Abelisaurid

Abelisauridae (meaning "Abel's lizards") is a family (or clade) of ceratosaurian theropod dinosaurs. Abelisaurids thrived during the Cretaceous period, on the ancient southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and today their fossil remains are found on the modern continents of Africa and South America, as well as on the Indian subcontinent and the island of Madagascar. Isolated teeth were found in the Late Jurassic of Portugal, and the Late Cretaceous genera '' Tarascosaurus'', '' Arcovenator'' and '' Caletodraco'' have been described in France. Abelisaurids possibly first appeared during the Jurassic period based on fossil records, and some genera survived until the end of the Mesozoic era, around .

Like most theropods, abelisaurids were carnivorous bipeds. They were characterized by stocky hind limbs and extensive ornamentation of the skull bones, with grooves and pits. In many abelisaurids, such as ''Carnotaurus'', the forelimbs are vestigial, the skull is shorter, and bony crests grow above the eyes. Most of the known abelisaurids would have been between 5 and 9 m (17 to 30 ft) in length, from snout to tip of tail, with a new and as yet unnamed specimen from northwestern Turkana in Kenya, Africa reaching a possible length of 11–12 m (36 to 39 ft). Before becoming well known, fragmentary abelisaurid remains were occasionally misidentified as possible South American tyrannosaurids."Abelisaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. ''The Age of Dinosaurs''. Publications International, LTD. p. 105. .

Description

Abelisaurid hind limbs were more typical of ceratosaurs, with the astragalus and calcaneum (upper ankle bones) fused to each other and to the tibia, forming a tibiotarsus. The tibia was shorter than the femur, giving the hind limb stocky proportions. Three functional digits were on the foot (the second, third, and fourth), while the first digit, or hallux, did not contact the ground.

Skull

Although skull proportions varied, abelisaurid skulls were generally very tall and very short in length. In ''Carnotaurus'', for example, the skull was nearly as tall as it was long. The premaxilla in abelisaurids was very tall, so the front of the snout was blunt, not tapered as seen in many other theropods.

Two skull bones, the lacrimal and postorbital bones, projected into the eye socket from the front and back, nearly dividing it into two compartments. The eye would have been located in the upper compartment, which was tilted slightly outwards in ''Carnotaurus'', perhaps providing some degree of binocular vision. The lacrimal and postorbital also met above the eye socket, to form a ridge or brow above the eye.

Sculpturing is seen on many of the skull bones, in the form of long grooves, pits, and protrusions. Like other ceratosaurs, the frontal bones of the skull roof were fused together. Carnotaurines commonly had bony projections from the skull. ''Carnotaurus'' had two pronounced horns, projecting outward above the eyes, while its close relative ''Aucasaurus'' had smaller projections in the same area. '' Majungasaurus'' and '' Rajasaurus'' had a single bony horn or dome, projecting upwards from the skull. These projections, like the horns of many modern animals, might have been displayed for species recognition or intimidation. In '' Arcovenator'', the dorsal margin of the postorbital (and probably also the lacrimal) is thickened dorsolaterally, forming a strong and rugose bony brow ridge rising above the level of the skull roof. Possibly, this rugose brow ridge supported a keratinous or scaly structure for displays.

Fore limbs and hands

Data for the abelisaurid fore limbs are known from ''Eoabelisaurus'' and the carnotaurines ''Aucasaurus'', ''Carnotaurus'', and ''Majungasaurus''. All had small fore limbs, which seem to have been vestigial. The bones of the forearm (radius and ulna) were extremely short, only 25% of the length of the upper arm (humerus) in ''Carnotaurus'' and 33% in ''Aucasaurus''. The entire arm was held straight, and the elbow joint was immobile.

As is typical for ceratosaurs, the abelisaurid hand had four basic digits, but any similarity ends there. No wrist bones existed, with the four palm bones (metacarpals) attaching directly to the forearm. No phalanges (finger bones) were on the first or fourth digits, only one on the second digit and two on the third digit. These two external fingers were extremely short and immobile. Manual claws were very small in ''Eoabelisaurus'', and totally absent in carnotaurines.

