linguistics Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The areas of linguistic analysis are syntax (rules governing the structure of sentences), semantics (meaning), Morphology (linguistics), morphology (structure of words), phonetics (speech sounds ...

, Aeolic Greek (), also known as Aeolian (), Lesbian or Lesbic dialect, is the set of

dialects of Ancient Greek Ancient Greek in classical antiquity, before the development of the common Koine Greek of the Hellenistic period, was divided into several variety (linguistics), varieties. Most of these varieties are known only from inscriptions, but a few of th ...

spoken mainly in

Boeotia Boeotia ( ), sometimes Latinisation of names, Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia (; modern Greek, modern: ; ancient Greek, ancient: ), is one of the regional units of Greece. It is part of the modern regions of Greece, region of Central Greece (adm ...

; in

Thessaly Thessaly ( ; ; ancient Aeolic Greek#Thessalian, Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic regions of Greece, geographic and modern administrative regions of Greece, administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient Thessaly, a ...

; in the Aegean island of

Lesbos Lesbos or Lesvos ( ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of , with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece and the List of islands in the Mediterranean#By area, eighth largest ...

; and in the

Greek colonies Greek colonisation refers to the expansion of Archaic Greeks, particularly during the 8th–6th centuries BC, across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. The Archaic expansion differed from the Iron Age migrations of the Greek Dark Ages ...

Aeolis Aeolis (; ), or Aeolia (; ), was an area that comprised the west and northwestern region of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), mostly along the coast, and also several offshore islands (particularly Lesbos), where the Aeolian Greek city-states w ...

Anatolia Anatolia (), also known as Asia Minor, is a peninsula in West Asia that makes up the majority of the land area of Turkey. It is the westernmost protrusion of Asia and is geographically bounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the south, the Aegean ...

and adjoining islands. The Aeolic dialect shows many

archaism In language, an archaism is a word, a sense of a word, or a style of speech or writing that belongs to a historical epoch beyond living memory, but that has survived in a few practical settings or affairs. lexicon, Lexical archaisms are single a ...

s in comparison to the other Ancient Greek dialects (

Arcadocypriot Arcadocypriot, or southern Achaean, was an ancient Greek dialect spoken in Arcadia, in the central Peloponnese, and in Cyprus. Its resemblance to Mycenaean Greek, as it is known from the Linear B corpus, indicates that they are closely related ...

Attic An attic (sometimes referred to as a '' loft'') is a space found directly below the pitched roof of a house or other building. It is also known as a ''sky parlor'' or a garret. Because they fill the space between the ceiling of a building's t ...

, Ionic, and Doric varieties), as well as many innovations. Aeolic Greek is widely known as the language of

Sappho Sappho (; ''Sapphṓ'' ; Aeolic Greek ''Psápphō''; ) was an Ancient Greek poet from Eresos or Mytilene on the island of Lesbos. Sappho is known for her lyric poetry, written to be sung while accompanied by music. In ancient times, Sapph ...

and of

Alcaeus of Mytilene Alcaeus of Mytilene (; , ''Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios''; – BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of H ...

. Aeolic poetry, which is exemplified in the works of Sappho, mostly uses four classical meters known as the Aeolics:

Glyconic Glyconic (from Glycon, a Greek lyric poet) is a form of meter in classical Greek and Latin poetry. The glyconic line is the most basic and most commonly used form of Aeolic verse, and it is often combined with others. The basic shape (often abb ...

(the most basic form of Aeolic line),

hendecasyllabic In poetry, a hendecasyllable (as an adjective, hendecasyllabic) is a line of eleven syllables. The term may refer to several different poetic meters, the older of which are quantitative and used chiefly in classical (Ancient Greek and Latin) poet ...

verse,

Sapphic stanza The Sapphic stanza, named after the Ancient Greek poet Sappho, is an Aeolic verse form of Quatrain, four lines. Originally composed in quantitative verse and unrhymed, imitations of the form since the Middle Ages typically feature rhyme and accen ...

