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This paleomammalogy list records new
fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
mammal
taxa In biology, a taxon ( back-formation from '' taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular n ...
that were described during the year 2019, as well as notes other significant paleomammalogy discoveries and events which occurred during that year.


Afrotherians


Afrosoricida


Proboscidea


Proboscidean research

* A study on the relationship between brain size and body mass in the evolutionary history of the
proboscidea The Proboscidea (; , ) are a taxonomic order of afrotherian mammals containing one living family ( Elephantidae) and several extinct families. First described by J. Illiger in 1811, it encompasses the elephants and their close relatives. Fr ...
ns is published by Benoit ''et al.'' (2019). * New proboscidean remains from the late
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
(
Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian and Messinia ...
) of
Samos Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a sepa ...
Island (
Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...
), representing juvenile individuals of
deinotheres Deinotheriidae ("terrible beasts") is a family of prehistoric elephant-like proboscideans that lived during the Cenozoic era, first appearing in Africa, then spreading across southern Asia (Indo-Pakistan) and Europe. During that time, they cha ...
, choerolophodonts and amebelodonts, are described by Konidaris & Koufos (2019). * Revision of proboscidean fossils from the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Kanapoi (
Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...
) is published online by Sanders (2019). * A study comparing the diversity of elephantimorph proboscideans of northern and southern China during the late Miocene is published by Wang ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the intestinal contents of two late-glacial
mastodon A mastodon ( 'breast' + 'tooth') is any proboscidean belonging to the extinct genus ''Mammut'' (family Mammutidae). Mastodons inhabited North and Central America during the late Miocene or late Pliocene up to their extinction at the end of th ...
s preserved in lake sediments in
Ohio Ohio () is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Of the List of states and territories of the United States, fifty U.S. states, it is the List of U.S. states and territories by area, 34th-l ...
and
Michigan Michigan () is a U.S. state, state in the Great Lakes region, Great Lakes region of the Upper Midwest, upper Midwestern United States. With a population of nearly 10.12 million and an area of nearly , Michigan is the List of U.S. states and ...
(Burning Tree mastodon and Heisler mastodon), and on their implications for inferring diet and habitats of these specimens, is published by Birks ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet of end-Pleistocene mastodons and mammoths from North America is published online by Cammidge, Kooyman & Theodor (2019). * New fossil material of '' Choerolophodon'' from the early and middle Miocene of China is reported by Li ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet of the American
gomphothere Gomphotheres are any members of the diverse, extinct taxonomic family Gomphotheriidae. Gomphotheres were elephant-like proboscideans, but do not belong to the family Elephantidae. They were widespread across Afro-Eurasia and North America dur ...
s, as indicated by stable isotope data from
tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are denti ...
and
dentin Dentin () (American English) or dentine ( or ) (British English) ( la, substantia eburnea) is a calcified tissue of the body and, along with enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four major components of teeth. It is usually covered by e ...
e from tusks, is published online by Pérez-Crespo ''et al.'' (2019). * Mothé, Ferretti & Avilla (2019) support the validity of '' Notiomastodon'' as a genus separate from '' Stegomastodon'', arguing that members of the genus ''Stegomastodon'' were absent from South America. * Description of teeth of a member of the genus '' Anancus'' from the
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
(
Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian and Messinia ...
) locality Chomateri (
Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...
), constituting the first late Miocene record of this genus in Greece, and a revision of the late Miocene anancines from Europe, is published by Konidaris & Roussiakis (2019). * A skull of a derived member of the genus '' Tetralophodon'' of uncertain specific assignment is described from the late Miocene of the Ouarzazate Basin (
Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria ...
) by Geraads, Zouhri & Markov (2019). * A study on the evolution of the genus ''
Palaeoloxodon ''Palaeoloxodon'' is an extinct genus of elephant. The genus originated in Africa during the Pliocene era, and expanded into Eurasia during the Pleistocene era. The genus contains some of the largest known species of elephants, over four metres t ...
'', as indicated by data on skull morphology, is published online by Larramendi ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on fossil
molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...
of ''
Elephas jolensis ''Elephas'' is one of two surviving genera in the family of elephants, Elephantidae, with one surviving species, the Asian elephant, ''Elephas maximus''. Several extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, extending bac ...
'' from the Pleistocene
Kibish Formation The Omo Kibish Formation or simply Kibish Formation is a geological formation in the Lower Omo Valley of southwestern Ethiopia. It is named after the nearby Omo River and is subdivided into four members known as Members I-IV. The members are numb ...
(
