The House of Aisin-Gioro is a

Manchu The Manchus (; ) are a Tungusic peoples, Tungusic East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Manchuria in Northeast Asia. They are an officially recognized Ethnic minorities in China, ethnic minority in China and the people from wh ...

clan that ruled the Later Jin dynasty (1616–1636), the

Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China and an early modern empire in East Asia. The last imperial dynasty in Chinese history, the Qing dynasty was preceded by the ...

(1636–1912), and

Manchukuo Manchukuo, officially known as the State of Manchuria prior to 1934 and the Empire of Great Manchuria thereafter, was a puppet state of the Empire of Japan in Northeast China that existed from 1932 until its dissolution in 1945. It was ostens ...

(1932–1945) in the

history of China The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Each region now considered part of the Chinese world has experienced periods of unity, fracture, prosperity, and strife. Chinese civilization first emerged in the ...

. Under the

Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of ...

, members of the Aisin Gioro clan served as chiefs of the

Jianzhou Jurchens The Jianzhou Jurchens () were one of the three major groups of Jurchens as identified by the Ming dynasty. Although the geographic location of the Jianzhou Jurchens changed throughout history, during the 14th century they were located south of ...

, one of the three major Jurchen tribes at this time. Qing bannermen passed through the gates of the

Great Wall The Great Wall of China (, literally "ten thousand Li (unit), ''li'' long wall") is a series of fortifications in China. They were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states and Imperial China as protection agains ...

in 1644, and eventually conquered the short-lived

Shun dynasty The Shun dynasty, officially the Great Shun, also known as Li Shun, was a short-lived Dynasties of China, dynasty of China that existed during the Transition from Ming to Qing, Ming–Qing transition. The dynasty was founded in Xi'an on 8 Februa ...

, Xi dynasty and Southern Ming dynasty. After gaining total control of

China proper China proper, also called Inner China, are terms used primarily in the West in reference to the traditional "core" regions of China centered in the southeast. The term was first used by Westerners during the Manchu people, Manchu-led Qing dyn ...

, the Qing dynasty later expanded into other adjacent regions, including

Xinjiang Xinjiang,; , SASM/GNC romanization, SASM/GNC: Chinese postal romanization, previously romanized as Sinkiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of the China, People' ...

Tibet Tibet (; ''Böd''; ), or Greater Tibet, is a region in the western part of East Asia, covering much of the Tibetan Plateau and spanning about . It is the homeland of the Tibetan people. Also resident on the plateau are other ethnic groups s ...

Outer Mongolia Outer Mongolia was the name of a territory in the Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of Mongolia and the Russian republic of Tuva. The historical region gained ''de facto'' ...

, and

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

. The dynasty reached its zenith during the High Qing era and under the

Qianlong Emperor The Qianlong Emperor (25 September 17117 February 1799), also known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, personal name Hongli, was the fifth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China pr ...

, who reigned from 1735 to 1796. This reign was followed by a century of gradual decline. The house lost power in 1912 following the

Xinhai Revolution The 1911 Revolution, also known as the Xinhai Revolution or Hsinhai Revolution, ended China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing dynasty, and led to the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC). The revolution was the culmination of a decade ...

Puyi Puyi (7 February 190617 October 1967) was the final emperor of China, reigning as the eleventh monarch of the Qing dynasty from 1908 to 1912. When the Guangxu Emperor died without an heir, Empress Dowager Cixi picked his nephew Puyi, aged tw ...

, the last Aisin-Gioro emperor, nominally maintained his imperial title in the

Forbidden City The Forbidden City () is the Chinese Empire, imperial Chinese palace, palace complex in the center of the Imperial City, Beijing, Imperial City in Beijing, China. It was the residence of 24 Ming dynasty, Ming and Qing dynasty, Qing dynasty L ...

until the Articles of Favourable Treatment were revoked by

Feng Yuxiang Feng Yuxiang (; ; 6 November 1882 – 1 September 1948), courtesy name Huanzhang (焕章), was a Chinese warlord and later general in the National Revolutionary Army. He served as Vice Premier of the Republic of China from 1928 to 1930. A ...

in 1924. The Qing was China's last orthodox imperial dynasty.