, and

Alcaic stanza The Alcaic stanza is a Greek lyrical meter, an Aeolic verse form traditionally believed to have been invented by Alcaeus, a lyric poet from Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, about 600 BC. The Alcaic stanza and the Sapphic stanza named for Alca ...

(the latter two are respectively named for Sappho and Alcaeus).

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. No direct record of Proto-Indo-European exists; its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-Euro ...

and

Proto-Greek The Proto-Greek language (also known as Proto-Hellenic) is the Indo-European language which was the last common ancestor of all varieties of Greek, including Mycenaean Greek, the subsequent ancient Greek dialects (i.e., Attic, Ionic, Ae ...

''*'' changed to Aeolic ''p'' everywhere. By contrast, PIE ''*'' changed to

/ Ionic,

, and Doric ''t'' before ''e'' and ''i''. * PIE * → Lesbian ''písures'', Boeotian ''péttares'' ~ Attic téttares, Ionic ''tésseres'', Doric ''tétores'' "four" Similarly PIE/PGk ''*'' always became ''b'' and PIE ''*'' > PGk ''*'' always became ''ph'' (whereas in other dialects they became alternating ''b''/''d'' and ''ph''/''th'' before back/front vowels). Labiovelars were treated the same way in the

P-Celtic The Gallo-Brittonic languages, also known as the P-Celtic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Celtic languages containing the languages of Ancient Gaul (both ''Gallia Celtica, Celtica'' and ''Belgica'') and Celtic Britain, which share ce ...

languages and the Sabellic languages.

Sonorant clusters

A Proto-Greek

consonant cluster In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups and are consonant clusters in the word ''splits''. In the education fie ...

with ''h'' (from Indo-European ) and a sonorant (''r, l, n, m, w, y'') changed to the double sonorant (''rr, ll, nn, mm, ww, yy'') in Lesbian and Thessalian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) by assimilation. In Attic/Ionic, Doric, and Boeotian Aeolic, the ''h'' assimilated to the vowel before the consonant cluster, causing the vowel to lengthen by

compensatory lengthening Compensatory lengthening in phonology and historical linguistics is the lengthening of a vowel sound that happens upon the loss of a following consonant, usually in the syllable coda, or of a vowel in an adjacent syllable. Lengthening triggered ...

. :

PIE A pie is a baked dish which is usually made of a pastry dough casing that contains a filling of various sweet or savoury ingredients. Sweet pies may be filled with fruit (as in an apple pie), nuts ( pecan pie), fruit preserves ( jam tart ...

''VsR'' or ''VRs'' → Attic/Ionic-Doric-Boeotian ''VVR''. :

''VsR'' or ''VRs'' → Lesbian-Thessalian ''VRR''. * PIE * → Proto-Greek ''*ehmi'' → Lesbian-Thessalian ''emmi'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''ēmi'' (= ) "I am"

Loss of h

Lesbian Aeolic lost initial ''h-'' (''

psilosis Psilosis () is the sound change in which the Greek language lost its consonant sound during antiquity. The term comes from the Greek ''psílōsis'' ("smoothing, thinning out") and is related to the Greek term for smooth breathing (ψιλή ''psi ...

'' "stripping") from Proto-Indo-European *s- or *y-. By contrast, Ionic sometimes retains it, and Attic always retains it. * PIE * → Proto-Greek *''hāwélios'' → Lesbian ''āélios'', Ionic ''ēélios'' ~ Attic ''hēlios'' "sun"

Retention of w

In Thessalian and Boeotian (sub-dialects of Aeolic) and Doric, the Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek semi-vowel ''w'' (

digamma Digamma or wau (uppercase: Ϝ, lowercase: ϝ, numeral: ϛ) is an Archaic Greek alphabets, archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. It originally stood for the sound but it has remained in use principally as a Greek numeral for 6 (number), 6. Whe ...

) was retained at the beginning of a word. * PIE → Boeotian, Doric ''wépos'' ~ Attic-Ionic ''épos'' "word", "

epic Epic commonly refers to: * Epic poetry, a long narrative poem celebrating heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation * Epic film, a genre of film defined by the spectacular presentation of human drama on a grandiose scale Epic(s) ...