Kenya ) , national_anthem = " Ee Mungu Nguvu Yetu"() , image_map = , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Nairobi , coordinates = , largest_city = Nairobi , ...
) and on the timing and causes of extinction of members of the genus ''
Elephas ''Elephas'' is one of two surviving genera in the family of elephants, Elephantidae, with one surviving species, the Asian elephant, ''Elephas maximus''. Several extinct species have been identified as belonging to the genus, extending back t ...
'' in Africa is published online by Manthi ''et al.'' (2019). * A mammoth skeleton, probably belonging to a member of the species '' Mammuthus rumanus'', is described from the Erq el Ahmar Elephant Site (Central
Jordan Valley The Jordan Valley ( ar, غور الأردن, ''Ghor al-Urdun''; he, עֵמֶק הַיַרְדֵּן, ''Emek HaYarden'') forms part of the larger Jordan Rift Valley. Unlike most other river valleys, the term "Jordan Valley" often applies just to ...
part of the
Dead Sea Transform The Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system, also sometimes referred to as the Dead Sea Rift, is a series of faults that run from the Maras Triple Junction (a junction with the East Anatolian Fault in southeastern Turkey) to the northern end of th ...
,
Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
) by Rabinovich ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first known skeleton of a member of this species from the southern Levant. * A study on the chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of
tusk Tusks are elongated, continuously growing front teeth that protrude well beyond the mouth of certain mammal species. They are most commonly canine teeth, as with pigs and walruses, or, in the case of elephants, elongated incisors. Tusks share ...
dentin Dentin () (American English) or dentine ( or ) (British English) ( la, substantia eburnea) is a calcified tissue of the body and, along with enamel, cementum, and pulp, is one of the four major components of teeth. It is usually covered by e ...
e from
woolly mammoth The woolly mammoth (''Mammuthus primigenius'') is an extinct species of mammoth that lived during the Pleistocene until its extinction in the Holocene epoch. It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species, beginning with '' Mammuthus sub ...
and from extant African elephant, and on its implications for inferring the utility of mammoth ivory as a raw material for Late Pleistocene osseous projectile points, is published by Pfeifer ''et al.'' (2019). * Stable carbon and nitrogen data of woolly mammoth fossils from north-eastern
Siberia Siberia ( ; rus, Сибирь, r=Sibir', p=sʲɪˈbʲirʲ, a=Ru-Сибирь.ogg) is an extensive geographical region, constituting all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has been a part o ...
ranging throughout the last ~50,000 years of the existence of this species is presented by Kuitems ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the age and origin of the Berelyokh mammoth site in northeast Siberia published by Lozhkin & Anderson (2018) is criticized by Pitulko ''et al.'' (2019). *
Nucleus Nucleus ( : nuclei) is a Latin word for the seed inside a fruit. It most often refers to: *Atomic nucleus, the very dense central region of an atom * Cell nucleus, a central organelle of a eukaryotic cell, containing most of the cell's DNA Nucl ...
-like structures are extracted from Yuka mammoth specimen by Yamagata ''et al.'' (2019), who visualise their dynamics after transfer into living mouse
oocyte An oocyte (, ), oöcyte, or ovocyte is a female gametocyte or germ cell involved in reproduction. In other words, it is an immature ovum, or egg cell. An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during female gametogenesis. The femal ...
s. * A study on the isotopic compositions of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in collagen in the population of woolly mammoths from the
Wrangel Island Wrangel Island ( rus, О́стров Вра́нгеля, r=Ostrov Vrangelya, p=ˈostrəf ˈvrangʲɪlʲə; ckt, Умӄиԓир, translit=Umqiḷir) is an island of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. It is the 91st largest island in the w ...
(
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
), aiming to determine the ecology of the Wrangel Island mammoth population and most likely cause of its extinction, is published by Arppe ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the cause of the extinction of the
Columbian mammoth The Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'') is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited the Americas as far north as the Northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a lin ...
, using mathematical modelling to test the
overkill hypothesis The Quaternary period (from 2.588 ± 0.005 million years ago to the present) has seen the extinctions of numerous predominantly megafaunal species, which have resulted in a collapse in faunal density and diversity and the extinction of key ecolog ...
, is published by Klapman & Capaldi (2019). * A study on the diet of coexisting early Late Pleistocene
Asian elephant The Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus''), also known as the Asiatic elephant, is the only living species of the genus '' Elephas'' and is distributed throughout the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, from India in the west, Nepal in ...
s and members of the species ''
Stegodon ''Stegodon'' ("roofed tooth" from the Ancient Greek words , , 'to cover', + , , 'tooth' because of the distinctive ridges on the animal's molars) is an extinct genus of proboscidean, related to elephants. It was originally assigned to the fami ...
orientalis'', as indicated by data from stable isotope analyses of enamel of teeth from the Quzai Cave (southern China), is published by Ma ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of Pleistocene proboscideans from the Eastern
Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on th ...
islands is published by Athanassiou, van der Geer & Lyras (2019).


