Events
Pre-1600
*
362 BC –
Battle of Mantinea: The
Thebans, led by
Epaminondas, defeated the
Sparta
Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement in the Evrotas Valley, valley of Evrotas (river), Evrotas rive ...
ns.
*
414 – Emperor
Theodosius II
Theodosius II ( ; 10 April 401 – 28 July 450), called "the Calligraphy, Calligrapher", was Roman emperor from 402 to 450. He was proclaimed ''Augustus (title), Augustus'' as an infant and ruled as the Eastern Empire's sole emperor after the ...
, age 13, yields power to his older sister
Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as
regent
In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...
and proclaimed herself empress (''
Augusta'') of the
Eastern Roman Empire.
*
836 – ''
Pactum Sicardi'', a peace treaty between the
Principality of Benevento and the
Duchy of Naples, is signed.
*
993 –
Ulrich of Augsburg is
canonized
Canonization is the declaration of a deceased person as an officially recognized saint, specifically, the official act of a Christian communion declaring a person worthy of public veneration and entering their name in the canon catalogue of sa ...
as a saint.
*
1054 – A supernova, called
SN 1054, is seen by Chinese
Song dynasty
The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Fiv ...
,
Arab
Arabs (, , ; , , ) are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. A significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world.
Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years ...
, and possibly
Amerindian observers near the star
Zeta Tauri. For several months it remains bright enough to be seen during the day. Its remnants form the
Crab Nebula
The Crab Nebula (catalogue designations M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) is a supernova remnant and pulsar wind nebula in the constellation of Taurus (constellation), Taurus. The common name comes from a drawing that somewhat resembled a crab with arm ...
.
*
1120 –
Jordan II of Capua is anointed as prince after his infant nephew's death.
*
1187 – The
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and at times directed by the Papacy during the Middle Ages. The most prominent of these were the campaigns to the Holy Land aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and its surrounding t ...
:
Battle of Hattin:
Saladin defeats
Guy of Lusignan,
King of Jerusalem
The king or queen of Jerusalem was the supreme ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, a Crusader state founded in Jerusalem by the Latin Church, Latin Catholic leaders of the First Crusade, when the city was Siege of Jerusalem (1099), conquered in ...
.
*
1253 – Battle of West-Capelle:
John I of Avesnes defeats
Guy of Dampierre.
*
1333 –
Genkō War: Forces loyal to
Emperor Go-Daigo seize
Tōshō-ji during the
Siege of Kamakura.
Hōjō Takatoki and other members of the
Hōjō clan commit suicide, ending the
rule of the
Kamakura shogunate.
*
1359 –
Francesco II Ordelaffi of
Forlì surrenders to the Papal commander
Gil de Albornoz.
*
1456 –
Ottoman–Hungarian wars: The
Siege of Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade) begins.
*
1534 –
Christian III is elected King of Denmark and Norway in the town of
Rye.
*
1584 –
Philip Amadas and
Arthur Barlowe arrive at
Roanoke Island.
1601–1900
*
1610 – The
Battle of Klushino is fought between forces of the
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (), was a federation, federative real union between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ...
and
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
during the
Polish–Russian War.
*
1634 – The city of
Trois-Rivières is founded in
New France
New France (, ) was the territory colonized by Kingdom of France, France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Kingdom of Great Br ...
(now Quebec, Canada).
*
1744 – The
Treaty of Lancaster, in which the
Iroquois cede lands between the
Allegheny Mountains and the
Ohio River
The Ohio River () is a river in the United States. It is located at the boundary of the Midwestern and Southern United States, flowing in a southwesterly direction from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to its river mouth, mouth on the Mississippi Riv ...
to the British colonies, was signed in
Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
*
1774 –
Orangetown Resolutions are adopted in the
Province of New York
The Province of New York was a British proprietary colony and later a royal colony on the northeast coast of North America from 1664 to 1783. It extended from Long Island on the Atlantic, up the Hudson River and Mohawk River valleys to ...
, one of many protests against the
British Parliament's
Coercive Acts.
*
1776 –
American Revolution
The American Revolution (1765–1783) was a colonial rebellion and war of independence in which the Thirteen Colonies broke from British America, British rule to form the United States of America. The revolution culminated in the American ...
: The
United States Declaration of Independence is adopted by the
Second Continental Congress.
*
1778
Events
January–March
* January 18 – Third voyage of James Cook: Sea captain, Captain James Cook, with ships HMS Resolution (1771), HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS Discovery (1774), HMS ''Discovery'', first views Oahu, Oʻahu th ...
–
American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the armed conflict that comprised the final eight years of the broader American Revolution, in which Am ...
: U.S. forces under
George Clark capture
Kaskaskia during the
Illinois campaign.
*
1802 – The
United States Military Academy opens at
West Point, New York.
*
1803 – The
Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase () was the acquisition of the Louisiana (New France), territory of Louisiana by the United States from the French First Republic in 1803. This consisted of most of the land in the Mississippi River#Watershed, Mississipp ...
is announced to the American people.
*
1817 – In
Rome, New York, construction on the
Erie Canal
The Erie Canal is a historic canal in upstate New York that runs east–west between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Completed in 1825, the canal was the first navigability, navigable waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes, ...
begins.
*
1818
Events
January–March
* January 1
** Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Confederacy, Maratha Empire.
** English author Mary Shelley publishes the novel ''Frankenstein ...
–
US Flag Act of 1818 goes into effect creating a 13 stripe flag with a star for each state. New stars would be added on July 4 after a new state had been admitted.
*
1827 –
Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour. Slavery typically involves compulsory work, with the slave's location of work and residence dictated by the party that holds them in bondage. Enslavemen ...
is abolished in the
State of New York.
*
1831 –
Samuel Francis Smith writes "
My Country, 'Tis of Thee" for the Boston, Massachusetts July 4 festivities.
*
1832 –
John Neal delivers the first public lecture in the US to advocate the rights of women.
*
1832 –
Durham University
Durham University (legally the University of Durham) is a collegiate university, collegiate public university, public research university in Durham, England, founded by an Act of Parliament (UK), Act of Parliament in 1832 and incorporated by r ...
established by
Act of Parliament; the first recognized university to be founded in
England
England is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is located on the island of Great Britain, of which it covers about 62%, and List of islands of England, more than 100 smaller adjacent islands. It ...
since
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...
over 600 years earlier.