More primitive relatives such as '' Noasaurus'' and ''Ceratosaurus'' had longer, mobile arms with fingers and claws. Paleobiologist Alexander O. Vargas suggested a major reason for the evolution towards vestigial fore limbs in the group was because of a genetic defect; the loss of function in'' HOXA11'' and ''HOXD11'', two genes that regulate the fore limbs' development.

Distribution

Abelisaurids are typically regarded as a Cretaceous period group. The earliest possible abelisaurid taxon is '' Eoabelisaurus mefi'' from the Jurassic period of Argentina, though other researchers either consider it as a ceratosaurid, an abelisauroid or its sister taxon outside abelisaurids. Indeterminate remains are also known from the Jurassic period of Madagascar and Tanzania. Abelisaurid remains are mainly known in the southern continents, which once made up the supercontinent of Gondwana. When first described in 1985, only ''Carnotaurus'' and ''Abelisaurus'' were known, both from the Late Cretaceous of South America. Abelisaurids were then located in Late Cretaceous India (''Indosuchus'' and ''Rajasaurus'') and Madagascar (''Majungasaurus''), which were closely connected for much of the Cretaceous. It was thought that the absence of abelisaurids from continental Africa indicated that the group evolved after the separation of Africa from Gondwana, around 100 million years ago. However, the discovery of ''Rugops'' and other abelisaurid material from the middle of the Cretaceous in northern Africa disproved this hypothesis. Mid-Cretaceous abelisaurids are now known from South America as well, showing that the group existed prior to the breakup of Gondwana. In 2014, the description of '' Arcovenator escotae'' from southern France provided the first indisputable evidence of the presence of Abelisaurids in Europe. ''Arcovenator'' presents strong similarities with the Madagascan ''Majungasaurus'' and Indian abelisaurids, but not with the South American forms. ''Arcovenator'', ''Majungasaurus'', and Indian forms are united in the new clade Majungasaurinae.

Classification

Paleontologists Jose Bonaparte and Fernando Novas coined the name Abelisauridae in 1985 when they described the eponymous ''Abelisaurus''. The name is formed from the family name of Roberto Abel, who discovered ''Abelisaurus'', and from the Greek word (') meaning lizard. The very common suffix ''-idae'' is usually applied to zoological family names and is derived from the Greek suffix -ιδαι (''-'') meaning 'descendants'.Bonaparte, J.F. & Novas, F.E. (1985). Abelisaurus comahuensis, n.g., n.sp., Carnosauria of the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia".''Ameghiniana''. 21: 259–265. n Spanish/ref>

Abelisauridae is a family in rank-based Linnaean taxonomy, within the infraorder Ceratosauria and the superfamily Abelisauroidea, which also contains the family Noasauridae. It has had several definitions in phylogenetic taxonomy. It was originally defined as a node-based taxon including ''Abelisaurus'', ''Carnotaurus'', their common ancestor, and all of its descendants.Novas, F.E. (1997). "Abelisauridae". In: Currie, P.J. & Padian, K.P. ''Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs''. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 1–2 .

Later, it was redefined as a stem-based taxon, including all animals more closely related to ''Abelisaurus'' (or the more complete ''Carnotaurus'') than to ''Noasaurus''. The node-based definition would not include animals such as '' Rugops'' or '' Ilokelesia'', which are thought to be more basal than ''Abelisaurus'' and would be included by a stem-based definition.Sereno, P.C. (2005)
Abelisauridae
. TaxonSearch. 7 November 2005. Retrieved 19 September 2006. Within the Abelisauridae is the subgroup Carnotaurinae, and among carnotaurines, ''Aucasaurus'' and ''Carnotaurus'' are united in Carnotaurini.

