Affrilachia is a term that focuses on the cultural contributions of

African-American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. ...

artists, writers, and musicians in the

Appalachia Appalachia ( ) is a geographic region located in the Appalachian Mountains#Regions, central and southern sections of the Appalachian Mountains in the east of North America. In the north, its boundaries stretch from the western Catskill Mountai ...

n region of the United States. The term "Affrilachia" is attributed to

Kentucky Kentucky (, ), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. It borders Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio to the north, West Virginia to the ...

-based writer Frank X Walker, who began using it in the 1990s as a way to negate the stereotype of Appalachian culture, which portrays Appalachians as predominantly white and living in small mountain communities. The term Affrilachian stands for an African American who is a native or resident in the Appalachian region.Spriggs, Bianca. "Frank X Walker: Exemplar of Affrilachia." Appalachian Heritage, vol. 39 no. 4, 2011, p. 21–25. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/aph.2011.0109. ''Affrilachia'' is also the title of Walker's 2000 book of poetry, published by Old Cove Press. Frank X Walker co-founded The Affrilachian Poets and in 2009, created ''The Affrilachian Journal of Arts and Culture''. Frank X Walker is a graduate of the University of Kentucky, currently serving as an associate professor in the UK Department of English. Walker's partnership with the University of Kentucky allowed him to also create and teach an educational program on African-American and Africana studies, which further contributed to and raised awareness of Affrilachian art, culture, and history. The word "Affrilachia" is included in the second edition of the ''

Oxford American Dictionary The ''Oxford American Dictionary'' (''OAD'') is a single-volume dictionary of American English. It was the first dictionary published by the Oxford University Press to be prepared by American lexicographers and editors. The work was based on th ...

''. In 2011, Marie T. Cochran created the Affrilachian Artist Project with the goal of building a sustainable collaborative network among the region's artists and community organizers. Today, the project has over 2,000 members and has organized several Affrilachian-themed art exhibitions.

Members

The Appalachian region has more than thirty prominent art community members who identify with the term Affrilachian, including writers, musicians, and artists such as Frank X Walker,

Nikky Finney Nikky Finney (born Lynn Carol Finney on August 26, 1957, in Conway, South Carolina) is an American poet. She was the Guy Davenport Endowed Professor of English at the University of Kentucky for twenty years. In 2013, she accepted a position at ...

, Kelly Norman Ellis, Mitchell L. H. Douglas, Crystal Wilkinson, Parneshia Jones, Ricardo Nazario y Colón, Ellen Hagan, and Keith S. Wilson. As of March 2022, 3.4K people currently follow the Affrilachian Artist Project's Facebook page.

Culture

Literature

Frank X Walker wrote ''Isaac Murphy: I Dedicate This Ride'' (2010), ''Masked Man, Black: Pandemic and Protest Poems'' (2020)'','' ''Black Box: Poems'' (2006), and ''Affrilachia: Poems by Frank X Walker'' (2000). Crystal Wilkinson is the author of the books ''The Birds of Opulence'' (2016), ''Water Street'' (2011), ''Blackberries, Blackberries'' (2000), and ''Perfect Black'' (2021). In 2018, Affrilachian poets celebrated 25 years since the term was created in the book, ''Black Bone: 25 Years of the Affrilachian Poets'' edited by Bianca Lynn Spriggs and Jeremy Paden, published by The University Press of Kentucky. This book had contributions from Frank X Walker himself along with other prominent members of the Affrilachian literary community.

Visual arts

Appalachia is also home to vibrant African American art communities. In 2011, artist, educator, and curator Marie Cochran started the western North Carolina–based Affrilachian Artist Project to combat the common perception of Appalachia as a racially homogenous, white region. She co-curated the Affrilachian Artist Project's inaugural exhibition at the August Wilson Cultural Center in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A traveling version of the exhibit, which includes work by LaKeisha Blount, Victoria Casey-McDonald, and Rahkie Mateen, has been hosted by galleries throughout Appalachia.

Music

History

African Americans, including those who identify as Affrilachian, have had a significant impact on the sound of Appalachian music over the years. The start of African American influence on Appalachian music began when individuals were forcefully brought from West Africa to the United States and put into slavery. Along with West African enslaved musicians came various stringed instruments made from gourds, such as the ngoni, that would later become the banjo, an instrument that is common in Appalachian music. The enslaved West African musicians played stringed instruments using a unique picking technique called “

clawhammer Clawhammer, sometimes called down-picking, overhand, or most commonly known as frailing, is a distinctive banjo playing style and a common component of American old-time music. The style likely descends from that of West African lutes, suc ...

”, which has become a popular banjo style in the Appalachian region. African Americans continued to influence Appalachian music on plantations, where work songs and spirituals were frequently sung, and into the 19th and early 20th centuries. By this time, string music began to be associated with minstrelsy and black-face performances, so African American musicians distanced themselves from it. Some modern string bands, however, such as the now-disbanded Carolina Chocolate Drops, have worked to reclaim Appalachian music for the Affrilachian community. With members including Rhiannon Giddens and Dom Flemons, the Carolina Chocolate Drops won a Grammy for Best Traditional Folk Album in 2011. Domestic Cook Book Containing a Careful Selection of Useful Receipts for the Kitchen

Domestic Cook Book Containing a Careful Selection of Useful Receipts for the Kitchen

Cuisine

Affrilachian food and cuisine has slight variations from region to region, just like the rest of Appalachian culture. Some of the staples across Affrilachian cuisine are the practices of preserving produce through pickling, fermenting, and canning as well as drying out other crops such as beans and corn. Much of the food that is eaten in the various Appalachian regions has historically included the crops that families could grow themselves or trade for at local markets. Another Affrilachian staple is the style of pan-frying many different dishes using butter as opposed to neutral oils—a technique also common in French and Creole cooking. Rufus Estes has differentiated his fried chicken from many others using the "pan-fried in butter" method. Molasses and sorghum are frequently used in baking and as sweeteners. Vegetables such as okra, kale, collard greens, sweet potatoes, and cabbage are prevalent in Affrilachian cooking as are a variety of beans grown in the region. Cornbread is a common side dish. Fruit cobblers and sweet potato pies are popular desserts. Malinda Russell has been coined as an influential member of Affrilachia because of the cookbook ''The Domestic Cookbook: Containing a Careful Selection of Useful Receipts for the Kitchen'' that she published and her "Washington Cake" that gained fame from its combination of citrus and spiced flavors. {{clear left

References

External links

Affrilachian Artist Project's Facebook page
African-American culture African-American history in Appalachia Appalachian writers Appalachian culture Affrilachian writers Geographical neologisms 1990s neologisms