*
1837 –
Grand Junction Railway, the world's first long-distance railway, opens between
Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands (county), West Midlands, within the wider West Midlands (region), West Midlands region, in England. It is the Lis ...
and
Liverpool
Liverpool is a port City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. It is situated on the eastern side of the River Mersey, Mersey Estuary, near the Irish Sea, north-west of London. With a population ...
.
*
1838 – The
Iowa Territory is organized.
*
1845 –
Henry David Thoreau moves into a small cabin on
Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts. Thoreau's account of his two years there, ''
Walden'', will become a touchstone of the environmental movement.
*
1855 – The first edition of
Walt Whitman's book of poems, ''
Leaves of Grass'', is published in
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is a Boroughs of New York City, borough of New York City located at the westernmost end of Long Island in the New York (state), State of New York. Formerly an independent city, the borough is coextensive with Kings County, one of twelv ...
.
*
1862 –
Lewis Carroll
Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his pen name Lewis Carroll, was an English author, poet, mathematician, photographer and reluctant Anglicanism, Anglican deacon. His most notable works are ''Alice ...
tells
Alice Liddell a story that would grow into ''
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (also known as ''Alice in Wonderland'') is an 1865 English Children's literature, children's novel by Lewis Carroll, a mathematics university don, don at the University of Oxford. It details the story of a ...
'' and its sequels.
*
1863 –
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
:
Siege of Vicksburg: The
Confederate army in
Vicksburg, Mississippi surrenders to
Union forces under
Ulysses S. Grant after 47 days of siege, contributing to the Union capture of the
Mississippi River
The Mississippi River is the main stem, primary river of the largest drainage basin in the United States. It is the second-longest river in the United States, behind only the Missouri River, Missouri. From its traditional source of Lake Ita ...
.
* 1863 – American Civil War: Union forces repulse a Confederate army at the
Battle of Helena in Arkansas. The battle thwarts a Rebel attempt to relieve pressure on the besieged city of Vicksburg, and paves the way for the Union capture of
Little Rock.
* 1863 – American Civil War:
Retreat from Gettysburg: The Confederate
Army of Northern Virginia under
Robert E. Lee withdraws from the battlefield after losing the
Battle of Gettysburg, signaling an end to his last
invasion of the
North
North is one of the four compass points or cardinal directions. It is the opposite of south and is perpendicular to east and west. ''North'' is a noun, adjective, or adverb indicating Direction (geometry), direction or geography.
Etymology
T ...
.
*
1879 –
Anglo-Zulu War: The Zululand capital of
Ulundi is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King
Cetshwayo to flee.
*
1881 – In
Alabama
Alabama ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern and Deep South, Deep Southern regions of the United States. It borders Tennessee to the north, Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gu ...
, the
Tuskegee Institute opens.
*
1886
Events January
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British rule in Burma, British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5–January 9, 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson ...
– The
Canadian Pacific Railway
The Canadian Pacific Railway () , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadian Pacific Kansas City, Canadian Pacific Ka ...
's first scheduled train from Montreal arrives in
Port Moody on the Pacific coast, after six days of travel.
*
1887 – The founder of
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
,
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, joins
Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam,
Karachi
Karachi is the capital city of the Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is the List of cities in Pakistan by population, largest city in Pakistan and 12th List of largest cities, largest in the world, with a popul ...
.
*
1892 –
Western Samoa changes the
International Date Line, causing Monday (July 4) to occur twice, resulting in a leap year with 367 days.
*
1894 – The short-lived
Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by
Sanford B. Dole.
*
1898 – En route from New York to
Le Havre
Le Havre is a major port city in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy (administrative region), Normandy region of northern France. It is situated on the right bank of the estuary of the Seine, river Seine on the English Channel, Channe ...
, the
SS ''La Bourgogne'' collides with another ship and sinks off the coast of
Sable Island, with the loss of 549 lives.
1901–present
*
1901 –
William Howard Taft
William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857March 8, 1930) served as the 27th president of the United States from 1909 to 1913 and the tenth chief justice of the United States from 1921 to 1930. He is the only person to have held both offices. ...
becomes American governor of the Philippines.
*
1903 – The
Philippine–American War
The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Philippine Insurrection, Filipino–American War, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged following the conclusion of the Spanish–American War in December 1898 when the United States annexed th ...
is officially concluded.
*
1910 – The
Johnson–Jeffries riots occur after African-American boxer Jack Johnson knocks out white boxer Jim Jeffries in the 15th round. Between 11 and 26 people are killed and hundreds more injured.
*
1911
Events January
* January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.
* January 3
** 1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 7.7 m ...
– A
massive heat wave strikes the northeastern United States, killing 380 people in eleven days and breaking temperature records in several cities.
*
1913 –
President Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to serve as president during the Prog ...
addresses
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and the Confederate States of A ...
veterans at the
Great Reunion of 1913.
*
1914 – The funeral of
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie takes place in
Vienna
Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...
, six days after their assassinations in
Sarajevo
Sarajevo ( ), ; ''see Names of European cities in different languages (Q–T)#S, names in other languages'' is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 2 ...
.
*
1918
The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people wor ...
–
Mehmed V died at the age of 73 and
Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI ascends to the throne.
* 1918 –
World War I
World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...
: The
Battle of Hamel, a successful attack by the
Australian Corps against German positions near the town of
Le Hamel on the
Western Front.
*
1927 – First flight of the
Lockheed Vega.
*
1939 –
Lou Gehrig
Henry Louis Gehrig ( ; June 19, 1903June 2, 1941), also known as Heinrich Ludwig Gehrig, was an American professional baseball first baseman who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Yankees (1923–1939). Gehrig was ...
, recently diagnosed with
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND) or—in the United States—Lou Gehrig's disease (LGD), is a rare, Terminal illness, terminal neurodegenerative disease, neurodegenerative disorder that results i ...
, informs a crowd at
Yankee Stadium
Yankee Stadium is a baseball stadium located in the Bronx in New York City. It is the home field of Major League Baseball’s New York Yankees and New York City FC of Major League Soccer.