" (compare Latin ''vōx'' "voice")

Vowels

Long a

In Aeolic and Doric, Proto-Greek long ''ā'' remains. By contrast, in Attic, long ''ā'' changes to long ''ē'' in most cases; in Ionic, it changes everywhere. * PIE → Aeolic, Doric mātēr ~ Attic/Ionic ''mētēr'' "mother"

Compensatory lengthening

Compensatory lengthening of ''a, e, o'' in Lesbian gives ''ai, ei, oi'' (in Attic, it would be ''ā, ei, ou'') for example in the accusative plural of a and o stem nouns, or in many 3 Pl verb conjugations.

Boeotian

In Boeotian, the vowel-system was, in many cases, changed in a way reminiscent of the modern Greek pronunciation. * Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek * Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Modern Greek * Attic/Ionic ~ Boeotian ~ Mediaeval Greek and Old Athenaean ~ Modern Greek

Accent

In Lesbian Aeolic, the accent of all words is recessive (''barytonesis''), as is typical only in the verbs of other dialects. * Attic/Ionic potamós ~ Lesbian pótamos "river"

Morphology

Contracted or vowel-stem verbs that are thematic in Attic/Ionic are often athematic (''-mi'') in Aeolic. * Ionic ''philéō'', Attic ''philô'' ~ Aeolic ''phílēmi'' "I love" Aeolic

athematic In Indo-European studies, a thematic vowel or theme vowel is the vowel or from Indo-European ablaut, ablaut placed before the Suffix#Inflectional suffixes, ending of a Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-European (PIE) word. Nouns, adjecti ...

infinitive Infinitive ( abbreviated ) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs that do not show a tense. As with many linguistic concepts, there is not a single definition applicable to all ...

active Active may refer to: Music * ''Active'' (album), a 1992 album by Casiopea * "Active" (song), a 2024 song by Asake and Travis Scott from Asake's album ''Lungu Boy'' * Active Records, a record label Ships * ''Active'' (ship), several com ...

ends in ''-men'' or (Lesbian) ''-menai''. ~ Attic/Ionic has ''-enai''. * Lesbian ''émmen, émmenai''; Thessalian, Boeotian ''eîmen'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''eînai'' (

spurious diphthong A spurious diphthong (or false diphthong) is an Ancient Greek vowel that is etymologically a long vowel but written exactly like a true diphthong (''ei, ou''). Origin A spurious diphthong has two origins: from compensatory lengthening of short ...

) "to be" In the Lesbian dialect this ending also extends to the thematic conjugation, where Attic/Ionic has ''-ein''. All three of these Aeolic endings occur in Homer. *

Homeric Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his authorship, Homer is ...

''agémen'' Proto-Greek ''-ans'' and ''-ons'' → ''-ais'' and ''-ois'' ( first- and

second declension The second declension is a category of nouns in Latin and Greek with similar case formation. In particular, these nouns are thematic, with an original ''o'' in most of their forms. In Classical Latin, the short ''o'' of the nominative and accusati ...

accusative plural) ~ Attic/Ionic -''ās'' and ''-ōs'' ( -ους). Dative plural ''-aisi'' and ''-oisi'' ~ Attic/Ionic ''-ais'' and ''-ois''. The participle has ''-ois'' and ''-ais'' for Attic ''-ōs'' ( -ους), ''-ās''.

Glossary

Below is a list of several words in the Aeolian dialect, written in the Greek alphabet, along with a transcription in the Latin alphabet. Each word is followed by its meaning and compared to similar words in other ancient Greek dialects. The "notes" section provides additional information, and if applicable, an etymology is given.

