Presidential elections in the
Philippines
The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...
were held on May 9, 2022, as part of the
2022 general election. This was the 17th direct presidential election and 15th vice presidential election in the country since
1935
Events
January
* January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.
* January 12 – Amelia Earhart ...
, and the sixth
sextennial presidential and vice presidential election since
1992
1992 was designated as International Space Year by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General.
* January 6
** The Republ ...
.
Incumbent president
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the first Philippine president from Mindanao, and is the oldest person to assum ...
was ineligible for re-election because the president is limited to a single term under the
1987 Philippine Constitution
The Constitution of the Philippines ( Filipino: ''Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas'' or ''Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas'') is the supreme law of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Constitutional Commission on October 12, 1986, and rati ...
. Incumbent vice president
Leni Robredo
Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; Gerona; born April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. She is the mayor-elect of Naga, Camarines Sur, having won the ...
was eligible for re-election but chose to run for the presidency instead. Therefore, this election determined the 17th
president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment Film and television
*'' Præsident ...
and the 15th
vice president
A vice president or vice-president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vi ...
. The president and vice president are elected separately, so the two winning candidates can come from different political parties.
The election took place amidst the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
which had caused the country's economy to fall into
recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a period of broad decline in economic activity. Recessions generally occur when there is a widespread drop in spending (an adverse demand shock). This may be tr ...
.
Other key issues were the continuation of President
Duterte's policies, a re-examination of the country's foreign relationships in response to its
territorial dispute
A territorial dispute or boundary dispute is a disagreement over the possession (law), possession or control of territories (land, maritime territory, water or airspace) between two or more political entities.
Context and definitions
Territorial ...
with
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
, management of the country's debt, rising inflation, and
climate change
Present-day climate change includes both global warming—the ongoing increase in Global surface temperature, global average temperature—and its wider effects on Earth's climate system. Climate variability and change, Climate change in ...
.
The ticket of former senator
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. (, , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials BBM or PBBM, is a Filipino politician who has served as the 17th president of the Philippines since 2022. He is the second child ...
and
Davao City mayor Sara Duterte
Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio (, ; born May 31, 1978), commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president (after Gloria Macap ...
won the presidency and vice presidency respectively, defeating incumbent vice president Leni Robredo and incumbent senator
Francis Pangilinan
Francis Pancratius "Kiko" Nepomuceno Pangilinan (; born August 24, 1963) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and farm owner who is a Senate of the Philippines, senator-elect of the Philippines. He previously served as senator from 2001 to 2013 a ...
in a landslide. It was the first election since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1987 where the president and vice president were elected by a majority, and the first election since
2004
2004 was designated as an International Year of Rice by the United Nations, and the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition (by UNESCO).
Events January
* January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 60 ...
where the winning president and vice president came from the same presidential ticket.
The election saw the highest turnout since
1998
1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''.
Events January
* January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for Lunar water, frozen water, in soil i ...
, with about 56 million voters participating. Marcos received 31.6 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a presidential election in the Philippines, while Duterte received 32.2 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in the country.
Marcos became the second president from
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte (), officially the Province of Ilocos Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. It is located in the northwest corner of Luzon island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to t ...
after his father, former president
Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and Kleptocracy, kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the c ...
,
while Duterte became the first vice president from
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
, the third vice president to come from
Mindanao
Mindanao ( ) is the List of islands of the Philippines, second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and List of islands by population, seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the ...
after
Emmanuel Pelaez
Emmanuel Neri Pelaez (November 30, 1915 – July 27, 2003) was a Filipino public servant and politician who served as the 6th Vice President of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965.
Early life and career
Pelaez was born in Medina, Misamis (now pa ...
and
Teofisto Guingona Jr.
Teofisto "Tito" Tayko Guingona Jr. (born July 4, 1928) is a Filipino politician and diplomat who served as the 11th vice president of the Philippines from 2001 to 2004, during the first term of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. Born in San ...
, and the youngest to be elected. This also marked the return of the
Marcos family
The Marcos family ( , , ) is a political family in the Philippines. They have established themselves in the country's politics, having established a political dynasty that traces its beginnings to the 1925 election of Mariano Marcos to the Phi ...
to power for the first time since the
People Power Revolution
The People Power Revolution, also known as the EDSA Revolution or the February Revolution, were a series of popular Demonstration (people), demonstrations in the Philippines, mostly in Metro Manila, from February 22 to 25, 1986. There was a ...
.
Marcos was
inaugurated on June 30, 2022, while Duterte was inaugurated earlier on June 19, 2022.
Background

In the
2016 presidential and vice presidential elections,
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
Mayor
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the first Philippine president from Mindanao, and is the oldest person to assum ...
of Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (;
PDP–Laban
The Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP, ) is a populist political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was previously known as Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) from 1983 to 2024 as a result of a merger with L ...
) won the presidency against four other candidates, while
House
A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air c ...
representative from
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur (; ), officially the Province of Camarines Sur (Central Bikol language, Bikol: ''Probinsya kan Habagatan na Camarines''; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region on Luzon. Its ca ...
Leni Robredo
Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; Gerona; born April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. She is the mayor-elect of Naga, Camarines Sur, having won the ...
of the
Liberal Party
The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world.
The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. For example, while the political systems ...
won against Senator
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. (, , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials BBM or PBBM, is a Filipino politician who has served as the 17th president of the Philippines since 2022. He is the second child ...
and four others in the closest vice-presidential election
since 1965. Marcos put the result under protest in the
Presidential Electoral Tribunal
The Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET) is an electoral tribunal that decides election protests involving the election of the President of the Philippines and Vice President of the Philippines. It is composed of justices of the Supreme Court of ...
.
In October 2019, the Presidential Electoral Tribunal released its report on Marcos's electoral protest against Robredo on Marcos's pilot provinces of
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur (; ), officially the Province of Camarines Sur (Central Bikol language, Bikol: ''Probinsya kan Habagatan na Camarines''; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region on Luzon. Its ca ...
,
Iloilo
Iloilo ( ; ), officially the Province of Iloilo (; ; ; ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital and largest city is Iloilo City, the regional center of Western Visayas and politically independen ...
and
Negros Oriental
Negros Oriental (; ), officially the Province of Negros Oriental (; ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Negros Island. Its capital is the city of Dumaguete, one of the two regional centers of Negros Island Region, with the other b ...
, and showed that Robredo had increased her lead by 15,742 votes. The tribunal voted to defer making a decision on the protest and instead proceeded with Marcos's plea to nullify the votes from the
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (; ''Al-ḥukm adh-dhātī al-'iqlīmī li-muslimī Mindanāu''; ARMM) was an Autonomous regions of the Philippines, autonomous region of the Philippines, located in the Mindanao Island groups of the P ...
(ARMM) provinces of
Basilan
Basilan, officially the Province of Basilan (; ; ; ), is an island province of the Philippines located primarily in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Basilan Island is the largest and northernmost of the major islands of the Sulu Archipelago ...
,
Lanao del Sur
Lanao del Sur (; Meranaw and ; Jawi ''(Batang Arab)'': ), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of Marawi (th ...
and
Maguindanao
Maguindanao (; Maguindanaon: ''Dairat nu Magindanaw''; Iranun: ''Perobinsia a Magindanao''; ) was a province of the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 to 2022, its provincial capital ...
.
Those who dissented from the decision said that the protest should have been dismissed, as Marcos had failed to recover votes from his 3 pilot provinces, citing the rules of the tribunal. They were overruled when the others said that Marcos's plea on the ARMM provinces should also be resolved.
In July 2016, Vice President Robredo was appointed to head the
Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
The Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC) was the umbrella agency of various housing and development offices of the Philippine government. It was established by President Corazon Aquino through Executive Order No. 90, Series ...
(HUDCC), but resigned in December 2016 after being told to stop attending all cabinet meetings, amid her criticism of the administration's
war on drugs. The president later told his allies to stop trying to impeach Robredo.
In the
17th Congress, Representative
Pantaleon Alvarez
Pantaleon Diaz Alvarez (born January 10, 1958) is a Filipino lawyer and politician serving as the Representative of Davao del Norte's 1st district since 2016, previously holding the position from 1998 to 2001. He served as the Speaker of the ...
from
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Sam ...
was elected
Speaker of the House of Representatives in July 2016. Midway during the 17th Congress, former President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo (; born April 5, 1947), often referred to as PGMA or GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from Presidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, 2001 to 2010 ...
, who was the representative from
Pampanga
Pampanga, officially the Province of Pampanga (; ; ), is a province in Central Luzon in the Philippines. Lying on the northern shore of Manila Bay, Pampanga is bordered by Tarlac to the north, Nueva Ecija to the northeast, Bulacan to the east, ...
, ousted Alvarez from the speakership. The ouster was reportedly due to a dispute between Alvarez and
Davao City Mayor Sara Duterte
Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio (, ; born May 31, 1978), commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president (after Gloria Macap ...
, the president's daughter, when she branded him as being from the opposition when she launched the
Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP; ) is a regional political party and former political alliance in the Philippines. Formed in 2018 by Sara Duterte, the party was established in support of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, and was the admini ...
(; HNP), a regional political party in the
Davao Region
Davao Region, formerly called Southern Mindanao (; ), is an Regions of the Philippines, administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region XI. Situated at the southeastern portion of Mindanao, enclosing Davao Gulf, it comprises fiv ...
of which both
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Sam ...
and
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
are a part.
In the
2019 midterm Senate election, the opposition to Duterte fielded the
Otso Diretso
Otso Diretso ( ), initially called the Oposisyon Koalisyon () was an electoral alliance formed to field candidates for the 2019 Philippine general election, in opposition to President Rodrigo Duterte. Otso Diretso fielded eight candidates (''ots ...
() coalition, while the administration fielded its own slate under the
Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP; ) is a regional political party and former political alliance in the Philippines. Formed in 2018 by Sara Duterte, the party was established in support of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, and was the admini ...
banner. Hugpong won 9 of the 12 seats contested, while Otso Diretso won no seats.
Cynthia Villar
Cynthia Aguilar Villar (, born Cynthia Ampaya Aguilar on July 29, 1950) is a Filipina politician currently serving as a Senator of the Philippines. She was a member of the House of Representatives for the Lone District of Las Piñas from 2001 ...
, wife of defeated
2010 presidential candidate
Manny Villar
Manuel "Manny" Bamba Villar Jr. (; born December 13, 1949) is a Filipino businessman and former politician. He previously served as senator from 2001 to 2013 and as the 20th President of the Senate of the Philippines from 2006 to 2008. Before ...
, topped the election, while
2013's Senate election topnotcher and
2016 defeated presidential candidate
Grace Poe
Mary Grace Natividad Sonora Poe-Llamanzares (born September 3, 1968) is a Filipino politician, businesswoman, educator, and philanthropist serving as a senator since 2013. She was the chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classifi ...
finished second. While Sara Duterte's Hugpong won in the Davao Region, they notably failed to unseat Alvarez, and PDP–Laban defeated Hugpong's candidate for governor of Davao del Norte, and won both of the province's seats in the House of Representatives.