Etymology

''Aisin'' means 'gold', corresponding to Chinese . ''Gioro'' refers to the clan's ancestral home in today Yilan County, Heilongjiang. Following the fall of the Qing empire, most members of the clan have changed their surnames to Han Chinese surnames such as '' Jin'', Zhao, Ai, Luo, Bai, Hai or Slavicized in Russia like ''Aysinev'', Zolotov or Zolotaryov. For example, one of the heads of the Aisin-Gioro clan adopted the Chinese name Jin Youzhi.

Heads of the House

The Aisin-Gioro House had no system of automatic succession such as primogeniture or a law of succession. Instead, an emperor would name an heir in a secret edict. The edict would be read before senior members of the clan following the emperor's death. An emperor could have numerous sons by women of various ranks. In 1912, the

was overthrown and China was declared a republic. Puyi, the last emperor, was granted the right to maintain his imperial title in the

until 1924, when the Articles of Favorable Treatment were revoked. He went to

Changchun Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin, Jilin Province, China, on the Songliao Plain. Changchun is administered as a , comprising seven districts, one county and three county-level cities. At the 2020 census of China, Changchun ha ...

in northeastern China to serve as chief executive (1932–1934) and later emperor (1934–1945) of

, a puppet state of Japan. The more recent heads of the house are given according to a succession law approved by Puyi in 1937. This follows the practice of relevant news reports and reference works. The law provided for father-to-son succession. Brothers may succeed in the absence of male issue. As a full brother, Pujie had precedence over half brother Jin Youzhi.

Family tree

* Min-ning, the Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850) ** Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor (1831–1861) *** Zaichun, the Tongzhi Emperor (1856–1875) ** Yixuan, 1st Prince Chun (1840–1891) *** Zaitian, the

Guangxu Emperor The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China ...

(1871–1908) *** Zaifeng, the prince-regent (1883–1951) ****

, (1906–1967) the Xuantong Emperor of China, emperor of Manchukuo **** Pujie, head of the House of Aisin-Gioro (1907–1994) **** Puren (Jin Youzhi), head of the House of Aisin-Gioro (1918–2015) ***** Jin Yuzhang, head of the House of Aisin-Gioro (born 1942) *****(1) Jin Yuquan (金毓峑, born 1946) *****(2) Jin Yulan (金毓岚, born 1948) *** Zaixun, Prince Rui (1885–1949) **** Pugong (1904–1969) *****(3) Huang Shixiang (b. 1934) *** Zaitao (1887–1970) ****Jin Zhiyuan (1908–1979) *****Yuqiao (1927–1928) *****Jin Zizhong (1928–2022) ****Pu'an (1911–1944) ****Pushen (1915–1928) ****Jin Daibin (1924–1983) ****(4) Jin Congzheng (b. 1940)

Origins

The Aisin-Gioro traced its ancestry to Bukūri Yongšon, a legendary warrior of the thirteenth century. Emperor Hongtaiji claimed that Bukūri Yongšon was conceived from a virgin birth. According to the legend, three heavenly maidens, Enggulen, Jenggulen, and Fekulen, were bathing at a lake called Bulhūri Omo near the Changbai Mountains. A magpie dropped a piece of red fruit near Fekulen, who ate it. She then became pregnant with Bukūri Yongšon. However, this legend belongs to another Manchu clan, the Hurha (Hurka). The real ancestor of the Aisin-Gioro clan was Mengtemu (Möngke Temür), a chieftain of the Odoli tribe in the Mongolian Yuan Empire. Nurgaci created the Aisin-Gioro clan as part of a reorganization of Jurchen society he initiated in 1601. His supporters were enrolled into the banner system and the population militarized. The Gioro clan was partitioned. Those descended from Taksi, Nurgaci's father, were designated ''Aisin'' (gold). Nurgaci assigned other Gioros to other clans, including Silin Gioro (Superior Gioro), Irgen Gioro (Inferior Gioro), and Tongyan Gioro (miscellaneous Gioro). When the Jurchens were reorganized by Nurhaci into the Eight Banners, many clans were created as a group of unrelated people (mukun) using a geographic origin name such as a toponym for their hala (clan name). The Manchu have an equally artificial origin. Although the people ruled by Aisin-Gioro were ethnically mixed, the entire population was designated as "Manchu" in 1635.