Aeolian

* ''ágōnos'' "struggle" (Attic agōn; Elean dat. pl. agōnois for agōsi) * ' gifts sent by kin to Lesbian brides (Sappho fr.) (compare

br>hedna, eedna
* ''Aiolíōnes'' "

Aeolians The Aeolians (; , ''Aioleis'') were one of the four major tribes into which Greeks divided themselves in the ancient period (along with the Achaeans, Dorians and Ionians).. They originated in the eastern parts of the Greek mainland, notably in ...

" (Attic ''Aioleîs'') (' "speak Aeolic, compose in the

Aeolian mode The Aeolian mode is a musical mode or, in modern usage, a diatonic scale also called the natural minor scale. On the piano, using only the white keys, it is the scale that starts with A and continues to the next A only striking white keys. Its a ...

, trick out with false words"

Sophocles Sophocles ( 497/496 – winter 406/405 BC)Sommerstein (2002), p. 41. was an ancient Greek tragedian known as one of three from whom at least two plays have survived in full. His first plays were written later than, or contemporary with, those ...

Fr.912 )
aioleō
vary, adorn, diversify
aiolos
quick-moving, glittering, shifty) *
aklades
' (unpruned vineyards) (Attic akladeutoi ampeloi) * ''akontion'' (part of troops) (Attic spear) (

Macedonian Macedonian most often refers to someone or something from or related to Macedonia. Macedonian(s) may refer to: People Modern * Macedonians (ethnic group), a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group primarily associated with North Macedonia * Mac ...

''rhachis'', spine or backbone, anything ridged like the backbone) * -τος
amenēs
' -tos (Attic ὑμήν humēn) thin skin, membrane. *
amōnes
' (

ἀνεμώνες

anemones ''Anemone'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. Plants of the genus are commonly called windflowers. They are native to the temperate and subtropical regions of all regions except Australia, New Zealand, and ...

*
aoros
' (Attic ἄϋπνος aypnos, without sleep) Μηθυμναῖοι *
arpys
' (

ἔρως

Eros Eros (, ; ) is the Greek god of love and sex. The Romans referred to him as Cupid or Amor. In the earliest account, he is a primordial god, while in later accounts he is the child of Aphrodite. He is usually presented as a handsome young ma ...

, Love) attested in Crinagoras, ἁρπάζειν ''harpazein'' to snatch. Homeric
harpaleos
' attractive, devouring *
asphe
' to them (Atti
sphe
sphi) *
bakchoa
' (Attic βόθρος ''

bothros Bothros (Greek βόθρος, plural ''bothroi'') is the Ancient Greek word for "hole", "pit" or "trench". In contemporary use it can refer to a variety of holes or depressions found at ancient sites and referred to in literature, and has also been ...

'' sacred dungeon, pit) *
balla
' threshold (Attic bēlos) (Doric balos) *
blēr
' incitement (Atti
delear
*
bradanizō
' brandish, shake off. (Cf.Elean bratana Common rhatane) *
braidion
' (

ῥᾴδιον rhaidion easy) *
brakein
' to understand (dysbrakanon imprehensible) *
brodopachus
' with pink, rosy forearms (Attic rhodopechys) ( brodopachun Sappho) an
brododaktulos
with rosy fingers * ''brocheos'' or βρουκέων broukeon (Attic βραχύ brachy short) (Sapph.fr. 2,7) * ''drasein'' (Attic θύειν to sacrifice) * ''eide'' (

ὕλη, forest) (εἴδη Ionian also) *
zadelon
' with holes in it, open (Attic diadelon obvious) (

Alcaeus Alcaeus of Mytilene (; , ''Alkaios ho Mutilēnaios''; – BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hell ...

30 D 148P) *
imbēris
' eel (Attic enchelys) Μηθυμναῖοι * ''Issa'' old name of

Lesbos Island Lesbos or Lesvos ( ) is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. It has an area of , with approximately of coastline, making it the third largest island in Greece and the eighth largest in the Mediterranean. It is separated from ...

Cf.

Antissa Antissa () was a city of the island Lesbos (Lesvos), near to Cape Sigrium, the western point of Lesbos. The place had a harbour. The ruins found by Richard Pococke at Calas Limneonas, a little NE. of cape Sigri, may be those of Antissa. This pla ...