Administration-allied parties also won in the House of Representatives, but there was a dispute on who should be Speaker. President Duterte brokered a term-sharing agreement between
Alan Peter Cayetano
Alan Peter Schramm Cayetano ( Tagalog pronunciation: ajɛˈtano born October 28, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer, diplomat, and politician serving as a senator since 2022 and previously from 2007 to 2017. He was the Senate Minority Leader from 2 ...
and
Lord Allan Velasco
Lord Allan Jay Quinto Velasco (born November 9, 1977) is a Filipino politician and lawyer who served as the Speaker of the House of Representatives from October 12, 2020 to June 2022. He is concurrently serving as the Representative of Marin ...
, with the former serving the first 15 months of the term and Velasco the final 18 months.
Meanwhile,
Tito Sotto
Vicente Castelo Sotto, III (; born August 24, 1948), is a Filipino politician and television personality who is a Senate of the Philippines, senator-elect of the Philippines. He is the longest-serving senator in the history of the upper chamb ...
was re-elected as Senate President.
In November 2019, the president challenged Robredo to co-chair the
Inter-Agency Committee on Anti-Illegal Drugs (ICAD), the office that oversees the war on drugs, along with the
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency
The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA, ; Filipino: ''Ahensiya ng Pilipinas sa Pagpapatupad ng Batas Laban sa Bawal na Gamot'') is the lead anti-drug law enforcement agency, responsible for preventing, investigating and combating any d ...
chief, which she accepted. A week later, Duterte said that he would fire Robredo if she shared state secrets about the drug war. Several days later, Duterte said he could not trust Robredo after she asked the government for a list of high-value targets in the drug war. Robredo replied, "He should tell me straight if he wants me out." A day later, Duterte fired Robredo as co-chair of the ICAD.
During the
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
The COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines was a part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). As of , there have been reported cases, and reported deaths, the fift ...
, the government was criticized by the opposition for
its response to the pandemic. Robredo had a televised speech in August claiming that the government had no plans on how to resolve the pandemic and shared ten recommendations on how to resolve it. Duterte himself, in a separate speech days later, asked Robredo not to "add fuel to the fire".
In June 2020, American boxing promoter
Bob Arum
Robert Arum (born December 8, 1931) is an American lawyer and boxing promoter. He is the founder and CEO of Top Rank, a professional boxing promotion company based in Las Vegas. Prior to becoming a boxing promoter, Arum was employed as an attorn ...
said that Senator
Manny Pacquiao
Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao Sr. ( ; ; born December17, 1978) is a Filipino politician, businessman, and professional boxer. Nicknamed "PacMan", he is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time. He previously serv ...
had confided to him that he would run for president in 2022.
Pacquiao later denied talking about politics with Arum.
On December 3, 2020, Pacquiao was elected party president of PDP–Laban, of which President Duterte is the party chairman. On May 3, 2021, when Pacquiao was asked about his intentions of running for president, he replied "for now, let's not think about that."
In March 2021, former Supreme Court Associate Justice
Antonio Carpio
Antonio Tirol Carpio (; born October 26, 1949) is a former associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was sworn in as a member of the Supreme Court by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on October 26, 2001, and served until h ...
launched "1Sambayan" (read as "isambayan", meaning "one nation"), a coalition that aimed to place one lone candidate against Duterte's endorsed successor. Carpio aimed to avoid
Vote splitting
In social choice theory and politics, a spoiler effect happens when a losing candidate affects the results of an election simply by participating. Voting rules that are not affected by spoilers are said to be spoilerproof.
The frequency and se ...
, pointing out that Duterte had won over
Mar Roxas
Manuel "Mar" Araneta Roxas II (; born May 13, 1957) is a Filipino politician who served as a Senator of the Philippines. He is the grandson and namesake of former Philippine President Manuel Roxas. He served in the Cabinet of the Philippines ...
and Grace Poe in 2016 as those who were against him were not united.
1Sambayan considered Robredo, Moreno, Poe, and Senator
Nancy Binay
Maria Lourdes "Nancy" Sombillo Binay Angeles (born May 12, 1973) is a Filipino politician who is the mayor-elect of Makati, having been elected in 2025 to replace her sister Abby. She has served as a senator of the Philippines since 2013.
...
as candidates.
Both Moreno and Pacquiao, with the former being one of 1Sambayan's choices, stated that they did not want to talk about politics during the pandemic. Former senator
Antonio Trillanes IV
Antonio "Sonny" Fuentes Trillanes IV (; born August 6, 1971) is a former Philippine naval officer and politician who served as a senator of the Philippines from 2007 to 2019. He is known for his involvement in the Oakwood mutiny of 2003 and t ...
said that there was never an offer from 1Sambayan for him to run, but if that Robredo did not seek the presidency in 2022, he would consider entering the presidential race.
A
dispute within the PDP–Laban began on March 12, 2021 when Senator Pacquiao began to criticize President Duterte and the government regarding the
dispute in the South China Sea, alleged corruption in the government agencies under the Duterte administration, the government handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the endorsement of candidates for the 2022 presidential election, leading to the creation of two factions within the party.
On March 23, 2021, Senate President Tito Sotto stated that he and
Panfilo Lacson
Panfilo "Ping" Morena Lacson Sr. (; born June 1, 1948) is a Filipino politician who is a senator-elect of the Philippines. He is also a former police general who served as director general of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from 1999 to 2 ...
were being pushed to form a tandem. Sotto said both of them were yet to be convinced on this, and when asked if he would run for higher office in 2022, he said that he had not yet made a decision. Lacson later declined the offer from 1Sambayan in a letter to Justice Carpio, in which he cited his principal sponsorship of the
Anti-Terrorism Law as "inconsistent and incongruent" to the goals of the coalition.
On June 12, 2021, 1Sambayan announced their six initial nominees to go through the coalition's selection process for a presidential and vice-presidential tandem. The nominees (whom members of the coalition may vote for as their candidate for either post) included: senator Poe, vice president Robredo, former Senator Trillanes, human rights lawyer and former senatorial candidate
Chel Diokno
Jose Manuel Tadeo "Chel" Icasiano Diokno (Tagalog: Help:IPA/Tagalog, �dʒɔknɔ born February 23, 1961) is a Filipino politician and lawyer who is a representative-elect for Akbayan Party-list representation in the House of Representatives ...
, incumbent
house deputy speaker Vilma Santos-Recto
Rosa Vilma Tuazon Santos-Recto (born November 3, 1953) is a Filipino actress and politician. In a career spanning over seven decades, she is recognized for her versatility in acting across various genres of film and television in the Philippine ...
, and
CIBAC representative and house deputy speaker
Eddie Villanueva
Eduardo Cruz Villanueva (born October 6, 1946), most commonly referred to as Bro. Eddie Villanueva, is an evangelist and president-founder of the Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide (JILCW).
Villanueva was previously a communist- atheist, radi ...
. Moreno and Binay declined 1Sambayan's offer to run under their coalition.
Soon after, Senator Poe and Congressman Santos also withdrew their names from contention.
At the same time, Vice President Robredo, former Senator Trillanes, and Congressman Villanueva expressed their support for unity in 2022 under 1Sambayan.
Lacson and Sotto formally announced their candidacies on July, with their campaign to be launched in August.
Lacson was later sworn in as a member of the
Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma
The Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma (PDR, ), commonly known as Partido Reporma, is a political party in the Philippines.
History
1998 elections: de Villa for President
It was founded by former Defense Secretary Renato de Villa when ...
(), the party of former secretary of Defense
Renato de Villa
Renato "Rene" Salud de Villa (born July 20, 1935) is a Filipino former police and military officer and government official. He served as Chief of Philippine Constabulary, Director-General of the Integrated National Police, and Chief of Staff o ...
who lost the
1998 presidential election. On September 8, Lacson and Sotto formally launched their tandem via social media, in a taped production in an undisclosed studio. The tandem filed their candidacies on October 6.
Isko Moreno
Francisco "Isko" Moreno Domagoso (; born October 24, 1974) is a Filipino politician, actor, host and entrepreneur who is the mayor-elect of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, having been 2025 Manila local elections, elected in 202 ...
, who had returned to the political limelight after being elected
Mayor of Manila
The City Mayor of Manila (, sometimes referred to as, ''Alkalde ng Maynila'') is the head of the executive branch of Manila's city government. The mayor holds office at Manila City Hall. Like all local government heads in the Philippines, the m ...
, was expected to take his oath as a member of
Aksyon Demokratiko
Aksyon Demokratiko (, ), or simply Aksyon, is a political party in the Philippines founded by Raul Roco. It was recognized as a national political party in 1998 by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and is considered to be one of the major p ...
(), the party founded by Senator
Raul Roco
Raul Sagarbarria Roco (October 26, 1941 – August 5, 2005) was a Filipino politician. He was the founder and presidential nominee of '' Aksyon Demokratiko'', which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bid in 1998 and his second ...
after resigning from the
National Unity Party The National Unity Party, National United Party, Party of National Unity or National Unity Front may refer to:
* National United Party of Afghanistan (founded 2003)
* National Unity Party (Albania)
* National United Party (Armenia), defunct
* Natio ...
. However, this did not happen as an unexpectedly large number of people turned up on vaccination sites, particularly in Manila. Moreno was subsequently elected party president a week later.
He later announced his presidential bid on September 22 with Dr.
Willie Ong
Willie Tan Ong (; born October 24, 1963) is a Filipino cardiologist, internist and media personality who rose to prominence for giving medical advice through his Facebook page and YouTube channel. Ong was also a candidate for the 2019 Philipp ...
as his running mate.
They filed their certificates of candidacy (COCs) on October 4.
On September 30, 2021, 1Sambayan nominated Robredo as their standard bearer. On October 7, Robredo accepted the nomination and announced that she would run for President.
She later filed her certificate of candidacy on the same day as an independent.
Robredo explained that she was running as an independent to show that she is open to making alliances.
After Vice-President Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that Senator
Francis Pangilinan
Francis Pancratius "Kiko" Nepomuceno Pangilinan (; born August 24, 1963) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and farm owner who is a Senate of the Philippines, senator-elect of the Philippines. He previously served as senator from 2001 to 2013 a ...
would be her running mate for her presidential bid.
Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo.
Back in January 2020,
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. (, , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials BBM or PBBM, is a Filipino politician who has served as the 17th president of the Philippines since 2022. He is the second child ...
had confirmed that he would be running "for a national position" in 2022, although he did not specify which position.
On September 21, 2021, the
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
The Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP; ) is a national political party in the Philippines. It is chaired by Bongbong Marcos, president of the Philippines, who won in the 2022 election. During the run-up to the 2022 general election, the UniTea ...
(PFP; ) nominated Marcos to run for president. During the national convention of the
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
The New Society Movement (, KBL), formerly named the New Society Movement of United Nationalists, Liberals, et cetera (, KBLNNL), is a Right-wing politics, right-wing political party in the Philippines. It was first formed in 1978 as an umbrel ...
(KBL; ) in
Binangonan
Binangonan, officially the Municipality of Binangonan (), is a municipality in the province of Rizal, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 313,631 people.
A thriving fish port and fishing industry is found in Binan ...
, the party founded by his father, he had already been nominated as that party's candidate for president. Marcos, who was still a member of the
Nacionalista Party
The Nacionalista Party (Filipino language, Filipino and Spanish language in the Philippines, Spanish: ''Partido Nacionalista''; , NP) is a political party in the Philippines which is the oldest existing party in the country and in Southeast Asi ...