The stadium opened in April 2009, replacing the Yankee S ...
that he considers himself "The luckiest man on the face of the earth", then announces his retirement from major league
baseball
Baseball is a bat-and-ball games, bat-and-ball sport played between two team sport, teams of nine players each, taking turns batting (baseball), batting and Fielding (baseball), fielding. The game occurs over the course of several Pitch ...
.
*
1941 –
Nazi crimes against the Polish nation:
Nazi
Nazism (), formally named National Socialism (NS; , ), is the far-right politics, far-right Totalitarianism, totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany. During H ...
troops
massacre Polish scientists and writers in the captured
Ukrainian city of
Lviv
Lviv ( or ; ; ; see #Names and symbols, below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the List of cities in Ukraine, fifth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of ...
.
* 1941 –
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
: The
Burning of the Riga synagogues: The Great Choral Synagogue in German-occupied
Riga
Riga ( ) is the capital, Primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Latvia, largest city of Latvia. Home to 591,882 inhabitants (as of 2025), the city accounts for a third of Latvia's total population. The population of Riga Planni ...
is burnt with 300 Jews locked in the basement.
*
1942
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program project estimates this to be the deadliest year in human history in terms of conflict deaths, placing the death toll at 4.62 million. However, the Correlates of War estimates that the prior year, 1941, was th ...
– World War II: The 250-day
Siege of Sevastopol in the
Crimea
Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...
ends when the city falls to
Axis forces.
*
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 � ...
– World War II: The
Battle of Kursk, the largest full-scale battle in history and the world's largest tank battle, begins in the village of
Prokhorovka.
* 1943 – World War II: In
Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( , ) is a British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory and British overseas cities, city located at the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Bay of Gibraltar, near the exit of the Mediterranean Sea into the A ...
, a
Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the Air force, air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. It was formed towards the end of the World War I, First World War on 1 April 1918, on the merger of t ...
B-24 Liberator bomber
crashes into the sea in an apparent accident moments after takeoff, killing sixteen passengers on board, including general
Władysław Sikorski, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile; only the pilot survives.
*
1946
1946 (Roman numerals, MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1946th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 946th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 20th centur ...
– The
Kielce pogrom against Jewish Holocaust survivors in Poland.
* 1946 – After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers, the
Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
attains full independence from the United States.
*
1947 – The "Indian Independence Bill" is presented before the
British House of Commons, proposing the independence of the
Provinces of British India into two sovereign countries: India and
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
.
*
1950
Events January
* January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed.
* January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 ...
–
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of global Geopolitics, geopolitical rivalry between the United States (US) and the Soviet Union (USSR) and their respective allies, the capitalist Western Bloc and communist Eastern Bloc, which lasted from 1947 unt ...
:
Radio Free Europe first broadcasts.
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the Uni ...
– Cold War: A court in
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...
sentences American journalist
William N. Oatis to ten years in prison on charges of
espionage
Espionage, spying, or intelligence gathering, as a subfield of the intelligence field, is the act of obtaining secret or confidential information ( intelligence). A person who commits espionage on a mission-specific contract is called an ...
.
* 1951 –
William Shockley announces the invention of the
junction transistor.
*
1954 –
Food rationing in Great Britain ends, with the lifting of restrictions on sale and purchase of meat, 14 years after it began early in
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
, and nearly a decade after the war's end.
*
1960 – Due to the post-Independence Day admission of Hawaii as the 50th
U.S. state on
August 21
Events Pre-1600
* 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
*1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song War ...
, 1959, the 50-star
flag of the United States debuts in
Philadelphia
Philadelphia ( ), colloquially referred to as Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania, most populous city in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania and the List of United States cities by population, sixth-most populous city in the Unit ...
, almost ten and a half months later (see
Flag Acts (United States)).
*
1961 – On its maiden voyage, the Soviet nuclear-powered submarine
''K-19'' suffers a complete loss of coolant to its reactor. The crew are able to effect repairs, but 22 of them die of
radiation poisoning over the following two years.
*
1966
Events January
* January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko.
* January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...
– U.S. President
Lyndon B. Johnson signs the
Freedom of Information Act into United States law. The act went into effect the next year.
*
1976
Events January
* January 2 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force.
* January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea.
* January 18 – Full diplomatic ...
–
Israeli commandos raid Entebbe airport in
Uganda
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the ...
, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an
Air France jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.
*
1977 – The
George Jackson Brigade plants a bomb at the main power substation for the
Washington state capitol in
Olympia, in solidarity with a prison strike at the
Walla Walla State Penitentiary Intensive Security Unit.
*
1982 – Three Iranian diplomats and a journalist are
kidnapped in Lebanon by
Phalange forces, and their fate remains unknown.
*1982 –
Space Shuttle program: ''
Columbia'' lands at
Edwards Air Force Base
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation in California. Most of the base sits in Kern County, California, Kern County, but its eastern end is in San Bernardino County, California, San Bernardino County and a souther ...
at the end of the program's final test flight,
STS-4. President
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party a ...
declares the Space Shuttle to be operational.
*
1994
The year 1994 was designated as the " International Year of the Family" and the "International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal" by the United Nations.
In the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands of Kiribati, 1994 had only 364 days, omitti ...
–
Rwandan genocide
The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occurred from 7 April to 19 July 1994 during the Rwandan Civil War. Over a span of around 100 days, members of the Tutsi ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Gre ...
:
Kigali
Kigali () is the Capital (political), capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. As a primate city, Kigali is a relativ ...
, the Rwandan capital, is captured by the
Rwandan Patriotic Front, ending the genocide in the city.
*
1997 –
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agencies of the United States government, independent agency of the federal government of the United States, US federal government responsible for the United States ...
's Mars Pathfinder, Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.
*1998 – Japan launches the Nozomi (spacecraft), Nozomi probe to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as a outer space, space exploring nation.
*2001 – Vladivostok Air Flight 352 crashes on approach to International Airport Irkutsk, Irkutsk Airport killing all 145 people on board.
*2002 – A Boeing 707 2002 Prestige Airlines Boeing 707 crash, crashes near Bangui M'Poko International Airport in Bangui, Central African Republic, killing 28.
*2004 – The cornerstone of the One World Trade Center, Freedom Tower is laid on the World Trade Center site in New York City.