*
issasthai
' (

klerousthai to take sth by lot) *
kankulē
' (Attic ''kēkis'' wet, vapour,

mordant A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used to set (i.e., bind) dyes on fabrics. It does this by forming a coordination complex with the dye, which then attaches to the fabric (or tissue). It may be used for dyeing fabrics or for intensifying ...

dyeing) *
kammarpsis
' dry Measure (Attic hemimedimnon, one half of a

medimnos A medimnos (, ''médimnos'', plural μέδιμνοι, ''médimnoi'') was an Ancient Greek unit of volume, which was generally used to measure dry food grain.In ancient Greece, measures of capacity varied depending on whether they were being used to ...

) *
karabides
' (Attic
graes
Μηθυμναῖοι *
kaualeon
' Hsch (Attic ''aithos'' fire, burning heat) (Cf.kaiō burn) * ''Mesostrophonia'' Lesbian festival *
molsos
' (Attic , fat) *
ximbra
' (

ῥοιά rhoia pomegranate-tree) (Boeotia
sida
*
othmata
' (Attic ''ommata'' eyes) *
ón
' óna (Attic aná) upon, through, again (

also) *
passyrion
' (Attic ''passydia'' 'totally, all together, with the whole army') *
pedameivō
' (Attic metameivo exchange) (πεδέχω pedecho μετέχω metecho), pedoikos metoikosbr>peda
for

meta Meta most commonly refers to: * Meta (prefix), a common affix and word in English ( in Greek) * Meta Platforms, an American multinational technology conglomerate (formerly ''Facebook, Inc.'') Meta or META may also refer to: Businesses * Meta (ac ...

*
Perrhamos
' Priamus (Alcaeus 74D, 111P (it means also king) *
saōmi
' save (Attic sōizō ) (Homeric saoō) *
siglai
' ear-rings (Attic ''enōtia'', Laconian ''exōbadia'') *
skiphos
' Attic

xiphos The ''xiphos'' ( ; plural ''xiphe'', ) is a double-edged, one-handed Iron Age straight shortsword used by the ancient Greeks. It was a secondary battlefield weapon for the Greek armies after the dory or javelin. The classic blade was generall ...

sword (skiptō, given as etym. of skiphos and xiphos, Sch.Il.1.220; cf. skipei: nussei, it pricks, pierces) *
spóla
'(Attic stolē) equipment, garment (spaleis, the sent one, for staleis) *
syrx
' (Attic σάρξ flesh) (dative plural σύρκεσιν syrkesi Attic σαρξίν sarxin) *
tenekounti
' (Attic ''enoikounti'' dative singular of enoikōn inhabiting) *
tragais
' you break, grow rough and hoarse and smell like a goat *
tude
' tudai an
tuide
here) (Ionic tēde) *
phauophoros
' priestess (Attic ''hiereia'') (light-keeper) (Aeoli
phauō
for Homeric ''phaō'' shine) (Homeric ''phaos'' light, Attic ''phōs'' and ''phōtophoros'')

Boeotian

*
amillakas
' wine Theban (Attic oinos) *
anōdorkas
' a fish

*
baidumēn
' (Attic ''arotrian'' to plough) *
bana
' (
balara
') woman (Attic ''gunē''); , banēkes
battikes
women ( Attic gunaikes ) *
bastrax
' or bastax (Attic τράχηλος trachēlos neck) pl. bastraches *
bleerei
' (Attic οἰκτείρει he feels pity) Cf. eleairei *
empyria
'

divination Divination () is the attempt to gain insight into a question or situation by way of an occultic ritual or practice. Using various methods throughout history, diviners ascertain their interpretations of how a should proceed by reading signs, ...

(Attic manteia) (Hsch. public oath,

Koine Koine Greek (, ), also variously known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic ...

ordeal by fire) *
zekeltides
'

gourds Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly ''Cucurbita'' and ''Lagenaria''. The term refers to a number of species and subspecies, many with hard shells, and some without. Many gourds have ...