, thanked the KBL for the nomination, but said that he would announce his own plans "when the time comes."
On October 5, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy.
Marcos then resigned from the Nacionalistas and was sworn in at the PFP chairman.
Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6.
Davao City mayor Sara Duterte, despite being a frontrunner in early opinion polls, did not file a candidacy for a national position; instead she nominated for re-election in the Davao mayoral race, despite having previously stated on July 9, 2021, that she was open to running for president.
On the final day for the filing of candidacies, Mayor Duterte did not show up; instead,
Ronald dela Rosa
Ronald Marapon dela Rosa (born January 21, 1962), known by his nickname Bato, is a Filipino politician and retired police officer who is currently serving as a Senator since 2019. He served under the Duterte administration as the chief of t ...
filed his candidacy for president, stating that he was open to being substituted by Duterte.
Dela Rosa was running alongside Go, who had earlier filed his candidacy for the vice presidency on October 2, despite calls from the PDP-Laban Cusi wing for him to run for president. At the end of the period for the filing of the Certificates of Canvass (COCs), a total of 97 individuals had manifested their intention to run for President, and 29 did for Vice-President.
On November 9, Duterte withdrew from the mayoral race in Davao. On November 11, she resigned from
Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP; ) is a regional political party and former political alliance in the Philippines. Formed in 2018 by Sara Duterte, the party was established in support of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, and was the admini ...
and joined
Lakas–CMD
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats, abbreviated as Lakas–CMD and also known simply as Lakas, (and known as Lakas–Kampi until 2011) is a political party in the Philippines. Lakas–CMD is considered to be on the Centre-right politics, centre ...
on the same day.
She filed her candidacy for the vice presidential post on November 13, 2021, substituting Lyle Fernando Uy.
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas adopted Duterte as their vice presidential candidate.
Dela Rosa and Go both withdrew their candidacies on the same day. A few days later, Go launched his campaign for the presidential post.
Go explained that he withdrew his bid to run for vice president, to avoid complicating Sara Duterte's vice presidential campaign. President Duterte was reported to be his running mate and was to file his candidacy on November 15, but filed for senator instead.
Upon filing his candidacy on November 15 via substitution, presidential aspirant and former
National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed Conflict (NTF-ELCAC) spokesperson
Antonio Parlade Jr. accused fellow presidential aspirant Senator
Bong Go
Christopher Lawrence "Bong" Tesoro Go (; born June 14, 1974) is a Filipino politician serving as a Senate of the Philippines, senator since 2019. He previously served under the Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, administration of President Rodrig ...
of controlling Duterte's decisions. Defense Secretary
Delfin Lorenzana dismissed Parlade's claim, calling it baseless.
On November 18, 2021, President Duterte claimed that an unnamed presidential aspirant from a well-known family was using
cocaine
Cocaine is a tropane alkaloid and central nervous system stimulant, derived primarily from the leaves of two South American coca plants, ''Erythroxylum coca'' and ''Erythroxylum novogranatense, E. novogranatense'', which are cultivated a ...
adding that the aspirant was a "weak leader" and "not a very strong leader, except for his name, the father."
The next day, presidential aspirants reacted to Duterte's statement. Leni Robredo and
Leody de Guzman
Leodegario "Ka Leody" Quitain de Guzman (; born July 25, 1959) is a Filipino socialist labor rights activist who ran for president in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections, under the Partido Lakas ng Masa. He is currently the chairperson of ...
said that the government should file charges against the candidate allegedly using cocaine.
Isko Moreno
Francisco "Isko" Moreno Domagoso (; born October 24, 1974) is a Filipino politician, actor, host and entrepreneur who is the mayor-elect of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, having been 2025 Manila local elections, elected in 202 ...
and
Panfilo Lacson
Panfilo "Ping" Morena Lacson Sr. (; born June 1, 1948) is a Filipino politician who is a senator-elect of the Philippines. He is also a former police general who served as director general of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from 1999 to 2 ...
denied that the statement alluded to them.
A report speculated that his statement was alluded to Bongbong Marcos, but Marcos's camp dismissed Duterte's claims. Lacson and Sotto, Marcos and Duterte, and Moreno and Ong all subsequently took drug tests and tested negative, while Pacquiao presented a negative drug test from the Voluntary Anti-Doping Association. Robredo, Go, and de Guzman expressed their willingness to undergo a drug test.
On November 30, 2021, Go announced his intention to withdraw his candidacy for the presidency, without any substitute. He had earlier expressed his doubts about his presidential run on November 25. The COMELEC stated that Go had to personally file his statement of withdrawal, which he did on December 14.
On January 17, 2022, the commission's second division dismissed the petition cancelling Marcos's candidacy. The petitioners cited Marcos's conviction on violating the National Internal Revenue Code when he had failed to file income tax returns in the early 1980s during his tenure as governor of Ilocos Norte, which allegedly carried the punishment of perpetual disqualification from public office. The commission ruled that when the crime was committed, it did not carry the punishment cited by the petitioners, so Marcos did not misrepresent certificate of candidacy where he stated that he was not convicted of a crime of
moral turpitude
Moral turpitude is a legal concept in the United States, and until 1976 in Canada, that refers to "an act or behavior that gravely violates the sentiment or accepted standard of the community". This term appears in U.S. immigration law beginnin ...
. Marcos faced a separate disqualification case in the first division; its release of the decision was delayed when several of its staffers tested positive for
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In January 2020, the disease spread worldwide, resulting in the COVID-19 pandemic.
The symptoms of COVID‑19 can vary but often include fever ...
.
On January 22, 2022, ''The Jessica Soho Presidential Interviews'' premiered on
GMA. Moreno, Robredo, Lacson, and Pacquiao participated in the interview,
while Marcos refused to take part; his camp stated that Soho was "biased" against him.
GMA later responded to the allegation and refuted his camp's statement.
In a separate interview in
One PH
One PH (stylized as one Ph) is a 24/7 Tagalog-language teleradio news channel owned by MediaQuest Holdings, Inc. through Cignal TV. It was soft launched on February 18, 2019 and was officially launched on July 31, 2019, on satellite provider C ...
, Marcos equated bias with being "anti-Marcos," adding that it was useless as he was not going to answer issues about his father's presidency.
On January 23, 2022, as part of its efforts against online disinformation,
Twitter
Twitter, officially known as X since 2023, is an American microblogging and social networking service. It is one of the world's largest social media platforms and one of the most-visited websites. Users can share short text messages, image ...
suspended more than 300 accounts.
Rappler
Rappler (portmanteau of the words "rap" and "ripples") is a Mass media in the Philippines, Filipino online news website based in Pasig, Metro Manila, the Philippines. It was founded by 2021 Nobel Peace Prize laureate and convicted cyberlibelist ...
alleged that the accounts were linked to Marcos, which his campaign denied.
Electoral system

According to the
Constitution of the Philippines
The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino language, Filipino: ''Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas'' or ''Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas'') is the Constitution, supreme law of the Philippines. Its final draft was completed by the Philippine Constitution ...
of 1987, the election is held every six years after 1992, on the second Monday of May. The incumbent president is term-limited. The incumbent vice president may run for two consecutive terms. The
first-past-the-post voting
First-past-the-post (FPTP)—also called choose-one, first-preference plurality (FPP), or simply plurality—is a single-winner voting rule. Voters mark one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first- ...
system is used to determine the winner: the candidate with the highest number of votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the presidency.
The vice-presidential election is separate, is held on the same rules, and voters may split their ticket. According to the
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.
When these pri ...
, if two or more candidates get the most votes for either position,
Congress
A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
shall vote from among them which shall be president or vice president, as the case may be.
Both winners will serve six-year terms commencing at noon on June 30, 2022, and ending on the same day, six years later.
Candidates
The Commission on Elections released the official list of candidates on January 25, 2022,
although it was finalized nine days before. Candidates who appeared on the ballot could still have been disqualified until their proclamation.
The presidential election featured the most candidates since
1992
1992 was designated as International Space Year by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General.
* January 6
** The Republ ...
with ten candidates running for president, while the vice presidential election featured the most candidates since
1998
1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''.
Events January
* January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for Lunar water, frozen water, in soil i ...
, with nine candidates running for vice president. This is ordered by the surname of the presidential candidate.
Ernesto Abella (Independent)
Ernesto Abella said he was running since "ordinary people were being set aside", and that he was running as an independent since the ruling
PDP–Laban
The Partido Demokratiko Pilipino (PDP, ) is a populist political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was previously known as Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (PDP–Laban) from 1983 to 2024 as a result of a merger with L ...
did not choose him as their standard bearer. He later said that he was confident of not being declared as a
nuisance candidate
In the Philippines, a nuisance candidate is an official term for an aspirant candidate for a public office whose certificate of candidacy was not accepted by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) either ''motu proprio'' by the election body itsel ...
.
His platform was centered on three main pillars: "a fair society, a government that is felt by the people, and a strong nation." He promised to push for more
public participation
Public participation, also known as citizen participation or patient and public involvement, is the inclusion of the public in the activities of any organization or project. Public participation is similar to but more inclusive than stakeholder e ...
in government affairs and to prioritize job creation and the
agricultural sector in the country.
Leody de Guzman (PLM)
Leody de Guzman
Leodegario "Ka Leody" Quitain de Guzman (; born July 25, 1959) is a Filipino socialist labor rights activist who ran for president in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections, under the Partido Lakas ng Masa. He is currently the chairperson of ...
, chairman of the
Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino, a progressive labor group, ran unsuccessfully for Senator in 2019. De Guzman ran for president this time under the
Partido Lakas ng Masa Partido, partidista and partidario may refer to:
* Spanish for a political party, people who share political ideology or who are brought together by common issues
Territorial subdivision
* Partidos of Buenos Aires, the second-level administrative ...
.
According to his running mate, their vision for the country was
democratic socialism
Democratic socialism is a left-wing economic ideology, economic and political philosophy that supports political democracy and some form of a socially owned economy, with a particular emphasis on economic democracy, workplace democracy, and wor ...
. He ran on a platform based on labor and social issues. Some of his advocacies included repealing the
TRAIN
A train (from Old French , from Latin">-4; we might wonder whether there's a point at which it's appropriate to talk of the beginnings of French, that is, when it wa ... , from Latin , "to pull, to draw") is a series of connected vehicles th ...
and CREATE taxation laws as well as the
Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020
The Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020, officially designated as Republic Act No. 11479, is a counter-terrorism law intended to prevent, prohibit, and penalize terrorism in the Philippines. The law was passed by the 18th Congress and signed by Preside ...
, pushing for the increase of the minimum wage, implementing a
universal basic income
Universal basic income (UBI) is a social welfare proposal in which all citizens of a given population regularly receive a minimum income in the form of an unconditional transfer payment, i.e., without a means test or need to perform Work (hu ...
, and legalizing
divorce
Divorce (also known as dissolution of marriage) is the process of terminating a marriage or marital union. Divorce usually entails the canceling or reorganising of the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage, thus dissolving the M ...
and
same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal Legal sex and gender, sex. marriage between same-sex couples is legally performed and recognized in 38 countries, with a total population of 1.5 ...