* 2004 – Greece national football team, Greece beats Portugal national football team, Portugal in the UEFA Euro 2004 Final and becomes European Champion for first time in its history.
*2005 – The Deep Impact (spacecraft), Deep Impact collider hits the comet Tempel 1.
*2006 –
Space Shuttle program: ''OV-103, Discovery'' launches STS-121 to the International Space Station. The event gained wide media attention as it was the only shuttle launch in the program's history to occur on the United States' Independence Day (United States), Independence Day.
*2008 – A 2008 Minsk bombing, bomb explodes at a concert in Independence Square, Minsk, Minsk's Independence Square, injuring 50 people.
*2009 – The Statue of Liberty's crown reopens to the public after eight years of closure due to security concerns following the September 11 attacks.
* 2009 – The first of 2009 Mindanao bombings, four days of bombings begins on the southern Philippines, Philippine island group of Mindanao.
*2012 – The discovery of particles consistent with the Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider is announced at CERN.
*2015 – Chile claims its first title in international Association football, football by defeating Argentina in the 2015 Copa América Final.
*2024 – The Labour Party (UK), Labour Party, led by Keir Starmer, wins a landslide victory, landslide majority in the 2024 United Kingdom general election, ending 14 years of Conservative Party (UK), Conservative government.
Births
Pre-1600
*AD 68, 68 – Salonia Matidia, Roman daughter of Ulpia Marciana (died 119)
*1095 – Usama ibn Munqidh, Muslim poet, author and faris (Knight) (died 1188)
*1330 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shōgun (died 1367)
*1477 – Johannes Aventinus, Bavarian historian and philologist (died 1534)
*1546 – Murad III, Ottoman sultan (died 1595)
1601–1900
*1656 – John Leake, Royal Navy admiral (died 1720)
*1694 – Louis-Claude Daquin, French organist and composer (died 1772)
*1715 – Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, German poet and academic (died 1769)
*1719 – Michel-Jean Sedaine, French playwright (died 1797)
*1729 – George Leonard (Congressman), George Leonard, American lawyer, jurist and politician (died 1819)
*1753 – Jean-Pierre Blanchard, French inventor, best known as a pioneer in balloon flight (died 1809)
*1790 – George Everest, Welsh geographer and surveyor (died 1866)
*1799 – Oscar I of Sweden (died 1859)
*1804 – Nathaniel Hawthorne, American novelist and short story writer (died 1864)
*1807 – Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian general and politician (died 1882)
*1816 – Hiram Walker, American businessman, founded Canadian Club, Canadian Club whisky (died 1899)
*1826 – Stephen Foster, American songwriter and composer (died 1864)
*1842 – Hermann Cohen, German philosopher (died 1918)
*
1845 – Thomas John Barnardo, Irish philanthropist and humanitarian (died 1905)
*1847 – James Anthony Bailey, American circus ringmaster, co-founded Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus (died 1906)
*1854 – Victor Babeș, Romanian physician and biologist (died 1926)
*1868 – Henrietta Swan Leavitt, American astronomer and academic (died 1921)
*
1886
Events January
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British rule in Burma, British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5–January 9, 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson ...
– Tom Longboat, Canadian runner and soldier (died 1949)
*1871 – Hubert Cecil Booth, English engineer (died 1955)
*1872 – Calvin Coolidge, American lawyer and politician, 30th President of the United States (died 1933)
*1874 – John McPhee (politician), John McPhee, Australian journalist and politician, 27th Premier of Tasmania (died 1952)
*1880 – Victor Kraft, Austrian philosopher from the Vienna Circle (died 1975)
*
1881 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American general (died 1968)
*1883 – Rube Goldberg, American sculptor, cartoonist, and engineer (died 1970)
*
1887 – Pio Pion, Italian engineer and businessman (died 1965)
*1888 – Henry Armetta, Italian-American actor and singer (died 1945)
*1895 – Irving Caesar, American songwriter and composer (died 1996)
*1896 – Mao Dun, Chinese journalist, author, and critic (died 1981)
*1897 – Alluri Sitarama Raju, Indian activist (died 1924)
*
1898 – Pilar Barbosa, Puerto Rican-American historian and activist (died 1997)
* 1898 – Gertrude Lawrence, British actress, singer, and dancer (died 1952)
* 1898 – Gulzarilal Nanda, Indian politician (died 1998)
* 1898 – Gertrude Weaver, American supercentenarian (died 2015)
*1900 – Belinda Dann, Indigenous Australian who was one of the Stolen Generation, reunited with family aged 107 (died 2007)
* 1900 – Nellie Mae Rowe, American folk artist (died 1982)
1901–present
*1902 – Meyer Lansky, American gangster (died 1983)
* 1902 – George Murphy, American actor and politician (died 1992)
*
1903 – Flor Peeters, Belgian organist, composer, and educator (died 1986)
*1904 – Angela Baddeley, English actress (died 1976)
*1905 – Irving Johnson, American sailor and author (died 1991)
* 1905 – Robert Hankey, 2nd Baron Hankey, British diplomat and public servant (died 1996)
* 1905 – Lionel Trilling, American critic, essayist, short story writer, and educator (died 1975)
*1906 – Vincent Schaefer, American chemist and meteorologist (died 1993)
*1907 – John Anderson (discus thrower), John Anderson, American discus thrower (died 1948)
* 1907 – Howard Taubman, American author and critic (died 1996)
*1909 – Alec Templeton, Welsh composer, pianist and satirist (died 1963)
*
1910 – Robert K. Merton, American sociologist and scholar (died 2003)
* 1910 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (died 2010)
*
1911
Events January
* January 1 – A decade after federation, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory are added to the Commonwealth of Australia.
* January 3
** 1911 Kebin earthquake: An earthquake of 7.7 m ...
– Bruce Hamilton (public servant), Bruce Hamilton, Australian public servant (died 1989)
* 1911 – Mitch Miller, American singer and producer (died 2010)
* 1911 – Elizabeth Peratrovich, Alaskan-American civil rights activist (died 1958)
*
1914 – Nuccio Bertone, Italian automobile designer (died 1997)
*1915 – Timmie Rogers, American actor and singer-songwriter (died 2006)
*1916 – Iva Toguri D'Aquino, American typist and broadcaster (died 2006)
*
1918
The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people wor ...
