Psalm 23 is the 23rd psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the

King James Version The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version, is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of K ...

: "The Lord is my shepherd". In Latin, it is known by the

incipit The incipit () of a text is the first few words of the text, employed as an identifying label. In a musical composition, an incipit is an initial sequence of notes, having the same purpose. The word ''incipit'' comes from Latin and means "it b ...

, "". The Book of Psalms is part of the third section of the

Hebrew Bible The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (;"Tanach"
''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''. Hebrew: ''Tān ...

, and a book of the

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρ ...

Old Testament The Old Testament (often abbreviated OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew writings by the Israelites. The ...

. In the slightly different numbering system used in the Greek

Septuagint The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint (, ; from the la, septuaginta, lit=seventy; often abbreviated ''70''; in Roman numerals, LXX), is the earliest extant Greek translation of books from the Hebrew Bible. It includes several books beyond t ...

and Latin

Vulgate The Vulgate (; also called (Bible in common tongue), ) is a late-4th-century Bible translations into Latin, Latin translation of the Bible. The Vulgate is largely the work of Jerome who, in 382, had been commissioned by Pope Damasus&nbs ...

translations of the Bible, this psalm is Psalm 22. Like many psalms, Psalm 23 is used in both Jewish and Christian liturgies. It has often been set to music.

Haredi Haredi Judaism ( he, ', ; also spelled ''Charedi'' in English; plural ''Haredim'' or ''Charedim'') consists of groups within Orthodox Judaism that are characterized by their strict adherence to '' halakha'' (Jewish law) and traditions, in opp ...

educator Tziporah Heller referred to it as perhaps the best-known of the psalms due to "its universal message of trust in God, and its simplicity."

Text

Hebrew Bible version

The following is the Hebrew text of Psalm 23:

English translation (King James Version)

: A Psalm of David. # The is my shepherd; I shall not want. # He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: he leadeth me beside the still waters. # He restoreth my soul: he leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for his name's sake. # Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me; thy rod and thy staff they comfort me. # Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. # Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the for ever.

Interpretation of themes

The theme of God as a shepherd was common in ancient Israel and Mesopotamia. For example, King Hammurabi, in the conclusion to his famous legal code, wrote: "I am the shepherd who brings well-being and abundant prosperity; my rule is just.... so that the strong might not oppress the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with justice." This imagery and language was well known to the community that created the Psalm, and was easily imported into its worship. Psalm 23 portrays God as a good

shepherd A shepherd or sheepherder is a person who tends, herds, feeds, or guards flocks of sheep. ''Shepherd'' derives from Old English ''sceaphierde (''sceap'' 'sheep' + ''hierde'' ' herder'). ''Shepherding is one of the world's oldest occupations ...

, feeding (verse 1) and leading (verse 3) his flock. The "rod and staff" (verse 4) are also the implements of a shepherd. Some commentators see the shepherd imagery pervading the entire psalm. It is known that the shepherd is to know each sheep by name, thus when God is given the analogy of a shepherd, he is not only a protector but also the caretaker. God, as the caretaker, leads the sheep to green pastures (verse 2) and still waters (verse 2) because he knows that each of his sheep must be personally led to be fed. Thus, without its shepherd, the sheep would die either by a predator or of starvation, since sheep are known for their helplessness without their shepherd.

J. Douglas MacMillan J. Douglas MacMillan (30 September 1933 – 3 August 1991) was a British Christian minister in the Free Church of Scotland. Life MacMillan was born the youngest of six children, on the Ardnamurchan peninsula in Argyll. He was converted at ...

argues that verse 5 ("Thou preparest a table before me") refers to the "old oriental shepherding practice" of using little raised tables to feed sheep.

(1988), ''The Lord Our Shepherd'', Bryntirion: Evangelical Press of Wales Similarly, "Thou anointest my head with oil" may refer to an ancient form of backliner – the oil is poured on wounds, and repels flies. MacMillan also notes that verse 6 ("Goodness and mercy shall follow me") reminds him of two loyal sheepdogs coming behind the flock. The header or first verse of the Psalm ascribes authorship to King David, said in the Hebrew Scriptures to have been a field shepherd himself as a youth. However, some scholars do not agree with this attributed authorship, and hypothesize various other possibilities, commonly dating it to the post-exilic period. Taken together, Psalms 22, 23 and 24 are seen by some as shepherd psalms, where the good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep as suffering servant and king.