, among others.
Walden Bello (PLM)
The
Laban ng Masa
Laban ng Masa (LnM, ) is a major left-wing electoral coalition of democratic socialist and progressive groups in the Philippines.
Being democratic socialist, LnM participates in the political processes of the state, insisting on elections as a ...
() coalition launched a campaign to collect 300,000 signatures to urge activist and former party-list lawmaker
Walden Bello
Walden Flores Bello (born November 11, 1945) is a Filipino academic who served as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He is an international adjunct professor at Binghamton University, professor of sociology and public ...
to run for president in the 2022 elections. In a statement,
Laban ng Masa
Laban ng Masa (LnM, ) is a major left-wing electoral coalition of democratic socialist and progressive groups in the Philippines.
Being democratic socialist, LnM participates in the political processes of the state, insisting on elections as a ...
said it wanted to "push for an ambitious platform that focuses on the poor, prioritizes the neglected, and fights for the rights of ordinary Filipinos." Bello's group sought talks with Vice President Robredo's backers for three months but were ignored. This caused them to support
Leody de Guzman
Leodegario "Ka Leody" Quitain de Guzman (; born July 25, 1959) is a Filipino socialist labor rights activist who ran for president in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections, under the Partido Lakas ng Masa. He is currently the chairperson of ...
's presidential candidacy, instead.
Later in October 20, Bello decided to run for the vice presidency, substituting Raquel Castillo who was supposed to be de Guzman's running mate.
Norberto Gonzales (PDSP)
Former
secretary of National Defense Norberto Gonzales said that his campaign was a "new and more politically mature approach to winning the nation's heart and its consent to govern." He filed his candidacy on October 6, 2021, under the
Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas
The Partido Demokratiko Sosyalista ng Pilipinas (PDSP), also known as Philippine Democratic Socialist Party, is a political party in the Philippines. It is one of the member parties that composed the ''United Nationalist Democratic Organization'' ...
. His platform focused on making significant changes in the country's government, such as making all
regions
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and ...
autonomous and shifting from a
presidential system
A presidential, strong-president, or single-executive system (sometimes also congressional system) is a form of government in which a head of government (usually titled " president") heads an executive branch that derives its authority and l ...
to a
parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a form of government where the head of government (chief executive) derives their Election, democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of t ...
.
Panfilo Lacson (Independent)
In July 2021, Senate President Tito Sotto confirmed that
Panfilo Lacson
Panfilo "Ping" Morena Lacson Sr. (; born June 1, 1948) is a Filipino politician who is a senator-elect of the Philippines. He is also a former police general who served as director general of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from 1999 to 2 ...
would run for president in a tandem with him.
On September 8, the duo announced their candidacies for the upcoming election.
He filed his candidacy under the
Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma
The Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma (PDR, ), commonly known as Partido Reporma, is a political party in the Philippines.
History
1998 elections: de Villa for President
It was founded by former Defense Secretary Renato de Villa when ...
. On March 24, 2022, Lacson resigned from Partido Reporma and became an independent candidate after the said party switched its endorsement to Robredo.
If elected, he promised to restore trust in the government,
with a platform that revolveed around addressing corruption. He planned to initiate an anti-corruption drive, reform the national budget, and digitalize government services.
Tito Sotto (NPC)
In July 2021,
Tito Sotto
Vicente Castelo Sotto, III (; born August 24, 1948), is a Filipino politician and television personality who is a Senate of the Philippines, senator-elect of the Philippines. He is the longest-serving senator in the history of the upper chamb ...
announced that he would be Lacson's eventual running mate in the presidential race;
this was followed by an official campaign announcement on September 8, 2021.
Faisal Mangondato (Katipunan)
Faisal Mangondato, who ran for Senator in 2019 and lost, filed to run for president on October 4 under the
Katipunan ng Kamalayang Kayumanggi.
He planned to push for
federalism in the Philippines
Federalism in the Philippines () refers to political movements in the Philippines that are variants of federalism. Federalism has grown in popularity among Filipinos in recent decades, with multiple political candidates successfully campaigning ...
, proposing a
provisional government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revoluti ...
for three years to complete the shift.
Carlos Serapio (Katipunan)
Carlos Serapio, Magondato's running mate, said that he would push for
federalism in the Philippines
Federalism in the Philippines () refers to political movements in the Philippines that are variants of federalism. Federalism has grown in popularity among Filipinos in recent decades, with multiple political candidates successfully campaigning ...
if he won.
Bongbong Marcos (PFP)
On October 5, 2021, Marcos announced his presidential candidacy.
Initially nominated by four parties, Marcos chose to run under the
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
The Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP; ) is a national political party in the Philippines. It is chaired by Bongbong Marcos, president of the Philippines, who won in the 2022 election. During the run-up to the 2022 general election, the UniTea ...
. He resigned from the Nacionalista Party and was sworn in as the PFP chairman the same day.
Marcos ultimately filed his presidential candidacy under the PFP on October 6.
Marcos faced seven petitions against his bid.
The electoral commission dismissed the petition declaring him a nuisance candidate in early December. They also dismissed another petition which claims that the real Bongbong Marcos had died decades earlier, and that an impostor had taken his place. The consolidated disqualification case against him was dismissed on February 10, 2022, although one of the petitioners have filed a motion for reconsideration. The last petition against his candidacy was dismissed on April 20, 2022.
His platform is centered on uniting the country, emphasizing the need for unity to recover from the pandemic.
If elected, he promised to prioritize job creation,
infrastructure development, modernization of the agricultural and industrial sectors, improving healthcare,
lower price of rice to ₱20.00 per kilogram and support for
small and medium-sized enterprises
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) or small and medium-sized businesses (SMBs) are businesses whose personnel and revenue numbers fall below certain limits. The abbreviation "SME" is used by many national agencies and international organiza ...
. He also promised to continue President Duterte's policies.
Sara Duterte (Lakas)
On July 9, 2021,
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
mayor
Sara Duterte
Sara Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio (, ; born May 31, 1978), commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president (after Gloria Macap ...
said that she was open to running for president. However, there was no final decision yet.
On September 9, 2021, she said that she was not running for president since her father, President Duterte was running for vice president, and they had agreed that only one of them would run for a national position. On November 11, she resigned from
Hugpong ng Pagbabago
Hugpong ng Pagbabago (HNP; ) is a regional political party and former political alliance in the Philippines. Formed in 2018 by Sara Duterte, the party was established in support of President Rodrigo Duterte's administration, and was the admini ...
and joined
Lakas–CMD
Lakas–Christian Muslim Democrats, abbreviated as Lakas–CMD and also known simply as Lakas, (and known as Lakas–Kampi until 2011) is a political party in the Philippines. Lakas–CMD is considered to be on the Centre-right politics, centre ...
the same day.
She filed her candidacy on November 13, 2021, substituting for Lyle Fernando Uy.
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
The Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP; ) is a national political party in the Philippines. It is chaired by Bongbong Marcos, president of the Philippines, who won in the 2022 election. During the run-up to the 2022 general election, the UniTea ...
adopted Duterte as their vice presidential candidate and
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. (, , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials BBM or PBBM, is a Filipino politician who has served as the 17th president of the Philippines since 2022. He is the second child ...
's running mate.
Lakas and Duterte then announced that they were supporting Marcos's presidential bid; PDP–Laban first turned down her appeal for support. Later, on March 22, PDP-Laban endorsed
Marcos Jr., but
President Duterte chose to remain neutral.
Jose Montemayor Jr. (DPP)
Cardiologist
Jose Montemayor Jr. filed his candidacy on October 1, 2021, under the
Democratic Party of the Philippines. He vowed to eliminate COVID-19, corruption, and criminality once elected.
Rizalito David (DPP)
David filed his candidacy on October 8.
David was most notable for losing a
''quo warranto'' petition against
Grace Poe
Mary Grace Natividad Sonora Poe-Llamanzares (born September 3, 1968) is a Filipino politician, businesswoman, educator, and philanthropist serving as a senator since 2013. She was the chairperson of the Movie and Television Review and Classifi ...
in the
2016 election.
Isko Moreno (Aksyon)
At the start of 2021, pollster
Pulse Asia
Pulse Asia Research Inc. is a public opinion Opinion poll, polling body in the Philippines. It was founded by Professor Emeritus Felipe B. Miranda (M.A. Political Science, University of Chicago) of the University of the Philippines Diliman.
Puls ...
published an opinion poll showing
Isko Moreno
Francisco "Isko" Moreno Domagoso (; born October 24, 1974) is a Filipino politician, actor, host and entrepreneur who is the mayor-elect of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, having been 2025 Manila local elections, elected in 202 ...
in second place for president, and statistically tied for first with President Duterte in the vice presidential race. The 1Sambayan convenors' group then included Moreno as one of the people they would consider choosing as its presidential candidate.
Moreno begged off, as he was concentrating on his mayoral duties. By June, Moreno informed them that he was declining their offer.
On September, Moreno was named president of
Aksyon Demokratiko
Aksyon Demokratiko (, ), or simply Aksyon, is a political party in the Philippines founded by Raul Roco. It was recognized as a national political party in 1998 by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and is considered to be one of the major p ...
, the party founded by the late
Raul Roco
Raul Sagarbarria Roco (October 26, 1941 – August 5, 2005) was a Filipino politician. He was the founder and presidential nominee of '' Aksyon Demokratiko'', which he founded in 1997 as a vehicle for his presidential bid in 1998 and his second ...
.
Moreno announced his candidacy on September 22 with Dr.
Willie Ong
Willie Tan Ong (; born October 24, 1963) is a Filipino cardiologist, internist and media personality who rose to prominence for giving medical advice through his Facebook page and YouTube channel. Ong was also a candidate for the 2019 Philipp ...
as his running mate.
Some of Moreno proposed policies include maintaining the
Duterte administration's "
Build! Build! Build! Program", additional
public housing
Public housing, also known as social housing, refers to Subsidized housing, subsidized or affordable housing provided in buildings that are usually owned and managed by local government, central government, nonprofit organizations or a ...
, development of agriculture, tourism and
creative industries
The creative industries refers to a range of economic activities which are concerned with the generation or exploitation of knowledge and information. They may variously also be referred to as the cultural industries (especially in Europe) or the ...
, strengthening of policies in healthcare and education, maintaining peaceful international relations, and ending divisive politics in favor of an "
open governance" rooted in "competence" over "
connections".
Willie Ong (Aksyon)
Ong was the running mate of Moreno; their ticket was officially announced on September 22, 2021.
Manny Pacquiao (PROMDI)
On September 19, Pacquiao accepted the nomination of the PDP-Laban faction led by Senator
Koko Pimentel
Aquilino Martin "Koko" de la Llana Pimentel III (; born January 20, 1964) is a Filipino politician and lawyer who has served as a senator of the Philippines since 2011. He has served as Senate minority leader since 2022 and previously served a ...
. On October 1, 2021, Pacquiao filed his certificate of candidacy for the presidency under
PROMDI, the party founded by the late
Cebu
Cebu ( ; ), officially the Province of Cebu (; ), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets. The coastal zone of Cebu is identified as a ...
governor
Lito Osmeña.