– Eppie Lederer, American journalist and radio host (died 2002)
* 1918 – Johnnie Parsons, American race car driver (died 1984)
* 1918 – King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV of Tonga, (died 2006)
* 1918 – Alec Bedser, English cricketer (died 2010)
* 1918 – Eric Bedser, English cricketer (died 2006)
* 1918 – Pauline Phillips, American journalist and radio host, created Dear Abby (died 2013)
*1920 – Norm Drucker, American basketball player and referee (died 2015)
* 1920 – Leona Helmsley, American businesswoman (died 2007)
* 1920 – Fritz Wilde, German footballer and manager (died 1977)
* 1920 – Paul Bannai, American politician (died 2019)
*1921 – Gérard Debreu, French economist and mathematician, Nobel Prize in Economics, Nobel Prize laureate (died 2004)
* 1921 – Nasser Sharifi, Iranian sports shooter
* 1921 – Metropolitan Mikhail of Asyut (died 2014)
* 1921 – Philip Rose (theatrical producer), Philip Rose, American actor, playwright, and producer (died 2011)
* 1921 – Tibor Varga (violinist), Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (died 2003)
*1922 – R. James Harvey, American politician (died 2019)
*1923 – Rudolf Friedrich, Swiss lawyer and politician (died 2013)
*1924 – Eva Marie Saint, American actress
* 1924 – Delia Fiallo, Cuban author and screenwriter (died 2021)
* 1924 – Harry Stewart Jr., American military officer and fighter pilot (died 2025)
*1925 – Ciril Zlobec, Slovene poet, writer, translator, journalist and politician (died 2018)
* 1925 – Dorothy Head Knode, American tennis player (died 2015)
*1926 – Alfredo Di Stéfano, Argentinian-Spanish footballer and coach (died 2014)
* 1926 – Lake Underwood, American race car driver and businessman (died 2008)
*
1927 – Gina Lollobrigida, Italian actress and photographer (died 2023)
* 1927 – Neil Simon, American playwright and screenwriter (died 2018)
*1928 – Giampiero Boniperti, Italian footballer and politician (died 2021)
* 1928 – Teofisto Guingona Jr., Filipino politician; 11th Vice President of the Philippines
* 1928 – Jassem Alwan, Syrian Army Officer (died 2018)
* 1928 – Shan Ratnam, Sri Lankan physician and academic (died 2001)
* 1928 – Chuck Tanner, American baseball player and manager (died 2011)
*1929 – Al Davis, American football player, coach, and manager (died 2011)
* 1929 – Bill Tuttle, American baseball player (died 1998)
*1930 – George Steinbrenner, American businessman (died 2010)
*1931 – Stephen Boyd, Northern Ireland-born American actor (died 1977)
* 1931 – Rick Casares, American football player and soldier (died 2013)
* 1931 – Sébastien Japrisot, French author, director, and screenwriter (died 2003)
* 1931 – Peter Richardson (cricketer), Peter Richardson, English cricketer (died 2017)
*1932 – Aurèle Vandendriessche, Belgian runner (died 2023)
*1934 – Yvonne B. Miller, American academic and politician (died 2012)
* 1934 – Colin Welland, English actor and screenwriter (died 2015)
*1935 – Paul Scoon, Grenadian politician, 2nd Governor-General of Grenada (died 2013)
*1936 – Zdzisława Donat, Polish soprano and actress
*1937 – Thomas Nagel, American philosopher and academic
* 1937 – Queen Sonja of Norway
* 1937 – Richard Rhodes, American journalist and historian
* 1937 – Eric Walters (newsreader), Eric Walters, Australian journalist (died 2010)
*1938 – Steven Rose, English biologist and academic
* 1938 – Bill Withers, American singer-songwriter and producer (died 2020)
*1940 – Pat Stapleton (ice hockey), Pat Stapleton, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2020)
*
1941 – Sam Farr, American politician
* 1941 – Tomaž Šalamun, Croatian-Slovenian poet and academic (died 2014)
* 1941 – Pavel Sedláček (musician), Pavel Sedláček, Czech singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1941 – Brian Willson, American soldier, lawyer, and activist
*
1942
The Uppsala Conflict Data Program project estimates this to be the deadliest year in human history in terms of conflict deaths, placing the death toll at 4.62 million. However, the Correlates of War estimates that the prior year, 1941, was th ...
– Hal Lanier, American baseball player, coach, and manager
* 1942 – Floyd Little, American football player and coach (died 2021)
* 1942 – Stefan Meller, French-Polish academic and politician, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland), Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs (died 2008)
* 1942 – Prince Michael of Kent
* 1942 – Peter Rowan, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
*
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 � ...
– Conny Bauer, German trombonist
* 1943 – Emerson Boozer, American football player and sportscaster
* 1943 – Adam Hart-Davis, English historian, author, and photographer
* 1943 – Geraldo Rivera, American lawyer, journalist, and author
* 1943 – Fred Wesley, American jazz and funk trombonist
* 1943 – Alan Wilson (musician), Alan Wilson, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (died 1970)
*1945 – Andre Spitzer, Romanian-Israeli fencer and coach (died 1972)
*
1946
1946 (Roman numerals, MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1946th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 946th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 20th centur ...
– Ron Kovic, American author and activist
* 1946 – Michael Milken, American businessman and philanthropist
*
1947 – Lembit Ulfsak, Estonian actor and director (died 2017)
*1948 – René Arnoux, French race car driver
* 1948 – Tommy Körberg, Swedish singer and actor
* 1948 – Jeremy Spencer, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
*
1950
Events January
* January 1 – The International Police Association (IPA) – the largest police organization in the world – is formed.
* January 5 – 1950 Sverdlovsk plane crash, Sverdlovsk plane crash: ''Aeroflot'' Lisunov Li-2 ...
– Philip Craven, English basketball player and swimmer
* 1950 – David Jensen, Canadian-English radio and television host
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the Uni ...