Expansion under Nurhaci and Hong Taiji

Under

Nurhaci Nurhaci (14 May 1559 – 30 September 1626), also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizu of Qing, was the founding khan of the Jurchen people, Jurchen-led Later Jin (1616–1636), Later Jin dynasty. As the leader of the House of Aisin-Gi ...

and his son

Hong Taiji Hong Taiji (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), also rendered as Huang Taiji and sometimes referred to as Abahai in Western literature, also known by his temple name as the Emperor Taizong of Qing, was the second khan of the Later Jin ...

, the Aisin Gioro clan of the Jianzhou tribe won hegemony among the rival Jurchen tribes of the northeast, then through warfare and alliances extended its control into

Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an Autonomous regions of China, autonomous region of China. Its border includes two-thirds of the length of China's China–Mongolia border, border with the country of Mongolia. ...

. Nurhachi created large, permanent civil-military units called " banners" to replace the small hunting groups used in his early campaigns. A banner was composed of smaller companies; it included some 7,500 warriors and their households, including slaves, under the command of a chieftain. Each banner was identified by a coloured flag that was yellow, white, blue, or red, either plain or with a border design. Originally there were four, then eight, Manchu banners; new banners were created as the Manchu conquered new regions, and eventually there were Manchu, Mongol, and Chinese banners, eight for each ethnic group. By 1648, less than one-sixth of the bannermen were actually of Manchu ancestry. The Qing conquest of the Ming dynasty was thus achieved with a multiethnic army led by Manchu nobles and Han Chinese generals. Han Chinese soldiers were organised into the Army of the Green Standard, which became a sort of imperial constabulary force posted throughout China and on the frontiers. The change of the name from Jurchen to Manchu was made to hide the fact that the ancestors of the Manchus, the Jianzhou Jurchens, were ruled by the Chinese. The Qing dynasty carefully hid the 2 original editions of the books of "''Qing Taizu Wu Huangdi Shilu''" and the "''Manzhou Shilu Tu''" (Taizu Shilu Tu) in the Qing palace, forbidden from public view because they showed that the Manchu Aisin Gioro family had been ruled by the Ming dynasty. In the Ming period, the Koreans of

Joseon Joseon ( ; ; also romanized as ''Chosun''), officially Great Joseon (), was a dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years. It was founded by Taejo of Joseon in July 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in October 1897. The kingdom w ...

referred to the Jurchen inhabited lands north of the Korean peninsula, above the rivers Yalu and Tumen to be part of Ming China, as the "superior country" which they called Ming China. The Qing deliberately excluded references and information that showed the Jurchens (Manchus) as subservient to the Ming dynasty, from the

History of Ming The ''History of Ming'' is the final official Chinese history included in the '' Twenty-Four Histories''. It consists of 332 volumes and covers the history of the Ming dynasty from 1368 to 1644. It was written by a number of officials commissio ...

to hide their former subservient relationship to the Ming. The '' Veritable Records of the Ming'' were not used to source content on Jurchens during Ming rule in the History of Ming because of this. This historical revisionism helped remove the accusation of rebellion from the Qing ruling family refusing to mention in the Mingshi the fact that the Qing founders were Ming China's subjects. The Qing

Yongzheng Emperor The Yongzheng Emperor (13 December 1678 – 8 October 1735), also known by his temple name Emperor Shizong of Qing, personal name Yinzhen, was the fourth List of emperors of the Qing dynasty, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the third Qing em ...

attempted to rewrite the historical record and claim that the Aisin Gioro were never subjects of past dynasties and empires trying to cast

's acceptance of Ming titles like Dragon Tiger General (longhu jiangjun 龍虎將軍) by claiming he accepted to "please Heaven".