His platform is centered around the
impoverished
Poverty is a state or condition in which an individual lacks the financial resources and essentials for a basic standard of living. Poverty can have diverse . If elected, he plans to initiate housing programs for the poor, eliminating corruption, promote economic development, and work for healthcare reform.
Lito Atienza (PROMDI)
Buhay Party-List
Buhay Hayaan Yumabong (), more popularly known as Buhay Party-List, is a party-list group in the Philippines founded on October 20, 1999, by Lito Atienza, Melquiades Robles, and El Shaddai founder Mike Velarde. A socially conservative party-li ...
representative
Lito Atienza
Jose "Lito" Livioko Atienza Jr. (; born August 10, 1941) is a Filipino politician, who served as a 21st Mayor of Manila for three consecutive terms from 1998 to 2007, He also served as the 30th Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources f ...
was chosen by Pacquiao as his vice presidential running mate.
Leni Robredo (Independent)
On September 30, 2021, the
1Sambayan coalition (the coalition of the opposition), nominated Robredo as their standard bearer.
According to
Armin Luistro
Brother Armin Altamirano Luistro (born December 24, 1961) is a Filipino Lasallian Brother who served as secretary of the Department of Education of the Philippines under President Benigno Aquino III. He is the first Asian Superior General of ...
, one of the conveyors of 1Sambayan, Robredo accepted the nomination and said she would file her candidacy on October 5.
Robredo's spokesman clarified that she had not reached a decision yet, but would finalize a decision on this before October 8.
On October 7, Robredo accepted the nomination and announced that she would run for president.
She later filed her certificate of candidacy the same day as an independent.
Robredo explained that while she did not resign as chairperson of the
Liberal Party
The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world.
The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. For example, while the political systems ...
, she was running as an independent to show that she was open to making alliances.
Her platform focused on good governance and transparency.
She promised to prioritize healthcare and the economy. Some of her proposals included improving the quality of education in the country, developing the country's industries, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises, providing stable employment, strengthening the country's healthcare system,
and implementing more anti-corruption measures.
Francis Pangilinan (Liberal)
In June 2021, Pangilinan announced that he was seeking reelection to the Senate. After Vice President Robredo announced her presidential candidacy, several sources from the Liberal Party indicated that the Senator would be her running mate for her presidential bid.
Pangilinan filed his candidacy for vice president a day after Robredo.
His campaign platform was focused on food security and agriculture.
Standalone vice presidential candidate
Manny Lopez (WPP)
Manny SD Lopez said that if elected vice president, he'd prefer to head the
Department of Foreign Affairs
In many countries, the ministry of foreign affairs (abbreviated as MFA or MOFA) is the highest government department exclusively or primarily responsible for the state's foreign policy and relations, diplomacy, bilateral, and multilateral re ...
or the
Department of Trade and Industry Department of Trade and Industry may refer to:
Current
* Department of Trade and Industry (Isle of Man)
* Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)
* Department of Trade, Industry and Competition (South Africa)
Former
* Department of Trade ...
.
Debates and forums

The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) confirmed that they would organize debates for candidates running for both President and Vice-President. Unlike the
debates in the 2016 elections, three presidential and three vice-presidential debates would be held. Candidates would be required to follow safety protocols stated by
(IATF) with no audience participation due to the risks of the ongoing
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
.
A few weeks later, the commission said that in addition to the three debates for each position, they would hold a primary debate, as a teaser of sorts for the upcoming debates per position. They would also organize the debates themselves, a deviation from 2016 where they let the media organizations organize it. By January 2022, the commission said they might forego with the teaser debate, as the number of candidates had been reduced to a more manageable number.
The commission, by law, could not compel candidates to join debates, but expected them to do so as it would present them with massive exposure, and that it would not count towards the limits of the airtime that they were allowed to advertise on broadcast networks.
The presidential debate organized by
Sonshine Media Network International
Sonshine Media Network International (SMNI), also known by its legal name Swara Sug Media Corporation (SSMC), is a Tagalog broadcast media arm of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KJC) led by the Tagalog televangelist Apollo Quiboloy. Based in Dav ...
(SMNI) was noted for the absences of several candidates. Manny Pacquiao declined to participate due to the indictment of
Apollo Quiboloy
Apollo Carreon Quiboloy (; born April 25, 1950) is a Filipino pastor and the leader of the Kingdom of Jesus Christ (KOJC or KJC), a Restorationist church based in the Philippines. He founded the KOJC in 1985, proclaiming himself the "Appoi ...
, leader of the
Kingdom of Jesus Christ which is affiliated with SMNI, allegedly for sex trafficking by the United States federal government. Panfilo Lacson on his part declined due to Quiboloy having already openly endorsed the candidacy of Bongbong Marcos while Leni Robredo and Isko Moreno cited scheduling conflicts and prior commitments for their non-attendance.
This came at the heels of Marcos declining an invitation of
CNN Philippines
CNN Philippines (abbreviated sometimes as CNN PH) was a Philippine free-to-air television network owned and operated by Nine Media Corporation, together with Radio Philippines Network (RPN), under a license from Warner Bros. Discovery Asia-Pa ...
for their presidential debate, citing prior commitments. Marcos had earlier declined to join the forum organized by the
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas
The Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP; ) is a broadcast media organization in the Philippines which provides its members broadcasting standards. The KBP was organized on April 27, 1973 in order to promote professional and ethical s ...
(the broadcasters association) for the same reason.
SMNI had also planned to hold a vice-presidential debate on February 22, 2022. The debate was later cancelled to make way for a second presidential debate.
Prior to its cancellation, two candidates, Sotto and Pangilinan, had declined to participate.
Presidential debates and forums
Vice presidential debates
Opinion polling
Opinion polling
An opinion poll, often simply referred to as a survey or a poll, is a human research survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of que ...
, commonly known as "surveys" in the Philippines, is conducted by
Social Weather Stations
The Social Weather Stations or SWS is a social research institution in the Philippines founded in August 1985. It is a private, non-stock, nonprofit institution. It is the foremost public-opinion polling body in the Philippines. As an independen ...
(SWS),
Pulse Asia
Pulse Asia Research Inc. is a public opinion Opinion poll, polling body in the Philippines. It was founded by Professor Emeritus Felipe B. Miranda (M.A. Political Science, University of Chicago) of the University of the Philippines Diliman.
Puls ...
,
OCTA Research, and other third-party pollsters.
The tables below the latest six polls that were administered.
For president
For vice president
Campaign

Candidates began their campaign-related activities such as
motorcade
A motorcade, or autocade, is a procession of motor vehicles. Uses can include ceremonial processions for funerals or demonstrations, but can also be used to provide security while transporting a very important person. The American presidenti ...
s,
gatherings and caravans as early as late 2021, even before the mandated start of the campaign period by the COMELEC.
Issues
The election was held amidst the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic and COVID pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an disease outbreak, outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December ...
, which had severely damaged the country's economy and halted daily activities.
Finance secretary
Carlos Dominguez III
Carlos Garcia "Sonny" Domínguez III (born September 16, 1945) is a Filipino businessman who was appointed as Philippine Cabinet Secretary thrice: as Minister of Natural Resources (1986-1987), Secretary of Agriculture (1987-1989), and as Secret ...
predicted that the succeeding administration would face four main issues: debt management, inflation caused by global shortages, pandemic-induced inequalities, and climate change.
Other key issues included the continuation of President
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the first Philippine president from Mindanao, and is the oldest person to assum ...
's policies and a re-examination of the country's foreign relationships, particularly the United States, in light of its territorial dispute in the South China Sea with
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. With population of China, a population exceeding 1.4 billion, it is the list of countries by population (United Nations), second-most populous country after ...
.
Former senator
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. (, , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials BBM or PBBM, is a Filipino politician who has served as the 17th president of the Philippines since 2022. He is the second child ...
, despite not being endorsed but instead criticized by the outgoing President, promised broad continuity of his policies, vowing to promote foreign investment and continue infrastructure development alongside some of Duterte's programs. He focused his messaging mainly on ushering unity among Filipinos. Being the son and namesake of former president
Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and Kleptocracy, kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the c ...
, Marcos's candidacy faced stiff opposition from various groups due to
his father's regime's human rights abuses and widespread corruption during his tenure.
Incumbent vice president
Leni Robredo
Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; Gerona; born April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. She is the mayor-elect of Naga, Camarines Sur, having won the ...
was considered from the outset to be Marcos's rival, having won by a narrow margin against him in the
2016 vice-presidential election. Robredo, a critic of Duterte's policies, offered a platform based on good governance and transparency.
She drew on her experience as a human rights lawyer and development worker.
Meanwhile, Manila Mayor
Isko Moreno
Francisco "Isko" Moreno Domagoso (; born October 24, 1974) is a Filipino politician, actor, host and entrepreneur who is the mayor-elect of Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, having been 2025 Manila local elections, elected in 202 ...
positioned himself as a
centrist
Centrism is the range of political ideologies that exist between left-wing politics and right-wing politics on the left–right political spectrum. It is associated with moderate politics, including people who strongly support moderate policie ...
alternative to both Marcos and Robredo,
promising to make an "inclusive and open government" including many viewpoints. He drew on his experience as Mayor, vowing to duplicate in the country what he had done in Manila. Senator
Manny Pacquiao
Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao Sr. ( ; ; born December17, 1978) is a Filipino politician, businessman, and professional boxer. Nicknamed "PacMan", he is widely regarded as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time. He previously serv ...
ran on an anti-corruption platform and positioned himself as the candidate of the masses, pledging to initiate programs for the poor if elected.
Senator
Ping Lacson
Panfilo "Ping" Morena Lacson Sr. (; born June 1, 1948) is a Filipino politician who is a senator-elect of the Philippines. He is also a former police general who served as director general of the Philippine National Police (PNP) from 1999 to 2 ...
, banking on his long tenure as a government official, campaigned on a law-and-order platform similar to Duterte's in 2016; his messaging was centered around restoring trust in the government.
Start of campaign period for national positions
BBM motorcade Makati, Bongbong Marcos Estrella (J.P. Rizal, Makati; 02-13-2022).jpg, Bongbong Marcos campaigning in Makati
Isko_Moreno_campaign,_Navotas_(Navotas;_02-11-2022)_6.jpg, Isko Moreno and Willie Ong campaigning in Navotas
Leni_for_QC_rally,_Robredo-Pangilinan_kaway_liwasan_(QMC,_Quezon_City;_02-13-2022)_1.jpg, Leni Robredo and Francis Pangilinan campaigning at the Quezon Memorial Circle
Manny Pacquiao election motorcade Marikina, Molina (Marikina; 02-28-2022).jpg, Manny Pacquiao campaigning in Marikina
Lacson-Sotto rally Pasig Megamarket Ping forum layo (Pasig; 03-09-2022).jpg, Panfilo Lacson and Tito Sotto at a town hall meeting in Pasig
Presidential tickets held their proclamation rallies on February 8, 2022, the start of the campaign period for national positions.
The ticket of
Faisal Mangondato and Carlos Serapio had already held their prayer proclamation during the previous weekend in
Baguio
Baguio ( , , ), officially the City of Baguio (; ; ), is a Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. It is known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines", ...
