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1961
Events January * January 1 – Monetary reform in the Soviet Union, 1961, Monetary reform in the Soviet Union. * January 3 ** United States President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba (Cuba–United States relations are restored in 2015). ** Aero Flight 311 (Koivulahti air disaster): Douglas DC-3C OH-LCC of Finnish airline Finnair, Aero crashes near Kvevlax (Koivulahti), on approach to Vaasa Airport in Finland, killing all 25 on board, due to pilot error: an investigation finds that the Captain (civil aviation), captain and First officer (civil aviation), first officer were both exhausted for lack of sleep, and had consumed excessive amounts of alcohol at the time of the crash. It remains the deadliest air disaster to occur in the country. * January 5 ** Italian sculptor Alfredo Fioravanti enters the U.S. Consulate in Rome, and confesses that he was part of the team that forged the Etruscan terra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berlin Crisis Of 1961
The Berlin Crisis of 1961 () was the last major European political and military incident of the Cold War concerning the status of the German capital city, Berlin, and of History of Germany (1945–90), post–World War II Germany. The crisis culminated in the city's ''de facto'' Partition (politics), partition with the East Germany, East German erection of the Berlin Wall. The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the second attempt by Premier of the Soviet Union, Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to change the status of Berlin by demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from the city and stopping the mass exodus of East Germans fleeing to the West. After the failure of his first Berlin Crisis of 1958–1959, ultimatum in 1958, Khrushchev renewed his demands at the 1961 Vienna summit, this time challenging the newly inaugurated U.S. President John F. Kennedy, John F. Kennedy. When talks broke down and no agreement was reached, in August 1961 East German leader Walter Ulbricht, with Khru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bay Of Pigs Invasion
The Bay of Pigs Invasion (, sometimes called or after the Playa Girón) was a failed military landing operation on the southwestern coast of Cuba in April 1961 by the United States of America and the Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF), consisting of Cuban exiles who opposed Fidel Castro's Cuban Revolution, Clandestine operation, clandestinely and directly financed by the U.S. government. The operation took place at the height of the Cold War, and its failure influenced relations between Cuba, the United States, and the Soviet Union. In 1952, the pro-American dictator General Fulgencio Batista led a 1952 Cuban coup d'état, coup against President Carlos Prío Socarrás, Carlos Prío and forced Prío into exile in Miami, Florida. Prío's exile inspired Castro's 26th of July Movement against Batista. The movement succeeded in overthrowing Batista during the Cuban Revolution in January 1959. Castro nationalization, nationalized American businesses, including banks, oi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsar Bomba
The Tsar Bomba (code name: ''Ivan'' or ''Vanya''), also known by the alphanumerical designation "AN602", was a Thermonuclear weapon, thermonuclear aerial bomb, and by far the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created and tested. The Soviet physicist Andrei Sakharov oversaw the project at Arzamas-16, while the main work of design was by Sakharov, Viktor Adamsky, Yuri Babayev, , and Yuri Trutnev (scientist), Yuri Trutnev. The project was ordered by General Secretary of the Communist Party, First Secretary of the Communist Party Nikita Khrushchev in July 1961 as part of the Soviet resumption of nuclear testing after the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty#Khrushchev and a moratorium: 1958–1961, Test Ban Moratorium, with the detonation timed to coincide with the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). Tested on 30 October 1961, the test verified new design principles for high-yield thermonuclear charges, allowing, as its final report put it, the design o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Arab Republic
The United Arab Republic (UAR; ) was a sovereign state in the Middle East from 1958 to 1971. It was initially a short-lived political union between Republic of Egypt (1953–1958), Egypt (including Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic, Egyptian-governed Gaza) and Second Syrian Republic, Syria from 1958 until Syria seceded from the union following the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. Egypt continued to be known officially as the United Arab Republic until it was formally dissolved by Anwar Sadat in September 1971. The republic was led by Gamal Abdel Nasser as the President of Egypt, Egyptian president. The UAR was a member of the United Arab States, a loose confederation with the Kingdom of Yemen, Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, which was dissolved in 1961. It was a brief pan-Arab union. History Origins The United Arab Republic was established on 1 February 1958 as the first step towards a larger Pan-Arabism, pan-Arab state, originally being proposed to Egyptian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1961 Syrian Coup D'état
The Syrian coup d'état of 1961 was an uprising by disgruntled Syrian Army officers on 28 September 1961, that resulted in the break-up of the United Arab Republic and the restoration of an independent Syrian Republic (1946–63), Syrian Republic. While the Armed Forces of the United Arab Republic, army had all the power, it chose not to rule directly and instead entrusted politicians from the List of political parties in Syria, traditional political parties of the earlier Syrian Republic to form the secessionist government. The restored country was a continuation of the Syrian Republic, but due to the influence of Nasserism, Nasserists and Arab nationalism, Arab nationalists it adopted a new name and became the Syria, Syrian Arab Republic. The restored regime was fragile and chaotic as internal army struggles influenced government policy. The traditionalist conservative politicians were increasingly out of touch with the radicalized army, which eventually swept the old order away ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Syrian Republic
