Adriaan Reland

Adriaan Reland (also known as ''Adriaen Reeland/Reelant'', ''Hadrianus Relandus''; 17 July 1676 – 5 February 1718)John Gorton, ''A General Biographical Dictionary'', 1838, Whittaker & Co. was a Dutch Orientalist scholar, cartographer and philologist. Even though he never left the Netherlands, he made significant contributions to Middle Eastern and Asian linguistics and cartography, including Persia, Japan and Palestine during the biblical ages ( the Holy Land).Zur Shalev, University of Haifa Digital Gallery, introduction to Reland's book ''Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata''

Early life

Reland was the son of Johannes Reland, a Protestant minister, and Aagje Prins in the small North Holland village of De Rijp. Adriaan's brother, Peter (1678–1714), was an influential lawyer in Haarlem. Reland first studied Latin language in Amsterdam at age 11, and enrolled at University of Utrecht in 1693, at age 17, to study theology and philosophy. Initially interested in Hebrew and Syriac, he later began studying Arabic. In 1699, after obtaining his doctorate in Utrecht, Reland moved to Leiden and tutored the son of Hans Willem Bentinck, 1st Earl of Portland. The latter invited him to move to England, but Reland declined because of his father's deteriorating health.

Academic career

In 1699, Reland was appointed Professor of Physics and Metaphysics at the University of Harderwijk. By this point, he had achieved a good knowledge of Arabic, Hebrew, and other Semitic languages. In 1701, at age 25, he was appointed Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of Utrecht. Beginning in 1713, he also taught Hebrew Antiquities. This was extended with a chair in Jewish Antiquity.

Reland gained renown for his research in Islamic studies and linguistics; his work being an early example of comparative linguistics. Additionally, he studied Persian and was interested in the relation of Eastern myths to the Old Testament. He published a work concerning East Asian myths, ''Dissertationum miscellanearum partes tres'', in 1708. Moreover, he discovered the link for the Malay language to the Western Pacific dictionaries of Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire.

Research on Middle East

Reland, through compiling Arabic texts, completed ''De religione Mohammedica libri duo'' in 1705. This work, extended in 1717, was considered the first objective survey of Islamic beliefs and practices. It quickly became a reference work throughout Europe and was translated into Dutch, English, German, French and Spanish.

Reland also extensively researched Middle Eastern locations and biblical geography, taking interest in Palestine. He published ''Antiquitates Sacrae veterum Hebraeorum'' (1708) and ''Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata'' (1714), in which he described and mapped the biblical peoples, and ancient geography of Palestine.

Reland retained his professorship for his entire life, and additionally became a noted poet. In 1718, at age 41, he died of smallpox in Utrecht.

Selection of published works

* '' De religione Mohammedica libri duo'' – the first European attempt to systematically describe Islamic religious practices. Utrecht 1705, 1717
**Dutch Translation ''Verhandeling van de godsdienst der Mahometaanen, als mede van het krygs-regt by haar ten tyde van oorlog tegens de christenen gebruykelyk.'' Utrecht 1718
** English translation: ''Of the Mahometan Religion'', Two books. London 1712
**German translation: ''Zwey Bücher von der Türkischen oder Mohammedischen Religion''. Hannover 1716, 1717
** French translation: ''La Religion des Mahometans exposée par leurs propres Docteurs, avec des éclaircissemens sur les opinions qu'on leur a Faussement attribuées''. The Hague 1721
* '' Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata'' – a detailed geographical survey of biblical Palestine, written in Latin. Published by Willem Broedelet. Utrecht 1714
** ''Dutch translation: Palestine opgeheldert, ofte they gelegentheyd van het Joodsche country.''
* ''Analecta rabbinica.'' Utrecht 1702, 1723
* ''Dissertationum miscellanearum partes tres.'' Utrecht 1706–1708, 3 Teile
* ''Antiquitates sacrae veterum Hebraeorum.'' Utrecht 1708, 3. uppl. 1717, 1741
* ''De nummis veterum Hebraeorum.'' Utrecht 1709
* ''Brevis introductio ad grammaticam Hebraeam Altingianam.'' Utrecht 2. uppl. 1710, 1722
*''De natuurlijke wijsgeer'' – a Dutch translation of Ibn Tufail's Arabic novel '' Hayy ibn Yaqdhan''. Printed by Pieter van der Veer. Amsterdam 1701
*''Galatea. Lusus poetica'' – a collection of Latin love-elegies, which brought Reland some fame as a Neo-Latin poet. Amsterdam 1701

Gallery

Map_of_Western_Java_(1718).jpg, Map of Western Java, 1718.

Bibliography

The Orient in Utrecht: Adriaan Reland (1676-1718), Arabist, Cartographer, Antiquarian and Scholar of Comparative Religion
Jaski, Bart; Lange, Christian; Pytlowany, Anna; Rinsum, Henk J. van editors. Leiden and Boston, Brill, 2021. Link to PDF. ISBN 978-90-04-46217-5. Als
The Orient in Utrecht: Adriaan Reland (1676-1718), Arabist, Cartographer, Antiquarian and Scholar of Comparative Religion
at JSTOR

References

External links

Literature on Reland in Dutch Digital Library (DBNL)

Maps by Reland


Complete bibliography on WorldCat

''Hadriani Relandi Analecta Rabbinica''
Trajecti ad Rhenum Utrecht Ex libraria Jacobi à Poolsum et Jacobi Broedelet 2-nd ed. 1723 at the Internet Archive

''Hadriani Relandi Palaestina ex monumentis veteribus illustrata''
Trajecti Batavorum Utrecht ex libraria Gulielmi Broedelet, 1714 at the Internet Archive

The Heinsius-Collectie: Adriaan Reland, 1676–1718Map of Palestine by Reland, 1714
Eran Laor Cartographic Collection. The National Library of Israel

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reland, Adrian
1676 births
1718 deaths
People from Graft-De Rijp
17th-century writers in Latin
18th-century writers in Latin
18th-century male writers
Christian Hebraists
Linguists from the Dutch Republic
Dutch orientalists
Dutch male poets
Neo-Latin poets
Academic staff of the University of Harderwijk
Cartographers of the Middle East
16th-century Dutch cartographers
17th-century Dutch cartographers
Historical geographers
Palestinologists