(MIT Press/Leonardo Book Series). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. .
* Wands, Bruce (2006). ''Art of the Digital Age'', London: Thames & Hudson. .

External links

Algorithmic Art: Composing the Score for Visual Art
- Roman Verostko

Compart - Database of Digital and Algorithmic Art




* ttps://makeprojects.com/project/real-time-computer-generated-digital-painting Real-Time Computer Generated Digital Painting

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Visual arts genres
Computer art
Digital art
Contemporary art
Computational fields of study