. The Marcos and Duterte tandem started their campaign at the
Philippine Arena
The Philippine Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena located within the Ciudad de Victoria tourism enterprise zone in the towns of Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, Philippines. It is located about north of Manila. With a maximum seating capac ...
in
Bulacan
Bulacan, officially the Province of Bulacan (; ; ; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Central Luzon Regions of the Philippines, region. Its capital is the city of Malolos. Bulacan was established on ...
. Robredo and Pangilinan held their rally in Plaza Quezon, Naga, Camarines Sur, Naga, Robredo's hometown, on February 8.
Isko Moreno and Willie Ong kicked off their campaign at the Kartilya ng Katipunan Monument, Kartilya ng Katipunan just outside Manila City Hall. The Lacson and Sotto tandem held their proclamation rally at the City of Imus Grandstand and Track Oval, Imus Grandstand in Imus, Cavite, Lacson's hometown. Pacquiao and Atienza commenced their campaign at the Oval Plaza in General Santos, where Pacquiao grew up. The de Guzman and Bello tandem launched their campaign at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in Quezon City.
Ernesto Abella had his proclamation rally in Dasmariñas, Cavite, while the Montemayor and David ticket started their campaign in Pasay.
President Duterte, on his ''Talk to the People'' TV show, notably did not endorse a candidate going into the campaign period, saying that "at this time, I am saying that I am not supporting anybody."
While most tickets had their proclamation rallies in the respective hometowns of the presidential candidate, the Marcos campaign explained that they had chosen the
Philippine Arena
The Philippine Arena is a multipurpose indoor arena located within the Ciudad de Victoria tourism enterprise zone in the towns of Bocaue and Santa Maria, Bulacan, Philippines. It is located about north of Manila. With a maximum seating capac ...
to seat their thousands of supporters, for which 25,000 tickets were made available.
Meanwhile,
Lito Atienza
Jose "Lito" Livioko Atienza Jr. (; born August 10, 1941) is a Filipino politician, who served as a 21st Mayor of Manila for three consecutive terms from 1998 to 2007, He also served as the 30th Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources f ...
failed to make it to General Santos as he had suffered an injury prior to the event. Prior to their rally, the
Partido Lakas ng Masa Partido, partidista and partidario may refer to:
* Spanish for a political party, people who share political ideology or who are brought together by common issues
Territorial subdivision
* Partidos of Buenos Aires, the second-level administrative ...
failed to secure a permit from the Commission on Elections to hold it at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani. De Guzman said the permit had been refused because required documents had not been submitted. A rally without a permit is grounds for disqualifying a candidate.
Aside from the listed presidential tickets, other tandems were pushed. Representative Joey Salceda pushed for a "Leni–Sara" (ROSA) tandem, endorsing Robredo in their campaign in Albay, while endorsing Duterte the next day. In Mindanao, an "Isko–Sara" (ISSA) tandem was promoted when Moreno had a campaign rally in there, where his running mate Willie Ong skipped. The Moreno campaign defended Ong's absence, saying that the ISSA tarpaulins would have brought him into an awkward situation.
By mid-March, the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Philippines), Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR) confirmed reports that
Aksyon Demokratiko
Aksyon Demokratiko (, ), or simply Aksyon, is a political party in the Philippines founded by Raul Roco. It was recognized as a national political party in 1998 by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and is considered to be one of the major p ...
, Moreno's political party, had asked if they had ordered the estate of
Ferdinand Marcos
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino lawyer, politician, dictator, and Kleptocracy, kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled the c ...
, Bongbong's father and former President, to pay the ₱203 billion-peso (US$3.8 billion) tax liabilities. Marcos's camp had earlier said that the case was under litigation, with the younger Marcos himself stating that "There's a lot of fake news involved there." The Presidential Commission on Good Government, the agency tasked with recovering the ill-gotten wealth of the Marcoses, denied that the case was under litigation, saying that the judgment was "as early as 1997, the judgment on the tax case had become final and executory."
In the first ''PiliPinas Debates 2022'', Moreno, Robredo, Lacson and de Guzman called on the heirs of the elder Marcos, including the younger Marcos who did not attend the debate, to pay the estate and income taxes owed to the state.
On March 24, 2022, amid reports of Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma, Partido Reporma and its key officials rescinding their endorsement of Lacson and endorsing another candidate, Lacson resigned as Partido Reporma chairman and as party's standard bearer, making him an independent candidate, although Reporma would still be listed as his party in the ballots and would be used to determine the dominant party if he won. The party's president,
Pantaleon Alvarez
Pantaleon Diaz Alvarez (born January 10, 1958) is a Filipino lawyer and politician serving as the Representative of Davao del Norte's 1st district since 2016, previously holding the position from 1998 to 2001. He served as the Speaker of the ...
, later announced that they would be switching their endorsement to Robredo for president. However, some Reporma members, including founder and chairman emeritus,
Renato de Villa
Renato "Rene" Salud de Villa (born July 20, 1935) is a Filipino former police and military officer and government official. He served as Chief of Philippine Constabulary, Director-General of the Integrated National Police, and Chief of Staff o ...
, maintained their support for Lacson.
Sources inside the party stated that Lacson already knew about the switch weeks earlier, but was permitted to resign as a way to save face. Lacson later claimed that Alvarez' withdrawal of support stemmed from his inability to provide ₱800 million in additional funding for Reporma's local candidates, which Alvarez denied.
Sotto remained as Reporma's vice presidential candidate.
Start of campaign period for local positions
On March 31, Lito Atienza, who had not been able to campaign after suffering an accident, said that he was seriously considering withdrawing in order to broker a Pacquiao–Sotto tandem to defeat the Marcos–Duterte ticket. To this end, he urged Panfilo Lacson to withdraw and promised to follow suit. Lacson rebuffed the offer, saying that Atienza should learn some manners. Atienza said he felt insulted by Lacson's reply to his suggestion. A week later, Atienza publicly apologized to Lacson, saying he had not anticipated Lacson's reaction to his suggestion, and Lacson accepted Atienza's apology.
On April 9, Lacson revealed that the camp of vice president Robredo had asked him to withdraw in favor of a Robredo–Sotto tandem. He also claimed that Moreno and Pacquiao were given similar requests to withdraw in favor of Robredo. He later revealed the person who had asked him to withdraw was former Mayor of Quezon City, Quezon City mayor Brigido "Jun" Simon Jr. Robredo's camp denied the claims, stating that no moves were made by their camp and that Simon was unauthorized to represent her campaign.

On April 17, three presidential candidates, Gonzales, Lacson, and Moreno, held a press conference affirming that they would not withdraw their candidacies despite several calls for them to back down in favor of another candidate. Abella was initially reported to attend but did not show up while Pacquiao, who committed to catch up, was not able to arrive before it ended due to commitments in General Santos. The three candidates, along with Pacquiao, signed a joint statement declaring their intention to continue their candidacies. According to Lacson, they held the press conference to remind voters that the election was not a two-way race between Marcos and Robredo. They criticized an unnamed group for allegedly offering money in exchange for their withdrawal and for stripping them of their support groups, although Moreno mentioned the "pink" and "yellow" as perpetrators; both colors were associated with the Robredo campaign.
Moreno chastised Robredo for breaking her promise not to run and called her untrustworthy after purportedly "fooling" them during unification talks. Lacson also questioned Robredo's character after some of her campaign staff were allegedly amenable to dropping her running mate, Pangilinan, in exchange for more votes in some provinces. Moreno later called for her to withdraw instead, asserting that Robredo only ran to defeat Marcos, not for the country, and that being the top second choice of Marcos voters, he had much bigger chance to defeat him since he does not have the "''Liberal Party (Philippines), dilawan''" baggage, claiming that not all who will vote for Marcos are loyalists, but would rather vote for Marcos instead to ensure that someone associated with the
Liberal Party
The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world.
The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left. For example, while the political systems ...
will not be elected president anymore. Robredo's camp later released a statement questioning the purpose of the press conference, calling the event unnecessary "theatrics," and rejected Moreno's call for her to withdraw from the race. Her camp also stated that they were thankful "that the alignments have been made even clearer."
Hours following the press conference, old photos of Moreno and Marcos dining together resurfaced. The photo, taken in February 2021 during the reopening of a restaurant in Manila, attracted allegations from Robredo's supporters that Moreno has been meeting with Marcos and secretly working for him to undermine Robredo and her campaign. Moreno denied the allegations, reiterated that it was their camp who first brought up the issue on the Marcos family's unpaid ₱203 billion estate tax, and criticized Robredo's camp for "playing dirty". Moreno later said that after months of not commenting, he only retaliated after supporters of Robredo asked him to withdraw since October 2021 when Robredo announced her candidacy, describing it as a "fair call" and a "taste of their own medicine". After being accused of toxic masculinity by Robredo supporters, Moreno also defended his criticism against Robredo as a "character issue" and has nothing to do with gender.
DPP's Rizalito David, who had earlier endorsed his rival vice presidential candidate Sotto for that position, endorsed in COMELEC's ''PiliPinas Forum 2022'', in front of his presidential running mate Jose Montemayor, Robredo for president, calling frontrunners Marcos and Duterte as "clear and present danger" to the country. David himself did not withdraw from the election, however.
Miting de avance
The "miting de avance" is the final political rally of the candidates, usually held on the last day of the campaign period or two days before election day. Some candidates opted to hold multiple mitings de avance.
Marcos's miting de avance was held in Bay City, Metro Manila, Bay City in Pasay on May 7. Prior to that, he held two mitings de avance, one in Guimbal,
Iloilo
Iloilo ( ; ), officially the Province of Iloilo (; ; ; ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital and largest city is Iloilo City, the regional center of Western Visayas and politically independen ...
on May 3, and another on May 5 in Tagum,
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Sam ...
. In total, the Marcos campaign held three mitings de avance, one for each Island groups of the Philippines, island group of the country. Meanwhile, Robredo capped her campaign at her miting de avance in Ayala Triangle in Makati on May 7, preceded by an earlier miting de avance at Magsaysay Avenue in Naga, Camarines Sur, Naga on May 6.
Moreno held his miting de avance in Tondo, Manila. Pacquiao held two mitings de avance, one in Cebu City on May 6 and another in General Santos on May 7. The Lacson campaign held their miting de avance in Carmona, Cavite on May 6. They originally planned to hold a miting de avance in Plaza Miranda on May 7, but cancelled it due to time constraints. De Guzman held his miting de avance on May 4 at the Quezon Memorial Circle in Quezon City.
Results
Since the first automated election 2010 Philippine presidential election, in 2010, preliminary results have been known overnight. The official results were canvassed by the Congress of the Philippines in the record time of two days. Bongbong Marcos was proclaimed president, while
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
Mayor Sara Duterte was proclaimed vice president, in a joint session at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on May 25.
All but two certificates of canvass were canvassed; those from Argentina and Syria were not included in time, as Congress deemed the votes from those certificates won't change the result.
For president

The election broke several records. 56,095,234 citizens cast votes, an unprecedented number.