Intermarriage and political alliances

The Qing emperors arranged marriages between Aisin Gioro noblewomen and outsiders to create political marriage alliances. During the Manchu conquest of the

Ming Empire The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming was the last imperial dynasty of China ruled by the Han people, ...

, the Manchu rulers offered to marry their princesses to

Han Chinese The Han Chinese, alternatively the Han people, are an East Asian people, East Asian ethnic group native to Greater China. With a global population of over 1.4 billion, the Han Chinese are the list of contemporary ethnic groups, world's la ...

military officers who served the Ming Empire as a means of inducing these officers into surrendering or defecting to their side. Aisin Gioro princesses were also married to Mongol princes, for the purpose of forming alliances between the Manchus and Mongol tribes. The Manchus successfully induced one Han Chinese general,

Li Yongfang Li Yongfang (; died 1634) was a Chinese general of the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty known for defecting to the Qing dynasty, due to the Ming dynasty losing the city of Fushun in Liaoning to the Qing. Li Yongfang along with many other Han Chinese d ...

(李永芳), into defecting to their side by offering him a position in the Manchu banners. Li Yongfang also married the daughter of Abatai, a son of the Qing dynasty's founder

. Many more Han Chinese abandoned their posts in the Ming Empire and defected to the Manchu side. There were over 1,000 marriages between Han Chinese men and Manchu women in 1632 – due to a proposal by Yoto (岳托), a nephew of the Manchu emperor

. Hong Taiji believed that intermarriage between Han Chinese and Manchus could help to eliminate ethnic conflicts in areas already occupied by the Manchus, as well as help the Han Chinese forget their ancestral roots more easily. Manchu noblewomen were also married to Han Chinese men who surrendered or defected to the Manchu side. Aisin Gioro women were married to the sons of the Han Chinese generals Sun Sike (孫思克), Geng Jimao, Shang Kexi and

Wu Sangui Wu Sangui (; 8 June 1612 – 2 October 1678), courtesy name Changbai () or Changbo (), was a Chinese military leader who played a key role in the fall of the Ming dynasty and the founding of the Qing dynasty. In Chinese folklore, Wu Sangui is r ...

. The ''e'fu'' (額駙) rank was given to husbands of Manchu princesses. Geng Zhongming, a Han bannerman, was awarded the title "Prince Jingnan", while his grandsons Geng Jingzhong, Geng Zhaozhong (耿昭忠) and Geng Juzhong (耿聚忠) married Hooge's daughter, Abatai's granddaughter, and Yolo's daughter respectively. Sun Sike's son, Sun Cheng'en (孫承恩), married the

Kangxi Emperor The Kangxi Emperor (4 May 165420 December 1722), also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. His reign of 61 ...

's fourth daughter, Heshuo Princess Quejing (和硕悫靖公主). Imperial Duke Who Assists the State (宗室輔國公) Aisin Gioro Suyan's (蘇燕) daughter was married to Han Chinese Banner General

Nian Gengyao Nian Gengyao (1679 – January 13, 1726), courtesy name Lianggong, was a Chinese military commander of the Qing dynasty. He was born a member of the Han Chinese Bordered Yellow Banner and had extensive military experience on the western fronti ...

Genetics

Haplogroup C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) has been identified as a possible marker of the Aisin Gioro and is found in ten different ethnic minorities in northern China, but largely absent from Han Chinese.