Uses in Judaism

Psalm 23 is traditionally sung during the third Shabbat meal as well as before first and second in some of the Jewish communities during the

Kiddush Kiddush (; he, קידוש ), literally, "sanctification", is a blessing recited over wine or grape juice to sanctify the Shabbat and Jewish holidays. Additionally, the word refers to a small repast held on Shabbat or festival mornings afte ...

. It is also commonly recited in the presence of a deceased person, such as by those keeping watch over the body before burial, and at the funeral service itself.

Uses in Christian tradition

Eastman Johnson, The Lord is My Shepherd

For Christians the image of God as a shepherd evokes connections not only with David but with

Jesus Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religiou ...

, described as " Good Shepherd" in the

Gospel of John The Gospel of John ( grc, Εὐαγγέλιον κατὰ Ἰωάννην, translit=Euangélion katà Iōánnēn) is the fourth of the four canonical gospels. It contains a highly schematic account of the ministry of Jesus, with seven "sig ...

. The phrase about "the valley of the shadow of death" is often taken as an allusion to the eternal life given by Jesus.

Orthodox Christian Orthodoxy (from Greek: ) is adherence to correct or accepted creeds, especially in religion. Orthodoxy within Christianity refers to acceptance of the doctrines defined by various creeds and ecumenical councils in Antiquity, but different Churche ...

s typically include this Psalm in the prayers of preparation for receiving the

Eucharist The Eucharist (; from Greek , , ), also known as Holy Communion and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others. According to the New Testament, the rite was institu ...

. The

Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and i ...

inspired widespread efforts in western Europe to make biblical texts available in vernacular languages. One of the most popular early English versions was the

Geneva Bible The Geneva Bible is one of the most historically significant translations of the Bible into English, preceding the King James Version by 51 years. It was the primary Bible of 16th-century English Protestantism and was used by William Shakespea ...

(1557). The most widely recognized version of the psalm in English today is undoubtedly the one drawn from the King James Bible (1611). In the

Catholic Church The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...

, this psalm is assigned to the Daytime hours of Sunday Week 2 in the

Liturgy of the Hours The Liturgy of the Hours (Latin: ''Liturgia Horarum'') or Divine Office (Latin: ''Officium Divinum'') or ''Opus Dei'' ("Work of God") are a set of Catholic Church, Catholic prayers comprising the canonical hours, often also referred to as the br ...

, and is sung as a responsorial in Masses for the dead. In the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britai ...

's ''

Book of Common Prayer The ''Book of Common Prayer'' (BCP) is the name given to a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion and by other Christianity, Christian churches historically related to Anglicanism. The original book, published in 1549 ...

'', it is appointed to be read on the evening of the fourth day of the month. The psalm is a popular passage for memorization and is often used in sermons.

Use in funerals

In the twentieth century, Psalm 23 became particularly associated with funeral liturgies in the English-speaking world, and films with funeral scenes often depict a graveside recitation of the psalm. Official liturgies of English-speaking churches were slow to adopt this practice. The ''Book of Common Prayer'' has only Psalms 39 and 90 in its Order for the Burial of the Dead, and in the Episcopal Church in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...

, Psalm 23 was not used for funerals until the 1928 revision of the prayer book.

Musical settings

Metrical versions

Christianity Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesu ...

, a number of paraphrased versions of Psalm 23 emerged after the

Protestant Reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and in ...

in the form of Metrical psalms — poetic versions that could be set to

hymn tune A hymn tune is the melody of a musical composition to which a hymn text is sung. Musically speaking, a hymn is generally understood to have four-part (or more) harmony, a fast harmonic rhythm (chords change frequently), with or without refrai ...

s. An early metrical version of the psalm in English was made in 1565 by Thomas Sternhold. Other notable metrical versions to emerge from this period include those from ''The Bay Psalm Book'' (1640), the ''

Sidney Psalms The Sidney or Sidneian Psalms are a 16th-century paraphrase of the Psalms in English verse, the work of Philip and Mary Sidney, aristocratic siblings who were influential Elizabethan poets. Mary Sidney completed them some time after the death of he ...