Shared characteristics

Complete skeletons have been described only for the most advanced abelisaurids (such as ''Carnotaurus'' and '' Aucasaurus''), making establishment of defining features of the skeleton for the family as a whole more difficult. However, most are known from at least some skull bones, so known shared features come mainly from the skull.Tykoski, R.S. & Rowe, T. (2004). "Ceratosauria". In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmolska, H. (Eds.) ''The Dinosauria'' (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 47–70 Many abelisaurid skull features are shared with carcharodontosaurids. These shared features, along with the fact that abelisaurids seem to have replaced carcharodontosaurids in South America, have led to suggestions that the two groups were related. However, no cladistic analysis has ever found such a relationship, and aside from the skull, abelisaurids and carcharodontosaurids are very different, more similar to ceratosaurs and allosauroids, respectively.

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram generated by Tortosa ''et al.'' (2014) in the description of '' Arcovenator'' and creation of a new subfamily Majungasaurinae.

''Ilokelesia'' was originally described as a sister group to the Abelisauroidea.Coria, R.A. & Salgado, L. "A basal Abelisauria Novas 1992 (Theropoda-
Ceratosauria) from the Cretaceous Period of Patagonia, Argentina". In: Perez-Moreno, B, Holtz, T.R., Sanz, J.L., & Moratalla, J. (Eds.). ''Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology''. ''Gaia'' 15:89–102. ot printed until 2000/ref> However, Sereno tentatively places it closer to ''Abelisaurus'' than to noasaurids, a result which agrees with several other recent analyses. If a stem-based definition is used, ''Ilokelesia'' and ''Rugops'' are therefore basal abelisaurids. However, as they are more basal than ''Abelisaurus'', they are outside of the Abelisauridae if the node-based definition is adopted. ''Ekrixinatosaurus'' was also published in 2004, so it was not included in Sereno's analysis. However, an independent analysis, performed by Jorge Calvo and colleagues, shows it to be an abelisaurid.

Some scientists include '' Xenotarsosaurus'' from Argentina and '' Compsosuchus'' from India as basal abelisaurids, while others consider them to be outside the Abelisauroidea.Martínez, R.D. and Novas, F.E. (2006). "''Aniksosaurus darwini gen. et sp. nov''., a new coelurosaurian theropod from the early Late Cretaceous of central Patagonia, Argentina". ''Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales'', nuevo serie 8(2):243-259 The French '' Genusaurus'' and '' Tarascosaurus'' have also been called abelisaurids but both are fragmentary and may be more basal ceratosaurians, though Tortosa ''et al.'' (2014) considered both to be distinct abelisaurids. Subsequent phylogenetic analyses recover ''Xenotarsosaurus'' and ''Tarascosaurus'' as an abelisaurid, but ''Genusaurus'' as either a noasaurid or an abelisaurid.

With the description of '' Skorpiovenator'' in 2008, Canale ''et al.'' published another phylogenetic analysis focusing on the South American abelisaurids. In their results, they found that all South American forms, including '' Ilokelesia'' (except ''Abelisaurus''), grouped together as a subclade of carnotaurines, which they named the Brachyrostra. In the same year Matthew T. Carrano and Scott D. Sampson published new large phylogenetic analysis of ceratosaurian. With the description of ''Eoabelisaurus'', Diego Pol and Oliver W. M. Rauhut (2012) combined these analyses and added 10n new characters. The following cladogram follows their analysis.

In the 2021 description of '' Llukalkan'', the following consensus tree was recovered.

Paleobiology

Feeding

Fossil teeth found amid the bones of a titanosaur from the Allen Formation of Argentina suggest that abelisaurids preyed upon or at least scavenged titanosaurs.

Ontogeny and growth

Studies of the abelisaurid ''Majungasaurus'' indicate that it was a much slower-growing dinosaur than other theropods, taking nearly 20 years to reach adult size. However, other mature abelisaurid specimens indicate that they generally reached a faster rate of maturation. The holotype of '' Aucasaurus'' had a minimum age of 11 years, the holotype of '' Niebla'' had a minimum age of 9 years, and MMCh-PV 69 had a minimum age of 14 years.

See also

* Timeline of ceratosaur research

References

External links

Abelisauridae at The Theropod Database

{{Taxonbar, from=Q134184

*
Dinosaur families
Cretaceous dinosaurs