Genetic testing Genetic testing, also known as DNA testing, is used to identify changes in DNA sequence or chromosome structure. Genetic testing can also include measuring the results of genetic changes, such as RNA analysis as an output of gene expression, or ...

also showed that the haplogroup C3b1a3a2-F8951 of the Aisin Gioro family came to southeastern Manchuria after migrating from their place of origin in the Amur river's middle reaches, originating from ancestors related to Daurs in the Transbaikal area. The Tungusic speaking peoples mostly have C3c-M48 as their subclade of C3 which drastically differs from the C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro which originates from Mongolic speaking populations like the Daur. Jurchen (Manchus) are a Tungusic people. The Mongol Genghis Khan's haplogroup C3b1a3a1-F3796 (C3*-Star Cluster) is a fraternal "brother" branch of C3b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup of the Aisin Gioro. A genetic test was conducted on seven men who claimed Aisin Gioro descent with three of them showing documented genealogical information of all their ancestors up to Nurhaci. Three of them turned out to share the C3b2b1*-M401(xF5483) haplogroup, out of them, two of them were the ones who provided their documented family trees. The other four tested were unrelated. The Daur Ao clan carries the unique haplogroup subclade C2b1a3a2-F8951, the same haplogroup as Aisin Gioro and both Ao and Aisin Gioro only diverged merely a couple of centuries ago from a shared common ancestor. Other members of the Ao clan carry haplogroups like N1c-M178, C2a1b-F845, C2b1a3a1-F3796 and C2b1a2-M48. People from northeast China, the Daur Ao clan and Aisin Gioro clan are the main carriers of haplogroup C2b1a3a2-F8951. The Mongolic C2*-Star Cluster (C2b1a3a1-F3796) haplogroup is a fraternal branch to Aisin Gioro's C2b1a3a2-F8951 haplogroup.

Current population

There were merely 29,000 members of Aisin Gioro in 1912 when the Qing dynasty fell, in sharp contrast to the more fecund and fertile Ming dynasty before it, whose ruling

House of Zhu The House of Zhu was the imperial house that ruled the Ming dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. Rump states of the Ming dynasty (collectively known as the Southern Ming) continued in the southern region until 1662, but the territory gradually d ...

had 200,000 (0.2 million) members by the fall of the Ming dynasty. The Manchu emperors had smaller reproduction and harems than the Ming on average and taxed Chinese peasant less than the Ming did to maintain the harem. The Ming Wanli emperor's harem's daily expenditure was more than the Qing Yongzheng emperor's harem annual expenditure. There were 6 generations of Aisin Gioro before Emperor Shunzhi's reign since Nurhaci's grandfather founded the Aisin Gioro clan. Going by the lowest estimate of tribal chief's fertility, five sons per man, Aisin Gioro's number ought to have been 3,000 or 3,125 at the start of the Qing. This meant during that China's population growth in general exactly matched the entire Qing dynasty the Aisin Gioro clan's rate of growth for male members carrying the same surname from the start of the Qing to the end of the Qing, which was growth by a factor of 10 from the initial number at the beginning of the Qing dynasty. And it was only two time's China's general population's growth rate when it included non-male line descendants of the Qing imperial family via Aisin Gioro females who did not pass the family name to their descendants. The Ming imperial Zhu family had more than 80,000 people by 1604, 62,000 in 1594, 28,492 in 1569, 28,840 in 1562, 19,611 in 1553, 2,495 in 1506–1521, 127 in 1403–1424 and 58 in 1368–1398. The Empresses of the Qing were very infertile and most often when an emperor died, there was no son of the empress alive. The Xianfeng Emperor had only one son surviving, the Tongzhi emperor. The

Guangxu emperor The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), also known by his temple name Emperor Dezong of Qing, personal name Zaitian, was the tenth Emperor of China, emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China ...

and Tongzhi emperor both had no children. In 1660 the core branch of Aisin Gioro had 378 people while in 1915 it had 29,292 people. Approximately 300,000 to 400,000 ethnic Manchus in China are surnamed Aisin-Gioro (愛新覺羅), while an additional 3.8 million people are surnamed Jin (金), the most common Sinicized form, which has been embraced by core imperial family members like Jin Yuzhang. This gives an upper limit of 4.2 million people who could ''potentially'' be patrilineal descendants of Nurhaci, but this figure must be used with caution as there are non-Manchu ethnic groups (notably Koreans) who also use the surname Jin (''Kim'') for unrelated reasons.

