Alfajor

An ''alfajor'' or ''alajú'' (, plural ''alfajores'') is a traditional confection typically made of flour, honey, and nuts. It is found in Argentina, Chile., Paraguay, Bolivia, the Philippines, Southern Brazil, Southern France, Spain, Uruguay, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Republica Dominicana, and El Salvador. The archetypal ''alfajor'' entered Iberia during the period of al-Andalus. It is produced in the form of a small cylinder and is sold either individually or in boxes containing several pieces.

Etymology

According to Spanish philologist and dialectologist Manuel Alvar López, ''alfajor'' is an Andalusian variant of the Castilian ''alajú'', derived from the Arabic word , , meaning luxurious, and, contrary to some beliefs that it originated in the New World, was introduced to Latin America as ''alfajor''. The word had been introduced into Spanish dictionaries in the 14th century.In Antonio de Nebrija's ''Spanish-Latin Vocabulary'' (1495):

The publication of historical dictionaries of the Spanish language allows one to document both forms of the original ''alajur'', written as ''alajú'' and ''alfajor''. ''Alajur'' and multiple geographic variations are sweets made of a paste of almonds, nuts, breadcrumbs and honey. It is possible that ''alfajor'' and ''alajú'' were Arabisms introduced into the Spanish language in different places and times, and, supposing both came from the same etymology, from a linguistic point of view, ''alajú'' is probably an Arabism of Castillian Spanish, and so it is still alive in Cuenca, Toledo, Guadalajara and in ''la Sierra de la peña de Francia''; meanwhile the variation ''alfajor'' is Andalusian and Murcian. In the Americas, the word ''alfajor'' was not known until the 19th century.

History

A similar sweet called ''alaú'' is found in the Arabic-Hispanic cookbook Kitab al-Tabikh, by an anonymous author. The Spanish grammarian Nebrija noted the word for the first time in his Latin-Spanish Dictionary (1495) as: ''alfaxor'' or ''alaxur''. In the 12th century, Raimundo Martin describes in his book ''Vocabulista'' another possible etymology of the Hispano-Arabic ''fasur'', meaning "nectar".

Preparation and presentation

The regulations of the Andalusian Ministry of Agriculture allow the use of only pure honey, almonds, nuts, breadcrumbs, sugar, flour and spices, such as aniseed, sesame, cilantro, cloves and cinnamon. The Protected Geographical Indication ''alfajores'' are meant to be presented in a cylindrical shape, with a minimum weight of each, and with a minimum size of about in length and a diameter of . Each of them will be protected with a wrapping paper, and the ends made an ornament in a spiral shape with a ribbon out of the same paper. Once individually wrapped, they may be packaged in wood or cardboard boxes, but never in plastic.

Europe

In Spain

In Spain, there are a variety of different recipes for preparing ''alfajores'', but the most traditional contain flour, honey, almonds and several spices, such as cinnamon. ''Alfajores'' are most commonly sold around Christmas, but in Medina Sidonia, they are available year-round. The traditional Spanish ''alfajor'' has been produced in this town (where it is called an ''alajú'') since ancient times, and the recipe has been traditionally handed down from father to son.

''Alfajores'' are still made by craftsmen in Medina Sidonia using natural ingredients that include honey, almonds, hazelnuts, sugar, flour, and breadcrumbs, and mixed with natural spices. The manufacturing process has been respected following a recipe found by Mariano Pardo de Figueroa in 1786. In Medina Sidonia, the annual production of approximately is mostly consumed in the province of Cadiz, but they are also famous in Sevilla, Malaga and Huelva.

On 15 September 2004, protected geographical indication was ratified by the ''Consejo de agricultura y pesca de la junta de Andalucía'' and published in the ''Official Journal of the European Union'' as ''Alfajor de Medina Sidonia'' on 6 March 2007.

In the province of Cuenca, Spain, where the ''alfajor'' is called ''alajú'' it is made with almond, honey and figs, all wrapped in a wafer. Medina Sidonia was the capital for the Arabic world of confection, where the ''alfajor'' has centuries of history with a recipe that has been transmitted from generation to generation. In this town, there is an account of Mariano Pardo de Figueroa, a gastronomist better known by his pseudonym Doctor Thebussem, who documented the history of this sweet, wherein he wrote that on 2 July 1487, Enrique de Guzmán, second count of Medina Sidonia, ordered the council and majors of the region to send to Malaga 50 cows, 50 oxen, 200 calves and provision of ''alajú'' from his city.