'' by

Philip Sidney Philip, also Phillip, is a male given name, derived from the Greek (''Philippos'', lit. "horse-loving" or "fond of horses"), from a compound of (''philos'', "dear", "loved", "loving") and (''hippos'', "horse"). Prominent Philips who popularize ...

, and settings by George Herbert and Isaac Watts. One of the best known metrical versions of Psalm 23 is the Christian

hymn A hymn is a type of song, and partially synonymous with devotional song, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word ''hymn ...

, " The Lord's My Shepherd", a translation first published in the 1650 Scottish Psalter. Although widely attributed to the English Parliamentarian Francis Rous, the text was the result of significant editing by a translating committee in the 1640s before publication. The hymn is one of the most popular hymns amongst English-speaking congregations today, and it is traditionally sung to the

''Crimond'', generally attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine. Other melodies, such as '' Brother James' Air'' or ''

Amazing Grace "Amazing Grace" is a Christian hymn published in 1779 with words written in 1772 by English Anglican clergyman and poet John Newton (1725–1807). It is an immensely popular hymn, particularly in the United States, where it is used for bot ...

'', ''Belmont'', ''Evan'', ''Martyrdom'', ''Orlington'', and ''Wiltshire'' may also be used. Another popular Christian hymn to be based on Psalm 23 is " The King of Love My Shepherd Is" by Henry Baker (1868).

Liturgical and classical

* Heinrich Schütz: a setting of a metric paraphrase in German, "Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt", SWV 120, for the '' Becker Psalter'' (1628) * Bach: Cantata No.112 '' Der Herr ist mein getreuer Hirt, BWV 112'' *

James Leith Macbeth Bain James Leith Macbeth Bain (1860–1925) was a Scottish hymn writer, religious minister and author who became known to his peers as Brother James. He is remembered for his religious publications, as well as the hymn tune "Brother James's Air". Earl ...

: hymn tune ''Brother James' Air'' * Rabbi

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: Notable performance by

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and Cantor Yitzchak Meir Helfgot * Lennox Berkeley: Op. 91, No. 1 (1975) * Bernstein: '' Chichester Psalms'' (Hebrew, in Part 2, together with

Psalm 2 Psalm 2 is the second psalm of the Book of Psalms, beginning in English in the King James Version: "Why do the heathen rage". In Latin, it is known as "Quare fremuerunt gentes". Psalm 2 does not identify its author with a superscription, but Act ...

) * Bruckner: Psalm 22 ''Der Herr regieret mich'' WAB 34 () * Noah Creshevsky: ''Psalm XXIII'' (2003) *

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: ''Psalm XXIII'' (1945) * Dvořák: verses 1–4, No. 4 of his '' Biblical Songs'' (1894) * Howard Goodall *

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: Symphony No. 12, movements 2 and 4 * Herbert Howells: '' Hymnus Paradisi'' * Jessie Seymour Irvine: hymn tune ''Crimond'' * Friedrich Kiel: verse 4 in No. 1 of his Six Motets, Op. 82 *

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* Albert Hay Malotte *

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(in Latin) *

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in the film ''

David and Bathsheba David and Bathsheba may refer to: * David and Bathsheba, husband and wife in Hebrew Bible, parents of Solomon *''David and Bethsabe ''The Love of King David and Fair Bethsabe'' is a play by George Peele, based on the biblical story of David, B ...

'' * George Rochberg * Miklós Rózsa * Edmund Rubbra: Three Psalms, Op. 61 (No. 2) * John Rutter: '' The Lord Is My Shepherd'' (1978), included in his ''

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'' (1985) *

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: "Gott meine Zuversicht" ("Gott ist mein Hirt", 1820) (German text by

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) *

Charles Villiers Stanford Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (30 September 1852 – 29 March 1924) was an Anglo-Irish composer, music teacher, and conductor of the late Romantic era. Born to a well-off and highly musical family in Dublin, Stanford was educated at the Un ...

: "The Lord is my shepherd" (1886) * Randall Thompson * Benjamin Till: "Mizmor L'David" (2020, in Hebrew) *

Ralph Vaughan Williams Ralph Vaughan Williams, (; 12 October 1872– 26 August 1958) was an English composer. His works include operas, ballets, chamber music, secular and religious vocal pieces and orchestral compositions including nine symphonies, written over ...