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. (, , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials BBM or PBBM, is a Filipino politician who has served as the 17th president of the Philippines since 2022. He is the second child ...
became the first candidate in the history of the Fifth Republic to win by a majority, scoring nearly 59 percent of the vote. This was the largest majority since 1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum, 1981 (surpassing Ferdinand Marcos, his father's 18,309,360 votes, 88 percent of the total); as the opposition boycotted that election, it was the largest majority since 1969 Philippine presidential election, 1969 for a competitive election. His margin of almost 31 percentage points, a ratio of more than two to one over his nearest rival was the most lopsided since 1953 Philippine presidential election, 1953, when Ramon Magsaysay defeated the incumbent President Elpidio Quirino by a margin of 38 percentage points. His 31,629,783 votes was not only the highest count ever recorded in a presidential election, but close to the sum total of the two previous records combined.
Marcos won in most of Luzon, including the Solid North except for Batanes, and most of the Lingayen–Lucena corridor, including Metro Manila, except Quezon; he also won in Central Visayas, Leyte, Leyte island, Aklan, Bacolod and Samar (province), Samar in the Visayas, and most of
Mindanao
Mindanao ( ) is the List of islands of the Philippines, second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and List of islands by population, seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the ...
except Lanao del Sur, Sarangani and the Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro.
Marcos also won among detainee voters, and in local and overseas absentee voting.
Robredo won in her home region of Bicol Region, Bicol, and in neighboring Quezon, Batanes, and Western Visayas except Aklan and Bacolod, Northern Samar, Northern and Eastern Samar, and in the Special geographic area of Bangsamoro, Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro.
Pacquiao won in his adopted home province of Sarangani, while Mangondato won in his home province of
Lanao del Sur
Lanao del Sur (; Meranaw and ; Jawi ''(Batang Arab)'': ), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of Marawi (th ...
. No other candidates won a province or city canvassed by Congress. Most notably, Moreno failed to carry his home city of Manila, where he was the incumbent mayor, while Lacson failed to carry his home province of Cavite or even his hometown of Imus.
Result by island group and region
* Note:
Basilan
Basilan, officially the Province of Basilan (; ; ; ), is an island province of the Philippines located primarily in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Basilan Island is the largest and northernmost of the major islands of the Sulu Archipelago ...
is divided by two regions: its capital city Isabela, Basilan, Isabela is a part of the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX), while the rest of its municipalities are in Bangsamoro (BARMM). Its entire totals are included in Bangsamoro.
For vice president
Just like her running mate, Duterte won with the largest majority of the Fifth Republic, and the largest majority since 1969 Philippine presidential election, 1969. Duterte's vote count exceeded that of Marcos, and she got the most votes by a Filipino for any office in history. Her 43.71% winning margin is the largest in history since Sergio Osmeña's landslide victories in
1935
Events
January
* January 7 – Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement, in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.
* January 12 – Amelia Earhart ...
and 1941 Philippine presidential election, 1941.
Duterte won throughout the country except in Guimaras,
Iloilo
Iloilo ( ; ), officially the Province of Iloilo (; ; ; ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Its capital and largest city is Iloilo City, the regional center of Western Visayas and politically independen ...
and Iloilo City, and in the Bicol provinces of Albay, Camarines Norte,
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur (; ), officially the Province of Camarines Sur (Central Bikol language, Bikol: ''Probinsya kan Habagatan na Camarines''; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region on Luzon. Its ca ...
and Catanduanes, where Robredo's running mate Francis Pangilinan won, and in Sorsogon where Tito Sotto won. Duterte won in all areas in
Mindanao
Mindanao ( ) is the List of islands of the Philippines, second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and List of islands by population, seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the ...
canvassed by Congress.
Among absentee voters, Duterte won amongst the local and overseas voters,
while Pangilinan nosed her out among detainee voters.
Result by island group and region
* Note:
Basilan
Basilan, officially the Province of Basilan (; ; ; ), is an island province of the Philippines located primarily in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Basilan Island is the largest and northernmost of the major islands of the Sulu Archipelago ...
is divided by two regions: its capital city Isabela, Basilan, Isabela is a part of the Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX), while the rest of its municipalities are in Bangsamoro (BARMM). Its entire totals are included in Bangsamoro.
Results per province, city, diplomatic post and absentee voting category
Each Provinces of the Philippines, province and Cities of the Philippines, city that is Highly urbanized city, independent of a province and is a Congressional districts of the Philippines, congressional district by itself sent its certificates of canvass to Congress. Each diplomatic post, local absentee voters and detainee voters also sent their respective certificates of canvass. The Special geographic area of Bangsamoro, Special Geographic Area of Bangsamoro, and jointly Taguig and Pateros sent their respective certificates of canvass. From there, the results were tallied in Congressional canvass for the 2022 Philippine presidential election, a joint session of Congress.
Close places
Margin of victory is less than 5% for the presidential election:
* Aklan: 0.01% (Marcos wins by 39 votes)
* Marinduque: 0.67% (Marcos win)
* Detainee voters: 0.98% (Marcos wins by one vote)
* Indonesia: 0.98% (Marcos win)
* Agusan del Sur: 2.37% (Marcos win)
* Oriental Mindoro: 3.09% (Marcos win)
* Bacolod: 3.26% (Marcos win)
* Australia: 3.43% (Robredo win)
* Romblon: 3.59% (Marcos win)
* Negros Occidental: 3.60% (Robredo win)
* United States: 3.86% (Marcos win)
* Batangas: 4.11% (Marcos win)
*
Negros Oriental
Negros Oriental (; ), officially the Province of Negros Oriental (; ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Negros Island. Its capital is the city of Dumaguete, one of the two regional centers of Negros Island Region, with the other b ...
: 4.87% (Marcos win)
Margin of victory is less than 5% for the vice presidential election:
* Detainee voters: 1.04% (Pangilinan wins by one vote)
* Antique (province), Antique: 2.67% (Duterte win)
* Vatican City: 3.14% (Pangilinan win)
* Sorsogon: 3.32% (Sotto win)
* Quezon (province), Quezon: 3.71% (Duterte win)
Landslides
Margin of victory is more than 50% for the presidential election:
*
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte (), officially the Province of Ilocos Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. It is located in the northwest corner of Luzon island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to t ...
: 93.14% (Marcos wins in his home province)
* Sulu: 92.99% (Marcos win)
* Abra (province), Abra: 92.39% (Marcos win)
* Ilocos Sur: 91.00% (Marcos win)
* Apayao: 90.79% (Marcos win)
* La Union: 86.97% (Marcos win)
* Local absentee voters: 86.58% (Marcos win)
*
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
: 86.09% (Marcos win)
* Kalinga (province), Kalinga: 83.81% (Marcos win)
* Taiwan: 83.39% (Marcos win)
* Cagayan (province), Cagayan 81.44% (Marcos win)
* Russia: 80.20% (Marcos win)
*
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur (; ), officially the Province of Camarines Sur (Central Bikol language, Bikol: ''Probinsya kan Habagatan na Camarines''; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region on Luzon. Its ca ...
: 79.06% (Robredo wins in her home province)
* Lebanon: 77.88% (Marcos win)
*
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Sam ...
: 77.43% (Marcos win)
* Camiguin: 77.24% (Marcos win)
* Isabela (province), Isabela: 77.19% (Marcos win)
* Kuwait: 76.19% (Marcos win)
* Tawi-Tawi: 74.33% (Marcos win)
* Quirino: 74.29% (Marcos win)
* Jordan: 74.10% (Marcos win)
* Davao de Oro: 71.70% (Marcos win)
* Mountain Province: 71.66% (Marcos win)
* Nueva Vizcaya: 71.32% (Marcos win)
* Morocco: 71.03% (Marcos win)
* Davao del Sur: 70.98% (Marcos win)
* Benguet: 70.40% (Marcos win)
* Brunei: 70.15% (Marcos win)
* Hong Kong: 69.49% (Marcos win)
* Israel: 69.43% (Marcos win)
* Chile: 68.12% (Marcos win)
* Bahrain: 67.64% (Marcos win)
* Turkey: 67.60% (Marcos win)
* Special geographic area of Bangsamoro: 66.43% (Robredo win)
* Albay: 66.29% (Robredo win)
* Cagayan de Oro: 65.85% (Marcos win)
* Leyte (province), Leyte: 65.13% (Marcos win)
* Oman: 65.51% (Marcos win)
* Pakistan: 64.73% (Marcos win)
* Saudi Arabia: 64.32% (Marcos win)
* United Arab Emirates: 63.51% (Marcos win)
* Agusan del Norte: 63.12% (Marcos win)
* Brazil: 63.10% (Marcos win)
* Pangasinan: 62.14% (Marcos win)
* Timor-Leste: 61.92% (Marcos win)
* Malaysia: 61.31% (Marcos win)
* Ifugao: 60.79% (Marcos win)
* Angola: 60.78% (Marcos win)
* Misamis Occidental: 60.68% (Marcos win)
* South Korea: 60.61% (Marcos win)
* Cotabato: 60.11% (Marcos win)
* Japan: 59.90% (Marcos win)
* Iligan: 59.20% (Marcos win)
* Qatar: 58.94% (Marcos win)
* Davao Occidental: 58.91% (Marcos win)
* Greece: 58.28% (Marcos win)
* Dinagat Islands: 58.17% (Marcos win)
* Spain: 57.94% (Marcos win)
* Surigao del Norte: 57.24% (Marcos win)
* Misamis Oriental: 56.91% (Marcos win)
* Nigeria: 56.83% (Marcos win)
* Nueva Ecija: 56.33% (Marcos win)
* Catanduanes: 55.76% (Robredo win)
* Laos: 54.10% (Marcos win)
* Sorsogon: 53.99% (Robredo win)
* Camarines Norte: 53.46% (Robredo win)
* Southern Leyte: 52.13% (Marcos win)
* Kenya: 52.07% (Marcos win)
* Davao Occidental: 51.94% (Marcos win)
* Surigao del Sur: 51.88% (Marcos win)
* Lapu-Lapu City: 51.70% (Marcos win)
* Zamboanga City: 51.25% (Marcos win)
*
Baguio
Baguio ( , , ), officially the City of Baguio (; ; ), is a Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. It is known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines", ...
: 51.01% (Marcos win)
* Sultan Kudarat: 50.75% (Marcos win)
* Bukidnon: 50.54% (Marcos win)
* Thailand: 50.28% (Marcos win)
Margin of victory is more than 50% for the vice presidential election:
* Sulu: 96.97% (Duterte win)
*
Davao City
Davao City, officially the City of Davao, is a City of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Davao Region, Philippines. The city has a total land area of , making it the List of Philippine cities and municipalities ...
: 93.88% (Duterte wins in her home city)
* Special geographic area of Bangsamoro: 92.12% (Duterte win)
* Local absentee voters: 91.08% (Duterte win)
*
Ilocos Norte
Ilocos Norte (), officially the Province of Ilocos Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region. It is located in the northwest corner of Luzon island, bordering Cagayan and Apayao to t ...
: 90.98% (Duterte win)
* Camiguin: 90.79% (Duterte win)
*
Maguindanao
Maguindanao (; Maguindanaon: ''Dairat nu Magindanaw''; Iranun: ''Perobinsia a Magindanao''; ) was a province of the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). From 2014 to 2022, its provincial capital ...
