The Air-Rail Link is a
people mover
A people mover or automated people mover (APM) is a type of small-scale automated guideway transit system. The term is generally used only to describe systems serving relatively small areas such as airports, downtown districts or theme parks ...
linking
Birmingham Airport
Birmingham Airport , formerly ''Birmingham International Airport'', is an international airport located east-southeast of Birmingham city centre, west-northwest of Coventry slightly north of Bickenhill village, in the Metropolitan Bor ...
with
Birmingham International railway station and the
National Exhibition Centre
The National Exhibition Centre (NEC) is an exhibition centre located in Marston Green, England, near to Birmingham and Solihull. It is near junction 6 of the M42 motorway, and is adjacent to Birmingham Airport and Birmingham International rail ...
in England. The current system, originally known as SkyRail, replaced the earlier Birmingham Maglev system in 2003.
The current system is a fully automated cable-hauled system. It takes passengers between the high-level railway station concourse and the airport terminal buildings, covering a distance of . It is free to use, and handles three million passengers per year. At off-peak times, the system operates on demand using call buttons. The Air-Rail Link was constructed between 2001 and 2003 using the
Cable Liner technology from
Doppelmayr Cable Car; it was the firm's first airport system.
The Birmingham Maglev, opened in 1984, was the first commercial
Maglev
Maglev (derived from '' magnetic levitation'') is a system of rail transport whose rolling stock is levitated by electromagnets rather than rolled on wheels, eliminating rolling resistance.
Compared to conventional railways, maglev trains h ...
transport system in the world. Constructed during the early 1980s by a
consortium
A consortium () is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations, or governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a ...
under contract from
West Midlands County Council, the system was fully automated and used an elevated concrete guideway (the majority of which has been reused for the current Air-Rail Link system). Propulsion and braking were performed using
linear induction motors while sensors regulated the vertical and lateral air gaps to assure ride quality and minimise power consumption.
The system had a journey time of 90 seconds and could move up to 3,200 passengers per hour in either direction. It was discontinued in 1995 due to a lack of spare parts and obsolescence issues; the cost of its reinstatement as a maglev was deemed to be too great.
Maglev

Initial feasibility studies for a link from the airport to the railway station and exhibition centre were started in 1979 by the owners of the airport at that time,
West Midlands County Council.
Decision makers were opposed to the construction of a conventional railway to meet this need. The selected solution was based on experimental work commissioned by the British government at the
British Rail Research Division
The British Rail Research Division was a division of the state-owned railway company British Rail (BR). It was charged with conducting research into improving various aspects of Britain's railways, particularly in the areas of reliability and e ...
laboratory at
Derby
Derby ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and Unitary authorities of England, unitary authority area on the River Derwent, Derbyshire, River Derwent in Derbyshire, England. Derbyshire is named after Derby, which was its original co ...
. During 1981, contracts were awarded to a consortium of
GEC,
Balfour Beatty
Balfour Beatty plc () is an international infrastructure group based in the United Kingdom with capabilities in construction services, support services and infrastructure investments. A constituent of the FTSE 250 Index, the company is active ac ...
,
Brush Electrical Machines
Brush Electrical Machines is a manufacturer of electrical generators typically for gas turbine and steam turbine driven applications. The main office is based at Loughborough in Leicestershire, UK.
History
Charles Francis Brush, born in Cleve ...
and
Metro-Cammell
Metro-Cammell, formally the Metropolitan Cammell Carriage and Wagon Company (MCCW), was an English manufacturer of railway carriages, locomotives and railway wagons, based in Saltley, and subsequently Washwood Heath, in Birmingham. The co ...
under the name "People Mover Group", along with
John Laing.
Metro-Cammell performed the bulk of the manufacturing of the carriages at its
Washwood Heath plant. During the construction phase of the system, several difficulties were encountered. One was that, due to there being no contact between the concrete guideways and the trainers, conventional
speedometer
A speedometer or speed meter is a gauge (instrument), gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the early 20th century, and as ...
s would not function. One major setback came out of the decision made by one company to reinforce the bottom of the carriages of an early train with an additional layer of
fiberglass
Fiberglass (American English) or fibreglass (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English) is a common type of fibre-reinforced plastic, fiber-reinforced plastic using glass fiber. The fibers may be randomly arranged, flattened i ...
; while increasing structural strength, this choice had also increased the overall weight of the train, which was already relatively heavy, and meant that the electromagnets were unable to reliably keep the train afloat. Due to this unsatisfactory performance, a new train had to be produced to replace it.
On 16 August 1984, the system was officially opened;
this launch date came four months later that the original project schedule had intended.
The system had a theoretical maximum capacity of 3,200 passengers per hour in either direction, which were carried in a pair of twin-carriage trains that could accommodate up to 80 passengers at a time. Each train operated on independent tracks and took around 90 seconds to perform a one-way trip, during which it would attain a maximum speed of .
The trains were both propelled and braked using
linear induction motors that were located, along with the
electromagnet
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an electric current. Electromagnets usually consist of wire (likely copper) wound into a electromagnetic coil, coil. A current through the wire creates a magnetic ...
s, underneath the carriages. A key element of the system were the sensors that regulated the vertical and lateral air gaps, the function of which was both to assure ride quality and minimise power consumption.