* Alexander Zemlinsky: Op. 14, (1910) for chorus and orchestra * Rabbi

Shlomo Carlebach Shlomo Carlebach ( he, שלמה קרליבך; 14 January 1925 – 20 October 1994), known as Reb Shlomo to his followers, was a rabbi, religious teacher, spiritual leader, composer, and singer dubbed "the singing rabbi" during his lifetime. ...

: Gam Ki Elech b'Gey Tzalmavet Lo Irah Rah Ki Atah Imadi. גם כי אלךGem Ki Elech 1
YouTube).

Songs

*1958:

Duke Ellington Edward Kennedy "Duke" Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and leader of his eponymous jazz orchestra from 1923 through the rest of his life. Born and raised in Washington, D.C., Ellington was ba ...

– "Part VI" from '' Black, Brown and Beige'' with Mahalia Jackson *1966: The Moody Blues – "23rd Psalm" from the album '' The Magnificent Moodies'' deLuxe Edition (not released until 2014) *1966: Ed Ames – "My Cup Runneth Over"

RCA Victor RCA Records is an American record label currently owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America. It is one of Sony Music's four flagship labels, alongside RCA's former long-time rival Columbia Records; also Ar ...

single from the Musical Production "I Do!, I Do!" *1972:

Dave Cousins Dave Cousins (born David Joseph Hindson; 7 January 1945) is an English musician who has been the leader, singer and most-active songwriter of Strawbs since 1967. Career Cousins is a founder member of the Strawbs, which started out as the Str ...

– " Lay Down" from the album '' Bursting at the Seams'' *1977: Dennis Brown – "Here I Come" from the album '' Wolf & Leopards'' *1977: Peter Tosh – "Jah Guide" from the album '' Equal Rights'' *1977:

Pink Floyd Pink Floyd are an English rock band formed in London in 1965. Gaining an early following as one of the first British psychedelic groups, they were distinguished by their extended compositions, sonic experimentation, philosophical lyrics an ...

– "

Sheep Sheep or domestic sheep (''Ovis aries'') are domesticated, ruminant mammals typically kept as livestock. Although the term ''sheep'' can apply to other species in the genus ''Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to domesticated sh ...

" from the album ''

Animals Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the Kingdom (biology), biological kingdom Animalia. With few exceptions, animals Heterotroph, consume organic material, Cellular respiration#Aerobic respiration, breathe oxygen, are Motilit ...

'' *1978: Patti Smith Group – " Privilege (Set Me Free)" from the album ''

Easter Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samuel ...

'' *1980:

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– "Alabama Getaway" from the album '' Go to Heaven'' *1981:

Venom Venom or zootoxin is a type of toxin produced by an animal that is actively delivered through a wound by means of a bite, sting, or similar action. The toxin is delivered through a specially evolved ''venom apparatus'', such as fangs or a ...

– "Welcome To Hell" from the album '' Welcome to Hell'' *1982:

Keith Green Keith Gordon Green (October 21, 1953 – July 28, 1982) was an American pianist, singer, and songwriter in the contemporary Christian music genre, who was originally from Sheepshead Bay, Brooklyn, New York. His most notable songs are " There ...

– "The Lord is my shepherd" from the album '' Songs for the Shepherd'' *1983: Marillion – "Forgotten Sons" from the album '' Script for a Jester's Tear'' *1985: Judy Collins – "The Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''

'' *1988: Diamanda Galás – "The Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''

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'' *1988: U2 – "

Love Rescue Me Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure. An example of this range of meanings is that the love o ...

" from the album '' Rattle and Hum'' *1989: Lil' Louis – "Blackout" from the album ''From The Mind Of Lil Louis'' *1990:

Bobby McFerrin Robert Keith McFerrin Jr. (born March 11, 1950) is an American folk and jazz singer. He is known for his vocal techniques, such as singing fluidly but with quick and considerable jumps in pitch—for example, sustaining a melody while also ra ...

– "The 23rd Psalm" from the album '' Medicine Music'' *1993: Alpha Blondy – "Psaume 23" from the album ''Jerusalem'' *1993:

Christian Death Christian Death is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles County, California, in 1979 by Rozz Williams. With major line-up changes over the years, Christian Death has retained "a relentlessly confrontational stand against organized religi ...

