Adipose differentiation-related protein, also known as perilipin 2, ADRP or adipophilin, is a

protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metab ...

which belongs to the perilipin (PAT) family of cytoplasmic lipid droplet (CLD)–binding proteins. In humans it is encoded by the ''ADFP''

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

. This protein surrounds the lipid droplet along with

phospholipids Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule). Marine phospholipids typi ...

and is involved in assisting the storage of neutral lipids within the lipid droplets.

Discovery

The adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP) was first characterized as an mRNA molecule that express early in adipocyte differentiation. The full length cDNA was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends method and sequence analysis results in a protein with 425 amino acids that is unique and similar sequences had not previously been reported.

Gene location

In humans, the gene for adipose differentiation related protein is located at short p arm of chromosome 9 at region 22 band 1 from

base pair A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA ...

19108391 to 19127606 (GRCh38.p7) (map).

Protein structure

The proposed models for adipose differentiation related protein (perilipin 2) is maintained by the protein model portal. It is based on homology modelling and no models were found with greater than 90 percent homology. Perlipin 2 has three different functional domains . 1-115 amino acid sequences at N-terminal is highly similar with other perlipin family proteins and is required for stabilization of lipid droplets, 103-215 mid- region is needed for binding at lipid droplets while the C-terminal sequence from 220-437 forms four helix bundles.

Function

Perilipin 2 was thought to be expressed only in adipose tissues previously. However, later on it was found to be expressed in all types of cells including many non-adipose tissues. The function of perilipin 2 involves the formation of lipid droplets, formation of fatty liver by increasing uptake of fatty acids etc. Decreased expression of perilipin 2 decreases the fatty liver while increase expression of perilipin is associated with several metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, heart diseases. Moreover, its expression was also found to be linked with other age related diseases. This protein is associated with the globule surface membrane material and is major constituent of the globule surface. Increase in

mRNA In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of Protein biosynthesis, synthesizing a protein. mRNA is ...

levels is one of the earliest indications of

adipocyte Adipocytes, also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cell (biology), cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat. Adipocytes are derived from mesenchymal stem cells which give rise to adipocytes through ...

differentiation. Pre-adipocytes are undifferentiated

fibroblast A fibroblast is a type of cell (biology), biological cell typically with a spindle shape that synthesizes the extracellular matrix and collagen, produces the structural framework (Stroma (tissue), stroma) for animal Tissue (biology), tissues, and ...

s that can be stimulated to form adipocytes. Studies have shed light into potential molecular mechanisms in the fate determination of pre-adipocytes although the exact lineage of adipocyte is still unclear. *

Mutation

In humans, a substitution

mutation In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA. Viral genomes contain either DNA or RNA. Mutations result from errors during DNA or viral replication, ...

at the C-terminal region of perlipin 2 was shown to affect both the structure and function of the protein. At 251 position , serine residue was substituted by proline which results in the disruption of predicted alpha helical structure of the protein as well as reduction in the plasma triglycerides and lipolysis. Thus, mutation in perlipin 2 may influence the development of different human metabolic diseases.

In vitro and animal studies

Metabolic disorders and liver diseases

Conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes are related with metabolic disorders. It involves increase accumulation of lipid due to impaired fatty acid metabolism. Alcoholic liver diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are two types of conditions associated with liver lipid accumulation. Obesity is related with increase accumulation of lipid droplets in non-adipose tissues causing lipotoxicity. The expression of perlipin 2 at normal level appears necessary to induce obesity in mouse model. Increased activity of perlipin 2 increases the resistance to insulin thereby promoting type 2 diabetes.

Cardiovascular diseases

Age related diseases like atherosclerosis, hypertension accounts many deaths in elderly people. Accumulation of lipid droplets induce the modification of macrophages to foam cells. Lysis of foam cells resulted in Atherosclerotic plaques and such plaques rupture and blocked the thrombotic vessel. Perlipin 2 protein around the macrophages and foam cells was found to play important role in formation of atheroma. Downregulation of perlipin 2 inhibits the lipid droplet accumulation and decreases the likelihood to convert macrophages to foam cells.

Cancer

Another factor which increases the risk for cancer is aging process. Analysis of body fluids like urine and blood from circulation from different types of cancer for example colorectal cancer, Burkitt cancer, lung adenocarcinoma showed increase level of Perlipin 2. Perlipin 2 can also serve as a biomarker for early detection of some type of cancer.