– John Alexander (Australian politician), John Alexander, Australian tennis player and politician
* 1951 – Ralph Johnson (musician), Ralph Johnson, American R&B drummer and percussionist
* 1951 – Vladimir Tismăneanu, Romanian-American political scientist, sociologist, and academic
* 1951 – Kathleen Kennedy Townsend, American lawyer and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Maryland
*1952 – Álvaro Uribe, Colombian lawyer and politician, 39th President of Colombia
* 1952 – Carol MacReady, English actress
* 1952 – John Waite, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
* 1952 – Paul Rogat Loeb, American author and activist
*1953 – Francis Maude, English lawyer and politician, Minister for the Cabinet Office
*
1954 – Jim Beattie (baseball), Jim Beattie, American baseball player, coach, and manager
* 1954 – Morganna, American model, actress, and dancer
* 1954 – Devendra Kumar Joshi, 21st Chief of Naval Staff (India), Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy
*1955 – Eero Heinäluoma, Finnish politician
* 1955 – Kevin Nichols, Australian cyclist
*1956 – Robert Sinclair MacKay, British academic and educator
*1957 – Rein Lang, Estonian politician and diplomat, 25th Minister of Foreign Affairs (Estonia), Estonian Minister of Foreign Affairs
*1958 – Vera Leth, Greenlandic Ombudsman
* 1958 – Kirk Pengilly, Australian guitarist, saxophonist, and songwriter
* 1958 – Carl Valentine, Canadian soccer player, coach, and manager
*1959 – Victoria Abril, Spanish actress and singer
*
1960 – Roland Ratzenberger, Austrian race car driver (died 1994)
*
1961 – Richard Garriott, English-American video game designer, created the Ultima (series), Ultima series
*1962 – Pam Shriver, American tennis player and sportscaster
*1963 – Henri Leconte, French tennis player and sportscaster
* 1963 – Laureano Márquez, Spanish-Venezuelan political scientist and journalist
* 1963 – José Oquendo, Puerto Rican-American baseball player and coach
* 1963 – Sonia Pierre, Haitian-Dominican human rights activist (died 2011)
*1964 – Cle Kooiman, American soccer player and manager
* 1964 – Elie Saab, Lebanese fashion designer
* 1964 – Edi Rama, Albanian politician
* 1964 – Mark Slaughter, American singer-songwriter and producer
* 1964 – Mark Whiting, American actor, director, and screenwriter
*1965 – Harvey Grant, American basketball player and coach
* 1965 – Horace Grant, American basketball player and coach
* 1965 – Kiriakos Karataidis, Greek footballer and manager
* 1965 – Gérard Watkins, English actor and playwright
*
1966
Events January
* January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko.
* January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo i ...
– Ronni Ancona, Scottish actress and screenwriter
* 1966 – Minas Hantzidis, German-Greek footballer
* 1966 – Lee Reherman, American actor (died 2016)
*1967 – Vinny Castilla, Mexican baseball player and manager
* 1967 – Sébastien Deleigne, French athlete
*1969 – Al Golden, American football player and coach
* 1969 – Todd Marinovich, American football player and coach
* 1969 – Wilfred Mugeyi, Zimbabwean footballer and coach
*1972 – Stephen Giles, Canadian canoe racer and engineer
* 1972 – Mike Knuble, Canadian-American ice hockey player and coach
*1973 – Keiko Ihara, Japanese race car driver
* 1973 – Gackt, Japanese musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor
* 1973 – Michael Johnson (footballer, born 1973), Michael Johnson, English-Jamaican footballer and manager
* 1973 – Anjelika Krylova, Russian ice dancer and coach
* 1973 – Jan Magnussen, Danish race car driver
* 1973 – Tony Popovic, Australian footballer and manager
*1974 – Jill Craybas, American tennis player
* 1974 – La'Roi Glover, American football player and sportscaster
* 1974 – Adrian Griffin, American basketball player and coach
*
1976
Events January
* January 2 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force.
* January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea.
* January 18 – Full diplomatic ...
– Daijiro Kato, Japanese motorcycle racer (died 2003)
* 1976 – Yevgeniya Medvedeva-Arbuzova, Yevgeniya Medvedeva, Russian skier
*1978 – Marcos Daniel, Brazilian tennis player
* 1978 – Émile Mpenza, Belgian footballer
*1979 – Siim Kabrits, Estonian politician
* 1979 – Josh McCown, American football player
* 1979 – Renny Vega, Venezuelan footballer
*1980 – Kwame Steede, Bermudan footballer
*1981 – Dedé (Angolan footballer), Dedé, Angolan footballer
* 1981 – Brock Berlin, American football player
* 1981 – Christoph Preuß, German footballer
* 1981 – Francisco Cruceta, Dominican baseball player
* 1981 – Will Smith (defensive end), Will Smith, American football player (died 2016)
*
1982 – Vladimir Boisa, Georgian basketball player
* 1982 – Vladimir Gusev (cyclist), Vladimir Gusev, Russian cyclist
* 1982 – Jeff Lima (rugby league), Jeff Lima, New Zealand rugby league player
* 1982 – Michael "The Situation" Sorrentino, American model, author and television personality
*1983 – Melanie Fiona, Canadian singer-songwriter
* 1983 – Amantle Montsho, Botswanan sprinter
* 1983 – Miguel Pinto, Chilean footballer
* 1983 – Amol Rajan, Indian-English journalist
* 1983 – Mattia Serafini, Italian footballer
*1984 – Jin Akanishi, Japanese singer-songwriter
* 1985 – Kane Tenace, Australian footballer
* 1985 – Dimitrios Mavroeidis, Greek basketball player
* 1985 – Wason Rentería, Colombian footballer
*1986 – Ömer Aşık, Turkish basketball player
* 1986 – Nguyen Ngoc Duy, Vietnamese footballer
* 1986 – Rafael Arévalo, Salvadoran tennis player
* 1986 – Willem Janssen (footballer, born 1986), Willem Janssen, Dutch footballer
* 1986 – Terrance Knighton, American football player
* 1986 – Marte Elden, Norwegian skier
*1987 – Wude Ayalew, Ethiopian runner
* 1987 – Guram Kashia, Georgian footballer
*1988 – Angelique Boyer, French-Mexican actress
*1989 – Benjamin Büchel, Liechtensteiner footballer
*1990 – Jake Gardiner, American ice hockey player
* 1990 – Richard Mpong, Ghanaian footballer
* 1990 – Naoki Yamada, Japanese footballer
* 1990 – Ihar Yasinski, Belarusian footballer
*1992 – Ángel Romero (footballer), Ángel Romero, Paraguayan footballer
* 1992 – Óscar Romero (footballer), Óscar Romero, Paraguayan footballer