Amerias Amerias (Greek: Ἀμερίας, 3rd century BC Macedonian : Америјас, Америја ) was an ancient Macedonian lexicographer, known for his compilation of a glossary titled '' Glossai'' (', terms or words). Αnother of his works was ca ...

zakeltides ( Phrygian zelkia vegetables) * ''idephin'' sweet-voiced. Hsch.: (Atti
hēduphōnon
( Aeolic wad-, ad- ) * ''istake'' scythe (Attic drepanon) *
iugodromein
' (Attic , ekboēthein, and boēdromein, run to help) (
Iungios
Thessalian month) * ''iō'' an
hiōn
(Attic egō, I) (hiōnga iōga for egōge) *
Karaios
' Boeotian epithet for Zeus meaning tall, head. Boeotian eponym Karaidas *
kriddemen
' (Attic gelan to laugh) ( Strattis fr. 47) Cf. (Cf.Atti
krizō
creak, screech) *
korilla
' little girl (

''korasion'' from Attic ''korasis'' girl) (

Aetolian Aetolia () is a mountainous region of Greece on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth, forming the eastern part of the modern regional unit of Aetolia-Acarnania. Geography The Achelous River separates Aetolia from Acarnania to the west; on the ...

''korudion'') *
mēlatas
' (Attic poimen shepherd) (

homeric Homer (; , ; possibly born ) was an Ancient Greek poet who is credited as the author of the ''Iliad'' and the ''Odyssey'', two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Despite doubts about his authorship, Homer is ...

mēlon
sheep) (Atti
mēlon
apple, Aeolic-Doric ''malon'') *
mnarion
' (Attic
kallyntron
' broom, brush) *
opisthotila
' (Attic sēpia

cuttlefish Cuttlefish, or cuttles, are Marine (ocean), marine Mollusca, molluscs of the order (biology), suborder Sepiina. They belong to the class (biology), class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique ...

) ( Strattis. fr. 47,3) (squirts its liquor from behind) * ''opittomai'' (

br>opizomai
I care, respect) (Laconian ''opiddomai'') *
ophrygnai
' (Attic
ophryazei
' he winks raising the eyebrow, is haughty) *
seia
' I persecuted (Attic ''edioxa'') (Cf.Homeri
seuō
move quickly, chase) *
syoboiōtoi
' Hog-

ns (

Cratinus Cratinus (; 519 BC – 422 BC) was an Athenian comic poet of the Old Comedy. Life Cratinus won prizes for his plays on 27 known occasions, eight times at the City Dionysia, first probably in the mid-to-late 450s BCE (IG II2 2325. 50), and t ...

.310) *
tripeza
' (Attic trapeza, table)(fro
tetrapeza
four-footed) (''tripeza'' three-footed) (in Aeolic it would-be ''tripesda'') *
psōsmata
' Boeotian word

Thessalian

*
abremēs
' (Attic ablepēs unworthy seeing, despicable ( Cypriotic also) (Hes. text *
agora
' (Attic limen port, harbour) (Hes. text *
alphinia
'

white poplar White poplar is a common name used to refer to several trees in the genus ''Populus ''Populus'' is a genus of 25–30 species of deciduous flowering plants in the family Salicaceae, native to most of the Northern Hemisphere. English names vari ...

(

*albho- 'white') (Attic leukē, PIE *leuk- 'bright, light') (Macedonian ''aliza'') * ''aspaleia'' safeness (Attic asphaleia) *
astralos
' (Attic ψάρ -ος psar

Starling Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine (perching) birds known for the often dark, glossy iridescent sheen of their plumage; their complex vocalizations including mimicking; and their distinctive, often elaborate swarming behavior, know ...

) *
bebukousthai
' to be

swollen Edema (American English), also spelled oedema (British English), and also known as fluid retention, swelling, dropsy and hydropsy, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may inclu ...