The Second Syrian Republic, officially the Syrian Republic from 1950 to 1958 and the Syrian Arab Republic from 1961 to 1963, succeeded the First Syrian Republic that had become ''de facto'' independent in April 1946 from the French Mandate. The Second Republic was founded on the Syrian Constitution of 1950, which was suspended from 1950 to 1954 under Adib Shishakli's strongmanship, and later when Syria joined with the Republic of Egypt in forming the United Arab Republic in 1958. The Second Republic resumed when Syria withdrew from the union in 1961. In 1963, the Syrian Ba'athist Party came to power in a bloodless military coup, which laid the foundations for the political structure in Ba'athist Syria. The green, white, black and red flag is the first flag of the Syrian Arab Republic and with the shortest usage, that being from 1961 to 1963. It was also the flag of the Syrian opposition during the Syrian civil war, and became the official flag of Syria anew in 2025. B ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba (largest island), Isla de la Juventud, and List of islands of Cuba, 4,195 islands, islets and cays surrounding the main island. It is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), south of both Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola (Haiti/Dominican Republic), and north of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital. Cuba is the List of countries and dependencies by population, third-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti and the Dominican Republic, with about 10 million inhabitants. It is the largest country in the Caribbean by area. The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited as early as the 4th millennium BC, with the Guanahatabey and Taino, Taíno peoples inhabiting the area at the time of Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish colonization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aero Flight 311
Aero Flight 311, often referred to as the Kvevlax air disaster, was a scheduled domestic passenger flight operated by Aero O/Y (now Finnair) between Kronoby and Vaasa in Finland. The aircraft, a Douglas DC-3, crashed in the municipality Kvevlax (), nowadays part of Korsholm () on 3 January 1961, killing all twenty-five people on board. The disaster remains the deadliest aviation accident in Finnish history. The investigation revealed that both pilots were intoxicated and should not have been flying. Flight chronology The Douglas DC-3, registered OH-LCC, was scheduled for take-off from Kronoby Airport at 07:00, but take-off preparations were late, and the plane departed at 07:16. The co-pilot requested free flying altitude from the air traffic control, which was permitted. This allowed Flight 311 to fly at any altitude above the minimum flight altitude for the Kronoby-Vaasa route, which was . The pilots did not follow these regulations for the last , during which they flew b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monetary Reform In The Soviet Union, 1961
A monetary reform of the Soviet ruble, also known as the Khrushchev reform (after Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader at the time), took place on 1 January 1961. The reform consisted of the devaluation of the ruble against the United States dollar, and the redenomination of the ruble at a ratio of 10 to 1. It was the fifth monetary reform in the Soviet Union, succeeding the 1947 reform that occurred in response to the impact of the Second World War. Details The first part of the reform was to redenominate the ruble at a ratio of 10 to 1. All prices and salaries would be dealt at one new ruble for every 10 old rubles. Copper coins of 1, 2, 3 and 5 old kopeks were not exchanged: amounts less than one new kopek (or 10 old kopeks) were rounded downwards for essential goods, and upward for the rest. The second part of the reform was to devalue the ruble against the gold standard, from 14 new rubles per troy ounce to 31.5 new rubles per ounce: by devaluing the official exc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vasa (ship)
''Vasa'' (previously ''Wasa'') () is a Swedish warship built between 1626 and 1628. The ship sank after sailing roughly into her maiden voyage on 10 August 1628. She fell into obscurity after most of her valuable bronze cannons were salvaged in the 17th century, until she was located again in the late 1950s in a busy shipping area in Stockholm harbor. The ship was salvaged with a largely intact hull in 1961. She was housed in a temporary museum called Wasavarvet ("The Vasa Shipyard") until 1988 and then moved permanently to the Vasa Museum in the Royal National City Park in Stockholm. Between her recovery in 1961 and the beginning of 2025, ''Vasa'' has been seen by over 45 million visitors. The ship was built on the orders of the King of Sweden Gustavus Adolphus as part of the military expansion he initiated in a war with Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Poland-Lithuania (1621–1629). She was constructed at the navy yard in Stockholm under a contract with private entreprene ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
January 3
Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (except Jews) Decian persecution, to make sacrifices to the Roman gods. *1521 – Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull ''Decet Romanum Pontificem''. 1601–1900 *1653 – By the Coonan Cross Oath, the Eastern Christianity, Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage. *1749 – Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont. * 1749 – The first issue of ''Berlingske'', Denmark's oldest continually operating newspaper, is published. *1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces under General George Washington defeat British forces at the Battle of Princeton, helping boost Patriot (American Revolution), patri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuba–United States Relations
Modern diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States are cold, stemming from historic conflict and divergent political ideologies. The two nations restored diplomatic relations on July 20, 2015, after relations had been severed in 1961 during the Cold War. The U.S. has maintained a United States embargo against Cuba, comprehensive trade embargo against Cuba since 1958. The embargo includes restrictions on all commercial, economic, and financial activity, making it illegal for U.S. corporations to do business with Cuba. Early 19th century relations centered mainly on extensive trade, before manifest destiny increasingly led to an American desire to buy, conquer, or control Cuba. The U.S. attempted to purchase Cuba in 1848 and Ostend Manifesto, in 1854 from Spain. It successfully took over Cuba in 1898 as a Insular area, U.S. territory within the Treaty of Paris (1898), Treaty of Paris. The U.S. position of economic and political dominance over the island persisted afte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