The recipe documented by the accounts of Thebussem in the 19th century is defined as the following:

In the Americas

In the Caribbean

In Puerto Rico, they underwent creolization, lost their almond and gained ground cassava. They can take varying amounts of sugar and spices. It's possible that Puerto Rico's most common version of this dessert (South American version with dulce de leche) reached Puerto Rico from Venezuela, but the opposite is also possible. Depending on region some add cornstarch, citrus zest, ginger and honey, filled with chocolate, vanilla cream, dulce de leche, fruit paste, or coconut. The filling can be mixed with almonds, sesame seeds, coconut flakes, or sprinkles. Traditional "alfajores" in Argentina, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela consist of two round, sweet biscuits made of wheat flour or corn starch joined with dulce de leche (known as "manjar blanco" in Peru and as "arequipe" in Venezuela), and optionally coated with powdered sugar. More modern "industrial" varieties in Uruguay and Argentina, are coated with dark or white chocolate (many ''alfajores'' are sold in "black" and "white" versions), or simply covered with powdered sugar. These are also known as a ''Chilean Oreo''. One variation is called "''alfajor de nieve''" (snow alfajor) and has a white coating consisting of a mixture of egg whites and sugar. Most ''alfajores'' come packaged in aluminium foil. Alfajores are made in various diameters and are consumed as snacks.

In South America

Alfajores have been popular in Argentina and Uruguay since the mid-19th century. However, these differ from the Spanish alfajores in that they are made with two round cookies with different sweet fillings between them. The filling is usually dulce de leche, although there are many variations. They can be covered with powder sugar (the traditional ones), glazed sugar (Santafesinos or "de nieve"), grated coconut or chocolate. Argentina is one of the world's largest consumers of alfajores, both in total numbers and in per capita calculations, actually consuming more than a billion alfajores a year, while being the most common snack for schoolchildren and adults.

Some of the best-known alfajor brands in South America are the Argentine "Balcarce", "Jorgito", "Capitán del Espacio", "Guaymallen", "Suchard", "Havanna", "Cachafaz", "Juanote" and "Estancia El Rosario", the Uruguayan "Punta Ballena", "Sierra de Minas", "Alfajores Portezuelo", "Marley", and Peruvian "Casa del Alfajor".

In Chile

The cornflour alfajor is consumed during the whole year in the central areas of Chile; on the other hand, in the southern areas of Chile, it is consumed another variety of alfajor, generally for Patriotic festivities of September.

The alfajor is basically a sponge cake or cookies adhered with manjar (dulce de leche) and generally coated in meringue or marmalade and optionally with sprinkled icing sugar. Two types of alfajores are mainly outstanding in Chile:

* The first type of alfajor, similar to the one of corn flour prepared in other countries of Latin America, is prepared over all the territory of Chile, and mainly in the central area of Chile, where it is a traditional candy. It is known with other names as "candy of corn flour" or the typical "chilenitos". The ''chilenitos'' are manufactured with corn flour or other types of flour and tend to be simpler and smaller than the typical alfajores.
* The second type of alfajor, considered the true traditional alfajor of the country and known as "chilean alfajor", is mainly prepared in the southern areas of Chile. Unlike the traditional alfajores of corn flour, it stands out because it is prepared with two hojarascas (kind of thin and firm cookie) that, since they are previously baked, acquire a curved form in their extremes. They are adhered to each other with dark brown sugar, panela, manjar or with confectioners cream (if they are filled with dark brown sugar, the hojarascas are a little bit thicker and flatter than those filled with manjar). Optionally, they can be garnished in the end of the filling with grated coconut as it is the case of the alfajores filled with manjar or with ground nuts.

= Industrial alfajor

=
Mass-production of alfajores traces back to the Atlantic coast of Argentina in the 1950s. Brands such as Havanna and Balcarce, and as many as 30 others, have been introduced into shops and supermarkets. Statistics of the year 2021 shows that inhabitants of Argentina consume 6 million alfajores per day. Supermarkets carry a wide variety of products, up to 34 different kinds. These include "triple alfajores", which are composed of three biscuits adhered to one another with dulce de leche and covered with chocolate.

