Agaricus subrufescens

''Agaricus subrufescens'' ( syn. ''Agaricus blazei'', ''A. brasiliensis'' or ''A. rufotegulis'') is a species of fungus, commonly known as the almond mushroom. It is edible for most people, with a somewhat sweet taste and a fragrance of almonds.

Taxonomy

''Agaricus subrufescens'' was first described by the American botanist Charles Horton Peck in 1893. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was cultivated for the table in the eastern United States. It was discovered again in Brazil during the 1970s, and misidentified as ''Agaricus blazei'' Murrill, a species originally described from Florida. It was soon marketed for its purported medicinal properties under various names, including ABM (for ''Agaricus blazei'' Murrill), ''cogumelo do sol'' (mushroom of the sun), ''cogumelo de Deus'' (mushroom of God), ''cogumelo de vida'' (mushroom of life), ''himematsutake'', royal sun agaricus, ''Mandelpilz'', and almond mushroom.

In 2002, Didukh and Wasser correctly rejected the name ''A. blazei'' for this species, but unfortunately called the Brazilian fungus ''A. brasiliensis'', a name that had already been used for a different species, '' Agaricus brasiliensis'' Fr. (1830). Richard Kerrigan undertook genetic and interfertility testing on several fungal strains, and showed that samples of the Brazilian strains called ''A. blazei'' and ''A. brasiliensis'' were genetically similar to, and interfertile with, North American populations of ''Agaricus subrufescens''. These tests also found European samples called ''A. rufotegulis'' to be of the same species. Because ''A. subrufescens'' is the oldest name, it has taxonomical priority.

Description

The cap is initially hemispherical, later becoming convex, with a diameter of . The color of the cap may range from white to grayish or dull reddish brown; it stains yellow in KOH. Its surface is covered with silk-like fibers, although in maturity it develops small scales (squamulose). The cap margin typically splits with age. The flesh is white, and has the taste of "green nuts", with the odor of almonds. The gills are not attached to the stalk (free), narrow, and crowded closely together. They start out whitish in color, then later pinkish, and finally black-brown as the spores mature. The spore print is brown. The spores are ellipsoid, smooth, dark purplish-brown when viewed microscopically, with dimensions of 5.5–7 by 4–5  μm.

The stipe is long and thick, and sometimes bulbous at the base. Initially solid, the stipe becomes hollow with age; it is cottony (floccose) to scaly toward the base. The annulus is abundant and double-layered; it is bent downward toward the stem, smooth and whitish on the upper side, and covered with cottony scales on the lower side.

A type of ergostane-type compounds called blazeispirols have been isolated from ''A. subrufescens''.

Similar species

It resembles some related species, including '' A. hondensis''.

Distribution and habitat

''A. subrufescens'' forms fruit bodies singly or in clusters in leaf litter in rich soil, often in domestic habitats. Originally described from the northeastern U.S. and Canada, it has been found growing in California, Hawaii, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Taiwan, Japan, Philippines, Iran, Australia, Brazil, and Uruguay.

Toxicity

Preliminary research indicates ''Agaricus'' products may have toxic effects on liver function marked by increased serum level of liver enzymes, especially in people with ovarian cancer, and may cause allergic reactions.

Contrary to concerns about possible hepatotoxicity, multiple peer-reviewed studies suggest that ''A. subrufescens'' (''A. blazei'' Murill) exhibits hepatoprotective effects rather than toxicity in both human and animal models.

* Clinical Study in Hepatitis B Patients: A 12-month open-label clinical study observed that 1,500 mg/day of ''A. blazei'' extract significantly reduced serum liver enzyme levels (ALT and AST) in chronic hepatitis B patients, indicating improved liver function without any adverse effects. No liver toxicity or renal abnormalities were reported in the patients throughout the study period.
* Animal Studies on Alcohol and CCl4-Induced Liver Injury: Experimental models in rats demonstrated that ABM extract has protective and antioxidant effects against liver injury caused by alcohol and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). These studies reported normalization of liver enzymes, increased antioxidant levels (GSH, vitamins C and E), and reduced lipid peroxidation, without evidence of liver toxicity.

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has issued warning letters to companies marketing ''Agaricus'' supplement products with unproven health claims of suggesting disease treatment or prevention, but these actions were based on regulatory compliance and not on evidence of toxicity.

Uses

The mushroom is edible for most people, with a somewhat sweet taste and an almond aroma resulting from benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, benzonitrile, and methyl benzoate.

Used in traditional and alternative medicine for its supposed anti-cancer effects, ''Agaricus'' mushrooms have not been assessed by sufficient high-quality clinical research to define safety and biological properties upon consumption as a food, dietary supplement, or drug.

See also

* List of ''Agaricus'' species

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q764068

subrufescens
Edible fungi
Medicinal fungi
Fungi of Asia
Fungi of Brazil
Fungi of North America
Fungi described in 1893
Taxa named by Charles Horton Peck
Fungus species