: 89.87% (Duterte win)
* Davao de Oro: 88.07% (Duterte win)
* Davao del Sur: 87.28% (Duterte win)
* Davao Occidental: 87.02% (Duterte win)
* Taiwan: 86.79% (Duterte win)
* Ilocos Sur: 86.45% (Duterte win)
* Abra (province), Abra: 86.30% (Duterte win)
* Davao Oriental: 86.22% (Duterte win)
* Cotabato: 85.27% (Duterte win)
*
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte (; ), officially the Province of Davao del Norte (; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes Sam ...
: 84.51% (Duterte win)
* Agusan del Sur: 85.08% (Duterte win)
* Tawi-Tawi: 84.29% (Duterte win)
* Misamis Occidental: 83.79% (Duterte win)
* Russia: 83.36% (Duterte win)
* Kuwait: 81.88% (Duterte win)
* Jordan: 81.81% (Duterte win)
* Agusan del Norte: 81.23% (Duterte win)
* Lebanon: 80.86% (Duterte win)
* Surigao del Norte: 80.24% (Duterte win)
* Cagayan de Oro: 79.53% (Duterte win)
* Morocco: 79.48% (Duterte win)
* Apayao: 78.60% (Duterte win)
* Kalinga (province), Kalinga: 78.53% (Duterte win)
* Sultan Kudarat: 78.02% (Duterte win)
* Surigao del Sur: 77.83% (Duterte win)
* Misamis Oriental: 77.61% (Duterte win)
* Iligan: 77.06% (Duterte win)
* Bukidnon: 76.59% (Duterte win)
* Brunei: 75.69% (Duterte win)
*
Basilan
Basilan, officially the Province of Basilan (; ; ; ), is an island province of the Philippines located primarily in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. Basilan Island is the largest and northernmost of the major islands of the Sulu Archipelago ...
: 75.30% (Duterte win)
* Egypt: 74.90% (Duterte win)
* Bahrain: 74.20% (Duterte win)
* Chile: 74.20% (Duterte win)
* Dinagat Islands: 73.90% (Duterte win)
* Southern Leyte: 73.78% (Duterte win)
* La Union: 73.54% (Duterte win)
* Hong Kong: 73.31% (Duterte win)
* Oman: 73.26% (Duterte win)
* Israel: 72.97% (Duterte win)
* Turkey: 72.73% (Duterte win)
* Saudi Arabia: 72.64% (Duterte win)
* Lanao del Norte: 72.03% (Duterte win)
* Timor-Leste: 71.59% (Duterte win)
* Lapu-Lapu City: 71.29% (Duterte win)
* Brazil: 71.19% (Duterte win)
* United Arab Emirates: 70.50% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga del Sur: 69.74% (Duterte win)
* Bohol: 68.88% (Duterte win)
* Pakistan: 68.75% (Duterte win)
* Cagayan (province), Cagayan: 68.72% (Duterte win)
* Malaysia: 67.63% (Duterte win)
* Qatar: 67.52% (Duterte win)
* Angola: 67.40% (Duterte win)
* Leyte (province), Leyte: 67.00% (Duterte win)
* South Cotabato: 66.51% (Duterte win)
* Sarangani: 66.24% (Duterte win)
* Mountain Province: 66.13% (Duterte win)
* South Korea: 65.97% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga City: 65.53% (Duterte win)
* Isabela (province), Isabela 64.47% (Duterte win)
* Czech Republic: 64.31% (Duterte win)
* Japan: 63.90% (Duterte win)
* Nigeria: 63.22% (Duterte win)
* Spain: 62.90% (Duterte win)
*
Lanao del Sur
Lanao del Sur (; Meranaw and ; Jawi ''(Batang Arab)'': ), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of Marawi (th ...
: 62.60% (Duterte win)
* Nueva Vizcaya: 62.25% (Duterte win)
* General Santos: 62.21% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga del Norte: 61.95% (Duterte win)
* Zamboanga Sibugay: 61.39% (Duterte win)
* Greece: 61.09% (Duterte win)
* Kenya: 60.14% (Duterte win)
* Biliran: 58.77% (Duterte win)
* Iran: 57.43% (Duterte win)
* Thailand: 57.01% (Duterte win)
* Laos: 56.59% (Duterte win)
* Benguet: 56.39% (Duterte win)
*
Camarines Sur
Camarines Sur (; ), officially the Province of Camarines Sur (Central Bikol language, Bikol: ''Probinsya kan Habagatan na Camarines''; ), is a Provinces of the Philippines, province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region on Luzon. Its ca ...
: 56.16% (Pangilinan win)
*
Cebu
Cebu ( ; ), officially the Province of Cebu (; ), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 surrounding islands and islets. The coastal zone of Cebu is identified as a ...
: 55.72% (Duterte win)
* Cambodia: 55.66% (Duterte win)
* Singapore: 55.38% (Duterte win)
* Ifugao (province), Ifugao: 55.32% (Duterte win)
* Quirino: 55.09% (Duterte win)
* New Zealand: 53.48% (Duterte win)
*
Baguio
Baguio ( , , ), officially the City of Baguio (; ; ), is a Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Cordillera Administrative Region, Philippines. It is known as the "Summer Capital of the Philippines", ...
: 51.00% (Duterte win)
* South Africa: 50.54% (Duterte win)
Swing in vote share
Unofficial tallies
Aftermath
Election night
Despite calls to extend voting hours due to technical difficulties with the vote-counting machines (VCMs), the Commission on Elections (Philippines), COMELEC closed voting at 7:00 pm, although they allowed those within 30 meters of the polling precinct by that time to cast their votes.
Transmission of election returns began shortly after closing. Within four hours, about 80,000 returns were transmitted to the commission, an improvement from 2016 and 2019 where it took ten and eleven hours respectively.
The COMELEC attributed the speed to improvements in the facilities, the training of workers and technicians, and the services by telecommunication companies.
At around 11 pm, three hours after initial results of the elections were released, Marcos made a short speech thanking his supporters for voting for him. Despite leading in the preliminary results, he acknowledged that the counting was not yet over. He also urged his supporters to be vigilant and watch their votes. Shortly after 3:00 am, Robredo issued a statement to thank her supporters, and called their campaign "historic" for being led by volunteers. She reiterated that she would not back down, noting that not all votes have been counted yet and that other issues had yet to be resolved, but called on her supporters to listen to the voice of the electorate.
Concessions

Isko Moreno conceded to Marcos the day after the elections. He urged his supporters to support Marcos. Pacquiao conceded to Marcos and bid him well wishes. Willie Ong also conceded to Duterte, wishing both her and Marcos success. Faisal Mangondato and Carlos Serapio also conceded, via a statement released by their political party, saying that Marcos and Duterte "obtained the People’s Mandate." Manny SD Lopez conceded to Duterte, saying "Whatever the Filipino electorates considered in their choice of candidates, we have to respect, for this is the essence of democracy." Independent candidate Ernesto Abella also conceded several days after the election, saying he respected the results and acknowledging Marcos as the next president.
Lacson, while he did not concede, said that he was retiring to his home in Cavite. His running mate, Tito Sotto, conceded the vice presidency in a separate statement, and wished the incoming administration, without naming names, "good luck." In a thanksgiving event at the Ateneo de Manila University, Robredo and Pangilinan urged their supporters to accept the results of the election, while not explicitly conceding.
Leody de Guzman, while citing irregularities on election day, conceded; his running mate, Walden Bello, slammed Marcos, saying the country may face "six years of instability" and that a large part of the country will "refuse to grant legitimacy and credibility to the rule of a family of thieves".
Protests
On May 10, several groups protested in front of the COMELEC main office at the Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros. They alleged massive electoral fraud, citing reports of 2022 Philippine general election#Issues with vote-counting machines, 1,800 defective or malfunctioning VCMs, the voters being asked to leave their ballots at the precinct for mass feeding after some VCMs broke down, and the fast transmission of results. Protesters were reportedly chanting "Marcos, Magnanakaw" (), a chant popularized during the 1980s. Meanwhile, the Office of the Student Regent of the University of the Philippines called on their students to walk out, announcing that there will be "no classes under a Marcos presidency."
The electoral commission has denied and debunked claims of electoral fraud. Election watchdog Legal Network for Truthful Elections (LENTE) disputed claims that the speedy transmission of returns was suspicious, while the COMELEC stated that leaving ballots behind if VCMs malfunction is part of the protocol to avoid voter disenfranchisement. The Parish Pastoral Council for Responsible Voting (PPCRV) found no irregularities in the partial and unofficial count.
Meanwhile, the PPCRV and other statisticians dismissed claims of a programmed consistent percentage gap between Marcos and Robredo, after a viral post in social media claimed the consistency was evidence of fraud. According to the post, at every incremental update in the counting, Robredo's count never deviated from 47 percent of the number of votes that Marcos had, a phenomenon they considered suspicious.
On May 16 and 17, 2022, respectively, two of the petitions against Marcos' candidacy that were later dismissed by Comelec Supreme Court petitions to nullify Bongbong Marcos' candidacy in the 2022 Philippine presidential election, were filed post-election at the Supreme Court. The consolidated petitions were dismissed by the Court on June 28.
In 2023, Eliseo Rio Jr., a former acting secretary of the Department of Information and Communications Technology, investigated along with a team of forensics experts, the transmission of election returns to the COMELEC after he had doubts about the high transmission rate, and alleged that a large portion of election returns from Metro Manila, Cavite and Batangas were transmitted through the IP address 192.168.0.2, an address commonly used within local area networks. He along with others Petitions by Rio, et al, for an investigation of the 2022 Philippine presidential election results, petitioned the Supreme Court and later the Comelec to pave the way for an investigation of the phenomenon.
Asked about the allegations in July 2023, COMELEC Chairman George Garcia stated that the IP address was accurate, as it was being used within local networks for 20,300 of their modems, and stated that "there was nothing illegal about it. It does not matter if the IP have the same address. What is important is that the transmitted election results are accurate."
Election watchdogs, including the National Movement for Free Elections, were present during the testing and aware that only one IP address was used.
International reactions
Marcos was congratulated by diplomats from several countries after initial results showing his victory were released. Chinese ambassador to Manila Huang Xilian paid the president-elect a courtesy visit on May 12, saying China was looking forward “to bring[ing] the two countries' Relationship of Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation to new heights.”. United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken welcomed Marcos's election, stating that the United States was looking forward to working with him to "strengthen the enduring alliance between the United States and the Philippines." Meanwhile, other countries such as Japan expressed their willingness to work with the incoming administration.
U.S. president Joe Biden later called Marcos to congratulate him. Biden said he was looking forward to working with Marcos to strengthen Philippines–United States relations and expand cooperation on key issues.
However, White House coordinator for the Indo-Pacific Kurt Campbell said there were “historical considerations” that could pose challenges.
On May 19, Marcos said that he had held “very substantial” talks with Chinese President Xi Jinping, who had expressed support for his independent foreign policy. He said that ties with China would expand and “shift to a higher gear”, promising to upgrade relations in “not only diplomatic, not only trade, but also in culture, even in education, even in knowledge, even in health, to address whatever minor disagreements that we have right now”.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Philippine presidential election, 2022
2022 Philippine presidential election,
May 2022 in the Philippines, Presidential election
Presidential elections in the Philippines, 2022