= Argentine Alfajor: Origin and Documented History

=
The first authentic Argentine alfajor known is the Alfajor de Santa Fe. Colonel Néstor Fernández from Santa Fe took it to the Battle of Caseros in 1851, and it was then that the army tried it and it became so popular that General Justo José de Urquiza had a weekly shipment of these Santa Fe alfajores delivered to his estancia in San José de Entre Ríos. This alfajor is closely linked to the history of the city of Santa Fe. The production of these typical Santa Fe alfajores began in 1851 in a shop located on the southwest corner of San Jerónimo and 3 de Febrero streets, a few meters from the Cabildo (where the Santa Fe Government House currently stands). Its owner and creator was Hermenegildo Zuviría, nicknamed "Merengo." The basic ingredients of this alfajor were round cookies made of toasted dough filled with dulce de leche and topped with meringue icing. Its popularity arose with the holding of the Constitutional Convention in 1853. "On the ground floor and on the upper floor of Merengo, two very important, very Santa Fe-style events were being developed, which would emerge here and have national significance. On the upper floor, Gorostiaga was drafting the text of the Constitution; on the ground floor, Hermenegildo Zuviría, alias Merengo, was making the Santa Fe dulce de leche alfajor. It's the same era, and it's very difficult to find a building that combines, in so few square meters, "the construction of two objects, so different, yet so representative of us Santa Fe residents to the country."
It was on that occasion that alfajores became known throughout the country thanks to the 24 constituents who, after living in Santa Fe for six months, chose this dessert to take home as a souvenir. The nickname "Merengo" gave rise to a brand that can still be found today in stores selling alfajores in the city of Santa Fe. Today, it is a heritage of the city of Santa Fe and is handcrafted in that city and its surrounding areas.
They are also manufactured in the provinces of Santiago del Estero and Tucumán, and the famous brand Havanna manufactures them in the city of Mar del Plata and in most of the tourist places of Argentina.

The Cordobes alfajor stands out among the regional varieties of Argentina; it is filled with jellies of fruits (generally of quince), one of the most well - known brands is Estancia El Rosario. Other outstanding variety is the alfajor from Santa Fe which has no less than three puff pastry covers adhered to one another with much dulce de leche and everything glazed (Industrial preparations can be differentiated because they are not coated in the lower part, since the coating is made in plates). In addition, In Santa Fe, it can be acquired the Rogel, of similar characteristics, but bigger (the size of a small cake) and the variety from Tucuman, which is known as a clarita and it is made up with two crunchy cookies as covers and filled with a jelly made up of sugar molasses. In Argentina, alfajores made up of cornflour are very consumed as well (covers made up of maize starch, filled with dulce de leche and grated coconut around the joining).

In Peru

Alfajores made their arrival to the Viceroyalty of Peru, the largest administrative district of the Spanish Empire in South America in the 16th century, and have been popular since, especially the artisanal types.

In Argentina

The ''alfajor'' has been manufactured and consumed since colonial times in the territories that today belong to Argentina.

Guinness World Record: the biggest South American ''alfajor''

According to Guinness World Records, the biggest ''alfajor'' in the world, measuring almost in diameter and in height and weighing , was made on 11 December 2010 in Minas, Lavalleja Department, Uruguay. The giant ''alfajor'' was made to mark the celebration of Uruguay's first National Alfajor Festival. More than 30 people participated in the preparation of the record-breaking ''alfajor''.

Gallery

File:Alfajores-de-maicena-biscuits-recipe.jpg, Home-made alfajores made with cornstarch and dulce de leche
File:AlfajorBaguioKikoBautista.jpg, A jar of alfajores produced by Good Shepherd nuns from Baguio, Philippines
File:Alfajor chocolate negro.jpg, Dark chocolate alfajor
File:Alfajores peruanos 2018.jpg, Peruvian alfajor
File:A typical Alfajor from Córdoba, Argentina.jpg, A typical alfajor from Córdoba, Argentina

See also

* Baklava, a Middle-Eastern confection of layered pastry and honey
* List of desserts
* Macaron, a similar French confection
* Mille-feuille, a French confection of layered pastry and cream
* Pirouline, a cream-filled tubular wafer cookie
* Wagon Wheel (Commonwealth), Choco pie (Korea), and Moon pie (United States), similar snacks with a marshmallow filling

References

{{Filipino food

Almond desserts
Andalusian cuisine
Argentine desserts
Bolivian cuisine
Chilean desserts
Colombian cuisine
Ecuadorian cuisine
French desserts
Hazelnut dishes
Mexican desserts
Nut confections
Paraguayan desserts
Peruvian desserts
Philippine desserts
Puerto Rican cuisine
Spanish confectionery
Spanish products with protected designation of origin
Uruguayan desserts