Notable members

Iron-cap princes and their descendants

According to Qing dynasty imperial tradition, the sons of princes do not automatically inherit their fathers' titles in the same rank as their fathers. For example, Yongqi held the title " Prince Rong of the First Rank", but when his title was passed on to his son, Mianyi, it became "Prince Rong of the Second Rank". In other words, the title gets diminished by one rank as it is passed down to each subsequent generation, but generally to no lower than the rank of ''kesi-be tuwakiyara gurun-de aisilara gung'' (second class imperial duke). However, there were 12 princes who were awarded the ''shi xi wang ti'' (perpetual heritability, a.k.a. "iron-cap") privilege, which meant that their titles can be passed on to subsequent generations without the downgrading effect. The 12 "iron-cap" princely peerages are listed as follows. Some of them were renamed at different points in time, hence they had multiple names. * Prince Zheng / Prince Jian, the line of

Jirgalang Jirgalang or Jirhalang (Manchu: ; 19 November 1599 – June 11, 1655) was a Manchu noble, regent, and political and military leader of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the Aisin Gioro clan, he was the sixth son of Šurhaci, a younger brother o ...

(1599–1655), descendant of Taksi * Prince Li / Prince Xun / Prince Kang, the line of Daišan (1583–1648), descendant of

** Prince Keqin / Prince Cheng / Prince Ping / Prince Yanxi, the line of Yoto (1599–1639), descendant of

*** Prince Shuncheng, the line of Lekdehun (1619–1652), descendant of

* Prince Rui, the line of

Dorgon Dorgon (17 November 1612 – 31 December 1650) was a Manchu prince and regent of the early Qing dynasty. Born in the House of Aisin-Gioro as the 14th son of Nurhaci (the founder of the Later Jin dynasty, which was the predecessor of the Qi ...

(1612–1650), descendant of

* Prince Yu, the line of

Dodo The dodo (''Raphus cucullatus'') is an extinction, extinct flightless bird that was endemism, endemic to the island of Mauritius, which is east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. The dodo's closest relative was the also-extinct and flightles ...

(1614–1649), descendant of

* Prince Su / Prince Xian, the line of Hooge (1609–1648), descendant of

* Prince Chengze / Prince Zhuang, the line of Šose (1629–1655), descendant of

* Prince Yi, the line of Yinxiang (1686–1730), descendant of

* Prince Qing, the line of

Yikuang Yikuang (Manchu: ''I-kuwang''; 24 March 1838 – 28 January 1917), formally known as Prince Qing (or Prince Ch'ing), was a Manchu noble and politician of the Qing dynasty. He served as the first Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet, an ...

(1838–1917), descendant of

* Prince Gong, the line of Yixin (1833–1898), descendant of Daoguang Emperor * Prince Chun, the line of Yixuan (1840–1891), descendant of Daoguang Emperor

Prominent political figures

* Daišan (1583–1648), Nurhaci's second son, participated in the Qing conquest of the Ming *

(1599–1655), Nurhaci's nephew, co-regent with Dorgon during the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign * Ajige (1605–1651), Nurhaci's 12th son, participated in the Qing conquest of the Ming *

(1612–1650), Nurhaci's 14th son, Prince-Regent and ''de facto'' ruler during the Shunzhi Emperor's early reign *

(1614–1649), Nurhaci's 15th son, participated in the Qing conquest of the Ming * Yinsi (1681–1726), the Kangxi Emperor's eighth son, Yinzhen's competitor for the succession, expelled from the Aisin Gioro clan later * Yinxiang (1686–1730), the Kangxi Emperor's 13th son, Yinzhen's ally * Yinti (1688–1756), the Kangxi Emperor's 14th son, Yinzhen's competitor for the succession, purported rightful heir to the throne * Duanhua (1807–1861), descendant of