*1993 – Tom Barkhuizen, English footballer
*1995 – Post Malone, American rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer
*1999 – Moa Kikuchi, Japanese musician
*2003 – Polina Bogusevich, Russian singer
Deaths
Pre-1600
* 673 – Ecgberht of Kent, Ecgberht, king of Kent
* 907 – Luitpold, Margrave of Bavaria, Luitpold, margrave of Duchy of Bavaria, Bavaria
* 907 – Dietmar I (archbishop of Salzburg), Dietmar I, archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg, Salzburg
* 910 – Luo Shaowei, Chinese warlord (born 877)
* 940 – Wang Jianli, Chinese general (born 871)
* 943 – Taejo of Goryeo, Korean king (born 877)
* 945 – Zhuo Yanming, Chinese Bhikkhu, Buddhist monk and emperor
* 965 – Pope Benedict V, Benedict V, pope of the Catholic Church
* 973 –
Ulrich of Augsburg, German bishop and saint (born 890)
* 975 – Gwangjong of Goryeo, Korean king (born 925)
*
1187 – Raynald of Châtillon, French knight (born 1125)
*1307 – Rudolf I of Bohemia (born 1281)
*1336 – Saint Elizabeth of Portugal (born 1271)
*1429 – Carlo I Tocco, ruler of Epirus (born 1372)
*1533 – John Frith (martyr), John Frith, English priest, writer, and martyr (born 1503)
*1541 – Pedro de Alvarado, Spanish general and explorer (born 1495)
*1546 – Hayreddin Barbarossa, Ottoman admiral (born 1478)
*1551 – Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell, English politician (born 1514)
1601–1900
*1603 – Philippe de Monte, Flemish composer and educator (born 1521)
*1623 – William Byrd, English composer (born c. 1540)
*1644 – Brian Twyne, English academic, antiquarian and archivist (born 1581)
*1648 – Antoine Daniel, French missionary and saint, one of the eight Canadian Martyrs (born 1601)
*1742 – Luigi Guido Grandi, Italian monk, mathematician, and engineer (born 1671)
*1754 – Philippe Néricault Destouches, French playwright and author (born 1680)
*1761 – Samuel Richardson, English author and painter (born 1689)
*1780 – Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine (born 1712)
*1787 – Charles, Prince of Soubise, Marshal of France (born 1715)
*1821 – Richard Cosway, English painter and academic (born 1742)
*1826 – John Adams, American lawyer and politician, 2nd President of the United States (born 1735)
* 1826 – Thomas Jefferson, American architect, lawyer, and politician, 3rd President of the United States (born 1743)
*
1831 – James Monroe, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 5th President of the United States (born 1758)
*1848 – François-René de Chateaubriand, French historian and politician (born 1768)
*1850 – William Kirby (entomologist), William Kirby, English entomologist and author (born 1759)
*1854 – Karl Friedrich Eichhorn, German academic and jurist (born 1781)
*1857 – William L. Marcy, American lawyer, judge, and politician, 21st United States Secretary of State (born 1786)
*
1881 – Johan Vilhelm Snellman, Finnish philosopher and politician (born 1806)
*1882 – Joseph Brackett, American composer and author (born 1797)
*
1886
Events January
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British rule in Burma, British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5–January 9, 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson ...
– Poundmaker, Canadian tribal chief (born 1797)
*1891 – Hannibal Hamlin, American lawyer and politician, 15th Vice President of the United States (born 1809)
1901–present
*
1901 – Johannes Schmidt (linguist), Johannes Schmidt, German linguist and academic (born 1843)
*1902 – Swami Vivekananda, Indian monk and saint (born 1863)
*1905 – Élisée Reclus, French geographer and author (born 1830)
*
1910 – Melville Fuller, American lawyer and jurist, Chief Justice of the United States (born 1833)
* 1910 – Kabua the Great, Marshallese iroijlaplap (born )
* 1910 – Giovanni Schiaparelli, Italian astronomer and historian (born 1835)
*1916 – Alan Seeger, American soldier and poet (born 1888)
*1922 – Lothar von Richthofen, German lieutenant and pilot (born 1894)
*1926 – Pier Giorgio Frassati, Italian activist and saint (born 1901)
*1934 – Marie Curie, French-Polish physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (born 1867)
*1935 – Anna Paaske, Norwegian opera singer and music teacher (born 1856)
*1938 – Otto Bauer, Austrian philosopher and politician, Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, Austrian Minister of Foreign Affairs (born 1881)
* 1938 – Suzanne Lenglen, French tennis player (born 1899)
*
1941 – Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician and academic (born 1881)
*
1943
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 1 – WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 � ...
–
Władysław Sikorski, Polish general and politician, 9th List of Prime Ministers of Poland, Prime Minister of the Second Republic of Poland (born 1881)
*
1946
1946 (Roman numerals, MCMXLVI) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1946th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 946th year of the 2nd millennium, the 46th year of the 20th centur ...
– Taffy O'Callaghan, Welsh footballer and coach (born 1906)
*1948 – Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian journalist and author (born 1882)
*1949 – François Brandt, Dutch rower and engineer (born 1874)
*1963 – Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg, New Zealand general and politician, 7th Governor-General of New Zealand (born 1889)
* 1963 – Clyde Kennard, American activist and martyr (born 1927)
* 1963 – Pingali Venkayya, Indian activist, designed the Flag of India (born 1876)
*1964 – Gaby Morlay, French actress and singer (born 1893)
*1969 – Henri Decoin, French director and screenwriter (born 1890)
*1970 – Barnett Newman, American painter and illustrator (born 1905)
* 1970 – Harold Stirling Vanderbilt, American sailor and businessman (born 1884)
*1971 – August Derleth, American anthologist and author (born 1909)
* 1971 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral and politician (born 1877)
*1974 – Georgette Heyer, English author (born 1902)
* 1974 – André Randall, French actor (born 1892)
*
1976
Events January
* January 2 – The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enters into force.