Control of both the motors and magnetic levitation was achieved via
automatic train operation. The track was in length, and trains "flew" at an altitude of .
Over an eleven year period, the system operated successfully and without major incident, however,
obsolescence
Obsolescence is the process of becoming antiquated, out of date, old-fashioned, no longer in general use, or no longer useful, or the condition of being in such a state. When used in a biological sense, it means imperfect or rudimentary when comp ...
issues related to the electronic systems, as well as a lack of spare parts, led to it being increasingly unreliable during its later years. Even by the early 1990s, it remained unique, with no other sites having opted to deploy the system. On 18 June 1995, the system operated for the final time; by this point, an investigation had concluded that the cost of reinstating and maintaining the Maglev would be too high. Initially, the carriages for the Maglev were stored by the airport owners, Birmingham International Airport Ltd., on the airport site.
A model of the Birmingham Maglev, together with one of the Maglev carriages (number 3), can be found in
Locomotion in
Shildon
Shildon is a town and civil parish in County Durham (district), County Durham, in England. The population taken at the 2011 Census was 9,976. The town has the Locomotion Museum, due to it having the first , built in 1825, and locomotive works on ...
. A second carriage (number 1) resides at
Railworld. The third carriage (number 2) was put up for sale in an auction on
eBay
eBay Inc. ( , often stylized as ebay) is an American multinational e-commerce company based in San Jose, California, that allows users to buy or view items via retail sales through online marketplaces and websites in 190 markets worldwide. ...
in late 2010 after lying unused at the airport since the system's closure. It was initially sold for £25,100, with the proceeds to go to two charities, but the bidder
defaulted and it was resold to a private buyer near
Kenilworth
Kenilworth ( ) is a market town and Civil parishes in England, civil parish in the Warwick (district), Warwick District of Warwickshire, England, southwest of Coventry and north of both Warwick and Leamington Spa. Situated at the centre of t ...
for just £100.
After the system's closure, the original guideway lay dormant while a shuttle bus service was operated in its place. However, the shuttle was only a temporary measure until development of a suitable replacement, studies for which commenced during the 1990s.
During 2003, the guideway was reactivated, albeit in a modified form, for the replacement cable hauled Air-Rail people mover.
Cable Liner

The current Air-Rail Link is a cable-propelled shuttle system, using the
Cable Liner technology from
Doppelmayr Cable Car. The 585 m-long (1,921 ft) line takes travellers from the public transport interchange to the airport check-in in 90 seconds. It is a dual track shuttle with two stations and two trains, each of two cars, operating independently at a speed of . The trains operate at a minimum headway of 120 seconds, consisting of a dwell time at each station of 30 seconds and a journey time of 90 seconds. The individual cars carry twenty-seven passengers at per person, thus giving a capacity of 54 passengers per train.
During the day, the trains run every few minutes each way. At off-peak times, trains operate on demand, and to facilitate this, a button labelled "DEMAND" must be pressed by the prospective passenger. The line is free to use, and handles three million passengers per year.
The Air-Rail Link was built on top of the previous Maglev guideway, which was slightly shortened by an extension of the railway station concourse to accommodate a low-level bus station. Several modifications were necessary to the guideway; chiefly, the support columns needed strengthening to withstand the higher loads imposed by the cables.
To this end,
carbon fibre
Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (American English), carbon-fibre-reinforced polymers ( Commonwealth English), carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, carbon-fiber reinforced-thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP), also known as carbon fiber, carbon comp ...
plates were bonded to the external face of the concrete columns at positions where the track runs on radius. Furthermore, the track structure was adopted to accommodate the installation of steel guide ways for the cables and running rails.
On 30 March 2001, the replacement project was formally launched. The scheme came under a
design, build and operate contract valued at £10 million and involved multiple companies; design work was performed by
Babtie, Shaw and Morton
Babtie, Shaw and Morton was a firm of civil engineers based in Glasgow, Scotland, and noted for its work on bridges, dams and reservoirs.
History
It took its name following the 1906 merger of Babtie & Bonn (a partnership founded by John Babtie ...
while
Siemens
Siemens AG ( ) is a German multinational technology conglomerate. It is focused on industrial automation, building automation, rail transport and health technology. Siemens is the largest engineering company in Europe, and holds the positi ...
was responsible for the mechanical and electrical systems and civil engineering work was performed by Fitzpatrick.
Construction took less than two years; the first day of public operation occurred on 7 March 2003. The Birmingham Airport Link was Doppelmayr Cable Car's first airport system and replaced the temporary bus service that had been operating since 1995. The new system has motivated passengers travelling to the airport to leave their cars at home and use public transport.
See also
*
Link Train, a 7-car long airport system using the same technology in Toronto, Canada
*
Airport Shuttle Mexico, airport system using the same technology in Mexico
*
Free public transport
References
External links
Air-Rail Link Birmingham Airport.
Photograph of a Birmingham Maglev car on Flickr
{{DEFAULTSORT:Airrail Link
Airport people mover systems in the United Kingdom
Cable Liner people movers
Driverless Maglev
Transport in Birmingham, West Midlands
Solihull
Linear induction motors
Cable car railways in the United Kingdom
1984 establishments in England