, regent for the Tongzhi Emperor, ousted from power in the Xinyou Coup in 1861 * Sushun (1816–1861), Duanhua's brother, regent for the Tongzhi Emperor, ousted from power in the Xinyou Coup in 1861 * Zaiyuan (1816–1861), descendant of Yinxiang, regent for the Tongzhi Emperor, ousted from power in the Xinyou Coup in 1861 * Yixin (1833–1898), the Daoguang Emperor's sixth son, Prince-Regent during the Tongzhi Emperor's reign *

(1838–1917), descendant of Yonglin, Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet * Yixuan (1840–1891), the Daoguang Emperor's seventh son, the Guangxu Emperor's biological father * Zaiyi (1856–1922), Yicong's son,

Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, was an anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, and anti-Christian uprising in North China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious F ...

leader * Zaize (1876–1929), a sixth-generation descendant of the Kangxi Emperor, Finance Minister and Salt Policy Minister in the Imperial Cabinet * Zaizhen (1876–1947), Yikuang's son, court minister * Zaifeng (1883–1951), Yixuan's son, Puyi's biological father, Prince-Regent during Puyi's reign * Zaixun (1885–1949), Yixuan's sixth son, Navy Minister in the Imperial Cabinet

20th century – present

* Pujin (溥伒; 1893–1966), better known as Pu Xuezhai (溥雪齋), guqin player and

Chinese painting Chinese painting () is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as , meaning "national painting" or "native painting", as opposed to Western styles of art which b ...

artist, grandson of Yicong (Prince Dun) * Puru (1896–1963), Taiwanese artist and calligrapher, grandson of Yixin (Prince Gong) * Jin Guangping (1899–1966), born Aisin-Gioro Hengxu, scholar of the Jurchen and Khitan languages * Yoshiko Kawashima (1907–1948), born Aisin-Gioro Xianyu, a spy for the

Japanese Empire The Empire of Japan, also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was the Japanese nation state that existed from the Meiji Restoration on January 3, 1868, until the Constitution of Japan took effect on May 3, 1947. From 1910 to ...

during the Sino-Japanese War * Pujie (1907–1994),

's brother, member of the

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s United front (China), united front system. Its members adv ...

, nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan from 1967 to 1994 *

Qigong Qigong ()) is a system of coordinated body-posture and movement, breathing, and meditation said to be useful for the purposes of health, spirituality, and martial arts training. With roots in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chinese medicine, Chin ...

(1912–2005), artist and calligrapher, descended from the Prince He peerage * Yuyan (1918–1997), calligrapher, distant nephew of

* Jin Qicong (1918–2004), Jin Guangping's son, historian and scholar of the Jurchen and

languages * Jin Moyu (1918–2014), born Aisin-Gioro Xianqi, Yoshiko Kawashima's younger sister, educator * Jin Youzhi (1918–2015), born Aisin-Gioro Puren,

's half-brother, nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan from 1994 to 2015 * Aisin-Gioro Yuhuan (1929–2003), sanxian player and

artist * Huisheng (1938–1959), first daughter of Pujie, died of suicide. * Husheng (b. 1940), second daughter of Pujie * Jin Yuzhang (born 1942), Jin Youzhi's son, governor of Beijing's Chongwen District, nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan since 2015 * King Pu-tsung (born 1956), Taiwanese politician, allegedly descended from the Aisin Gioro clan * Aisin-Gioro Ulhicun (born 1958), Jin Qicong's daughter, historian and scholar of the Jurchen, Khitan and Manchu languages *Cecilia Aisin-Gioro, Paternal Granddaughter of the last Prince Gong in Qing Dynasty of China and Artist. * Jin Xin (born, 1976), Daughter of Jin Yuzhang, the nominal head of the Aisin-Gioro clan since 2015. * Zhao Junzhe (born 1979), football player, descended from Boolungga, the fifth brother of