(Homeric buktaon blowing) *
bousia
' (Attic γογγυλίδι gongylidi

turnip The turnip or white turnip ('' Brassica rapa'' subsp. ''rapa'') is a root vegetable commonly grown in temperate climates worldwide for its white, fleshy taproot. Small, tender varieties are grown for human consumption, while larger varieties a ...

) *
daratos
' Thessalian bread (Macedonian ''dramis'') (Athamanian ''dramix'') (PIE *der- 'cut, split') *
enormos
' (

agora The agora (; , romanized: ', meaning "market" in Modern Greek) was a central public space in ancient Ancient Greece, Greek polis, city-states. The literal meaning of the word "agora" is "gathering place" or "assembly". The agora was the center ...

, assembly, market and chōra) (Atti
enormeō
get in a harbour
hormos
bay, anchorage * ''ereas'' children (Hsch.Attic tekna) (Homeri
ernos
young sprout, scion) (Neo- Phrygian eiroi children) *
theanoustai
' (Attic xysters) *
itheiē
' (Attic hamaxitos chariot-road) (Homeric Ψ 580) (Attic ithys, eytheia straight line) * ''impsas'' past participle of impto (Attic ζεύξας zeuxas zeugnymi join together) (Ἴμψιος Impsios Ποσειδῶν ὁ ζύγιος

Poseidon Poseidon (; ) is one of the twelve Olympians in ancient Greek religion and mythology, presiding over the sea, storms, earthquakes and horses.Burkert 1985pp. 136–139 He was the protector of seafarers and the guardian of many Hellenic cit ...

Zygius on horses) *
kalaphos
' (Attic ἀσκάλαφος, Ascalaphus a bird ( Magnesian) *
kapanē
' chariot (Attic apēnē) also, a helme
kapanikos
plenteous *
karpaia
' Thessalo-Macedonian mimic military dance (see also

Carpaea Carpaea or Karpaea () among the Aenianians, Magnesians, and Macedonians was a kind of mimic military dance, performed by two persons; the one acting as a laborer, the other as a robber. It is described by Xenophon in his Anabasis (6.1.5 - 6.1.10 ...

)

br>karpalimos
swift (for foot) eager, ravenous. * ''nealeis'' new-comers, newly caught ones (Cf
nealeisneēludes
* Magnesia —

Demetrias Demetrias () was a Greek city in Magnesia in ancient Thessaly (east central Greece), situated at the head of the Pagasaean Gulf, near the modern city of Volos. History It was founded in 294 BCE by Demetrius Poliorcetes, who removed th ...

— late 2nd century B

/ref> ''nebeuō'' pray (Macedonian ''neuō'') (Attic ''euchomai'', ''neuō'' 'wink') * ''onala'', ''onalouma'' (Atti
analōma
expense cost) (''on-'' in the place of Attic prefix wiktionary:ἀνά, ana-, ''ongrapsantas'' SEG 27:202 * ''Petthalia'' 'Thessalia'; ''Petthaloi'' 'Thessalians'; Koine ''thessalisti'' 'the Thessalian way'. Cf. Attic
entethettalizomai
' become a Thessalian, i.e. wear the large Thessalian cloak (Thettalika ptera ''feathers''),

Eupolis Eupolis (; 446 411 BC) was an Athenian poet of the Old Comedy, who flourished during the time of the Peloponnesian War. Biography Very little is known about Eupolis' life. His father was named Sosipolis. There are few sources on when he first ...

.201.) *
tageuō
' to be tagos

archon ''Archon'' (, plural: , ''árchontes'') is a Greek word that means "ruler", frequently used as the title of a specific public office. It is the masculine present participle of the verb stem , meaning "to be first, to rule", derived from the same ...

in Thessaly

Footnotes

General references

* *

Phonology

Consonants

Labiovelars

Sonorant clusters

Loss of h

Retention of w

Vowels

Long a

Compensatory lengthening

Boeotian

Accent

Morphology

Glossary

Aeolian

Boeotian

Thessalian

See also

Footnotes

General references

Further reading

General studies

On the Boeotian dialect

On the Lesbian dialect

On the Thessalian dialect