– ''Psalm (Maggot's Lair)'' from album ''Path of Sorrows'' *1994: Howard Goodall – theme to '' The Vicar of Dibley'', later covered by Katherine Jenkins and The Choirboys *1995:

Coolio Artis Leon Ivey Jr. (August 1, 1963 – September 28, 2022), known professionally as Coolio, was an American rapper. First rising to fame as a member of the gangsta rap group WC and the Maad Circle, Coolio achieved mainstream success as a sol ...

feat. L.V. – "

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" *1995: Michael W. Smith – "As It Is In Heaven" from '' I'll Lead You Home'' *1995:

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– "

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" from the album '' Me Against The World'' *1996: Cissy Houston, (

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's mother) – "The Lord is my shepherd" from '' The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album'' *1996:

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“Four Walls” from the album ''Tormented'' *1997: Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.) – "You're Nobody ('Til Somebody Kills You)" from the album '' Life After Death'' *1998: Colin Mawby – recording with Charlotte Church *1998: Kathy Troccoli – "Psalm 23" from ''

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'' *1999:

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– "Psalm 23" from the album '' Das Testament'' *1999: Jonathan Elias – "Forgiveness" from the album '' The Prayer Cycle'' *1999: Ky-mani Marley – "Lord is my shepherd" from the album ''The Journey'' *2000:

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– "Baloney Again" from the album '' Sailing to Philadelphia'' *2000:

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– "In The Shadow Of The Valley Of Death" from the album '' Holy Wood'' *2001: Dan Nichols – "Psalm 23" from the album ''Be Strong'' *2002: Boards of Canada – "From One Source All Things Depend" from the album ''

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'' *2003: Lucinda Williams – "Atonement" from the album '' World Without Tears'' *2004:

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– " Jesus Walks" from the album ''

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'' *2004:

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– "Shadow of Deth" from the album '' The System Has Failed'' *2004: OverClocked Remix – "Beneath the Surface (Aquatic Ambiance)" from ''Kong in Concert'' *2005:

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– "No W (Redux)" from ''Rantology'' *2005:

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- "The Valley of the Shadow of Death" from the album ''

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'' *2007: Group 1 Crew – "Forgive Me" from the album '' Group 1 Crew'' *2007: Dream Theater – "In The Presence Of Enemies Part 2" from the album '' Systematic Chaos'' *2008: Jon Foreman – "The House of God, Forever" from the EP, ''

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'' *2008:

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– "

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" from the album ''

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'' *2009: India.Arie,

MC Lyte Lana Michele Moorer (born October 11, 1970), better known by her stage name MC Lyte, is an American rap music, rapper, Disc jockey, DJ, actress and entrepreneur. Considered one of the pioneers of female rap, Lyte first gained fame in the late 19 ...

– "Psalms 23" from the album '' Testimony: Vol. 2, Love & Politics'' *2009:

Rick Ross William Leonard Roberts II (born January 28, 1976), known professionally as Rick Ross, is an American rapper. Prior to releasing his debut single, "Hustlin'", in 2006, Ross was the subject of a bidding war, receiving offers from Diddy's Bad ...

– "Valley of Death" from the album ''

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'' *2010: Nas & Damian Marley – "Strong Will Continue" from the album ''

Distant Relatives ''Distant Relatives'' is a collaborative studio album by American rapper Nas and Jamaican reggae vocalist Damian Marley. It was released on May 18, 2010, by Universal Republic and Def Jam Recordings. The album is Nas' tenth (third for Def Jam) and ...

'' *2011: Hollywood Undead – " Hear Me Now" from the album '' American Tragedy'' *2012: Shawn James – "Through the Valley" from the album ''Shadows'' *2013: J. Cole (featuring

Kendrick Lamar Kendrick Lamar Duckworth (born June 17, 1987) is an American rapper and songwriter. Known for his progressive musical styles and socially conscious songwriting, he is often considered one of the most influential hip hop artists of his generat ...

) — " Forbidden Fruit" *2016: The Last Shadow Puppets – " Everything You've Come to Expect" from the album of the same name

References

Works cited

Rashi Shlomo Yitzchaki ( he, רבי שלמה יצחקי; la, Salomon Isaacides; french: Salomon de Troyes, 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (see below), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a compr ...

's commentary. * {{Authority control

023 3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious or cultural significance in many societie ...

Works attributed to David Shepherds Zemirot