's grandfather Giocangga * Ariel Aisin-Gioro (born 1983), actress

Gallery

File:恩格德尔来上尊号图.jpg,

on his throne File:清佚名《清太祖天命皇帝朝服像》.jpg, Nurhaci File:Nurhaci image.JPG, Nurhaci File:Nurhaci.jpg, Nurhaci File:Qing-Nurhaci.jpg, Nurhaci File:Emperor Guangxu in Ordinary Clothes.jpg,

File:HenryPuYi.jpeg, Prince Puyi File:Prince Zaitao of Qing.jpg, Zaitao File:载涛.jpg, Zaitao File:Prince Zaitao in the United States of America.jpg, Zaitao in the United States File:Prince Tsai Tao of China visits Russia 1910.jpg, Zaitao in Russia File:Prince Gong.JPG, Yixin (Prince Gong) File:Felice Beato (British, born Italy - Portrait of Prince Kung, Brother of the Emperor of China, Who Signed the Treaty - Google Art Project.jpg, Yixin (Prince Gong) File:Felice Beato (British), born Italy - Prince Kung - Google Art Project.jpg, Yixin (Prince Gong) File:Prince Zaixun of Qing in USA.jpg, Zaixun (Prince Rui) in the United States File:Prince Zaixun of Qing in USA.JPG, Zaixun (Prince Rui) in the United States File:Prince Zaixun of China in court robe.JPG, Zaixun (Prince Rui) File:载涛和载洵 Zaitao and Zaixun.jpg, Zaitao and Zaixun (Prince Rui) File:Prince Yixuan aged 24.JPG, Yixuan (Prince Chun) File:Emperor Guangxu and Prince Yixuan.jpg, Yixuan (Prince Chun) File:Prince Yixuan and Wife.jpg, Yixuan (Prince Chun) and his wife File:Prince Yixuan with Minister Lihongzhang and Shanqing.JPG, Yixuan (Prince Chun) with Li Hongzhang and Shanqing File:Prince Yixuan.jpg, Yixuan (Prince Chun) with his sons Zaixun and Zaifeng File:Yixuan 1888.jpg, Yixuan (Prince Chun) File:Zaizhen（载振）.jpg, Zaizhen (Prince Qing) File:Zai zhen，Prince Qing of the First Rank.jpg, Zaizhen (Prince Qing) File:肅親王善耆.jpg, Shanqi (Prince Su) File:Kawashima Yoshiko Fathers.jpg, Shanqi (Prince Su) File:Bundesarchiv Bild 116-127-010, China, Tsingtau-Prinz Lsun (-).jpg, Zaifeng (Prince Chun) File:爱新觉罗.载沣，清末摄政王，宣统皇帝父，袭封醇亲王.jpg, Zaifeng (Prince Chun) File:2nd Prince Chun's sons and daughters.jpg, Zaifeng (Prince Chun) and his family File:PuYi 1909.jpg, Zaifeng (Prince Chun) and his sons,

and Pujie File:Yikuang , 1st Prince Qing.png, Yikuang (Prince Qing) File:Pmyikuang.jpg, Yikuang (Prince Qing) File:Xuantong.jpg, Xuantong Emperor File:Pu Yi, Qing dynasty, China, Last emperor.jpg, Puyi as Emperor of

File:Aisin-Gioro Pǔjié and Lady Hiro Saga 1937 wedding photo 2.JPG, Pujie and Hiro Saga on their wedding, 1937 File:Aisin-Gioro Pujie and Gobulo Runqi.jpg, Pujie with Gobulo Runqi File:Pujie and Saga with their child.jpg, Pujie and Hiro Saga with their child File:Aisin-Gioro Pujie and his family.jpg, Pujie and Hiro Saga with their daughter Huisheng File:Aisin-Gioro Pǔjié and Lady Hiro Saga.jpg, Pujie with his wife, Hiro Saga File:Gobulo Runqi and his wife and Aisin-Gioro Pujie.jpg, Pujie with Yunying and Runqi

References

External links

* {{Authority control Qing dynasty Individual Chinese surnames Gioro clans