* January 5 – The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea.
* January 18 – Full diplomatic ...
– Yonatan Netanyahu, Israeli colonel (born 1946)
* 1976 – Antoni Słonimski, Polish poet and playwright (born 1895)
*
1977 – Gersh Budker, Ukrainian physicist and academic (born 1918)
*1979 – Lee Wai Tong, Chinese footballer and manager (born 1905)
*1980 – Maurice Grevisse, Belgian linguist and author (born 1895)
*1984 – Jimmie Spheeris, American singer-songwriter (born 1949)
*1986 – Paul-Gilbert Langevin, French musicologist, critique musical and physicist (born 1933)
* 1986 – Flor Peeters, Belgian organist and composer (born 1903)
* 1986 – Oscar Zariski, Belarusian-American mathematician and academic (born 1899)
*1988 – Adrian Adonis, American wrestler (born 1954)
*1990 – Olive Ann Burns, American journalist and author (born 1924)
*1991 – Victor Chang, Chinese-Australian surgeon and physician (born 1936)
* 1991 – Art Sansom, American cartoonist (born 1920)
*1992 – Astor Piazzolla, Argentinian bandoneon player and composer (born 1921)
*1993 – Bona Arsenault, Canadian historian, genealogist, and politician (born 1903)
*
1994
The year 1994 was designated as the " International Year of the Family" and the "International Year of Sport and the Olympic Ideal" by the United Nations.
In the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands of Kiribati, 1994 had only 364 days, omitti ...
– Joey Marella, American wrestling referee (born 1964)
*1995 – Eva Gabor, Hungarian-American actress and singer (born 1919)
* 1995 – Bob Ross, American painter and television host (born 1942)
*
1997 – Charles Kuralt, American journalist (born 1934)
* 1997 – John Zachary Young, English zoologist and neurophysiologist (born 1907)
*1999 – Leo Garel, American illustrator and educator (born 1917)
*2000 – Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, Polish journalist and author (born 1919)
*2002 – Gerald Bales, Canadian organist and composer (born 1919)
* 2002 – Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., American general (born 1912)
*2003 – Larry Burkett, American author and radio host (born 1939)
* 2003 – André Claveau, French singer (born 1915)
* 2003 – Barry White, American singer-songwriter, pianist, and producer (born 1944)
*2004 – Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss violinist and conductor (born 1920)
*2005 – Cliff Goupille, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1915)
* 2005 – Hank Stram, American football player and coach (born 1923)
*2007 – Bill Pinkney, American singer (born 1925)
*2008 – Thomas M. Disch, American author and poet (born 1940)
* 2008 – Jesse Helms, American politician (born 1921)
* 2008 – Evelyn Keyes, American actress (born 1916)
* 2008 – Terrence Kiel, American football player (born 1980)
* 2008 – Charles Wheeler (journalist), Charles Wheeler, German-English soldier and journalist (born 1923)
*2009 – Brenda Joyce (actress), Brenda Joyce, American actress (born 1917)
* 2009 – Allen Klein, American businessman and talent agent, founded ABKCO Records (born 1931)
* 2009 – Drake Levin, American guitarist (born 1946)
* 2009 – Steve McNair, American football player (born 1973)
* 2009 – Lasse Strömstedt, Swedish author and actor (born 1935)
* 2009 – Jean-Baptiste Tati Loutard, Congolese poet and politician (born 1938)
*2010 – Robert Neil Butler, American physician and author (born 1927)
*2012 – Hiren Bhattacharyya, Indian poet and author (born 1932)
* 2012 – Jimmy Bivins, American boxer (born 1919)
* 2012 – Jeong Min-hyeong, South Korean footballer (born 1987)
* 2012 – Eric Sykes, English actor, director, and screenwriter (born 1923)
*2013 – Onllwyn Brace, Welsh rugby player and sportscaster (born 1932)
* 2013 – Jack Crompton, English footballer and manager (born 1921)
* 2013 – James Fulton (dermatologist), James Fulton, American dermatologist and academic (born 1940)
* 2013 – Charles A. Hines, American general (born 1935)
* 2013 – Bernie Nolan, Irish singer (born 1960)
*2014 – Giorgio Faletti, Italian author, screenwriter, and actor (born 1950)
* 2014 – C. J. Henderson (writer), C. J. Henderson, American author and critic (born 1951)
* 2014 – Earl Robinson (baseball), Earl Robinson, American baseball player (born 1936)
* 2014 – Richard Mellon Scaife, American businessman (born 1932)
*2015 – Nedelcho Beronov, Bulgarian judge and politician (born 1928)
* 2015 – William Conrad Gibbons, American historian, author, and academic (born 1926)
*2016 – Abbas Kiarostami, Iranian film director, screenwriter, poet, and photographer (born 1940)
*2017 – John Blackwell (musician), John Blackwell, American R&B, funk, and jazz drummer (born 1973)
* 2017 – Daniil Granin, Soviet and Russian author (born 1919)
* 2017 – Gene Conley, American MLB player and NBA player (born 1930)
*2018 – Henri Dirickx, Belgian footballer (born 1927)
* 2018 – Robby Müller, Dutch cinematographer (born 1940)
*2021 – Harmoko, Indonesian politician, former parliament speaker and government minister (born 1939)
*2021 – Matīss Kivlenieks, Latvian ice hockey goaltender (born 1996)
*2022 – Cláudio Hummes, Brazilian prelate of the Catholic Church (born 1934)
* 2022 – Kazuki Takahashi, Japanese manga artist (born 1961)
Holidays and observances
*Christian feast day:
**Andrew of Crete
**Bertha of Artois
**Blessed Catherine Jarrige
**Blessed Pier Giorgio Frassati
**Elizabeth of Aragon, Elizabeth of Aragon (or of Portugal)
**Oda of Canterbury
**
Ulrich of Augsburg
**July 4 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
*The first evening of Dree Festival, celebrated until July 7 (Apatani people, Arunachal Pradesh, India)
*Independence Day (United States), Independence Day (United States)
*Liberation Day (Northern Mariana Islands)
*Liberation Day (Rwanda), Liberation Day (Rwanda)
*Republic Day (Philippines)
References
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:July 04
Days of July