Sirenia


Sirenian research

* Description of the hindlimb bones of '' Sobrarbesiren cardieli'' is published online by Díaz-Berenguer ''et al.'' (2019). *
Dugongid Dugongidae is a family in the order of Sirenia. The family has one surviving species, the dugong (''Dugong dugon''), one recently extinct species, Steller's sea cow (''Hydrodamalis gigas''), and a number of extinct genera known from fossil recor ...
fossils are described from the
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
(
Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/ Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian ...
) Borysthenic Formation (
Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian invas ...
) by Gol'din, Kovalchuk & Krakhmalnaya (2019), representing the first known
sirenia The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct ...
n record from inner seas of the
Old World The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe , after Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia, which were previously thought of by th ...
(
Paratethys The Paratethys sea, Paratethys ocean, Paratethys realm or just Paratethys was a large shallow inland sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia. Paratethys was peculiar due to its p ...
). * Three dugongid specimens preserving the first
sirenia The Sirenia (), commonly referred to as sea-cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters. The Sirenia currently comprise two distinct ...
n endocranial casts from the
West Indies The West Indies is a subregion of North America, surrounded by the North Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea that includes 13 independent island countries and 18 dependencies and other territories in three major archipelagos: the Great ...
reported so far are described from the upper Oligocene–lower
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
Colón Formation (
Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
) by Orihuela, López & Macrini (2019).


Other afrotherians


Euarchontoglires


Lagomorpha


Lagomorph research

* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of rodents and
lagomorphs The lagomorphs are the members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae (pikas). The name of the order is derived from the Ancient Greek ''lagos'' (λαγ� ...
, based on data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by Asher ''et al.'' (2019).


Primates


Rodentia


Rodent research

* A study on the upper
incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, w ...
s of extant southern African rodents, evaluating whether the morphology of isolated rodent incisors can be used to provide dietary information, is published by Paine ''et al.'' (2019), who also apply their dietary model to fossil rodent incisors from the
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring count ...
n hominin-bearing sites
Sterkfontein Sterkfontein (Afrikaans for ''Strong Spring'') is a set of limestone caves of special interest to paleo-anthropologists located in Gauteng province, about northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa in the Muldersdrift area close to the town of K ...
and
Swartkrans Swartkrans is a fossil-bearing cave designated as a South African National Heritage Site, located about from Johannesburg. It is located in the Cradle of Humankind World Heritage Site and is notable for being extremely rich in archaeological ma ...
. * A study on the anatomy and affinities of rodent teeth from the early
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
sites of Napak (
Uganda }), is a landlocked country in East Africa. The country is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, and to the south by Tanzania. The south ...
) and on probable diets of rodents from these sites is published by Bento Da Costa ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil
caviomorph Caviomorpha is the rodent infraorder or parvorder that unites all New World hystricognaths. It is supported by both fossil and molecular evidence. The Caviomorpha was for a time considered to be a separate order outside the Rodentia, but is now ...
rodents is published by Boivin, Marivaux & Antoine (2019), who name new clades Erethicavioi Boivin and Octochinchilloi Boivin. * A study on the enamel
microstructure Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. The microstructure of a material (such as metals, polymers ...
of the incisors of caviomorph rodents from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
and
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
localities in
Peruvian Amazon Peruvian Amazonia ( es, Amazonía del Perú) is the area of the Amazon rainforest included within the country of Peru, from east of the Andes to the borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia. This region comprises 60% of the country a ...
is published by Boivin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of three tarsal bones of Eocene caviomorph rodents from Peruvian Amazon, and on their implications for inferring the locomotor behaviors of these rodents, is published by Boivin ''et al.'' (2019). * New fossils of caviomorph rodents are described from the
Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
of the vicinity of the cities of Juanjui and Balsayacu (Peruvian Amazonia) by Assemat ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology of the limb bones of caviomorph rodents from the
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
Santa Cruz Formation of
Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and ...
, and on its implications for interpreting the use of substrate by these rodents, is published by Muñoz ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolution of the variation of the mandibular shape in caviomorph rodents is published online by Álvarez, Ercoli & Verzi (2019). * A study on the enamel microstructure of the incisors of the hystricognaths and anomaluroids from the
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
of
Western Sahara Western Sahara ( '; ; ) is a disputed territory on the northwest coast and in the Maghreb region of North and West Africa. About 20% of the territory is controlled by the self-proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), while ...
is published by Marivaux ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of early hystricognaths is published by Marivaux & Boivin (2019). * A study on the morphology of the lower
deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, a ...
premolar The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth ...
s of extant and fossil caviomorph rodents and its implications for inferring the phylogenetic relationships of fossil caviomorphs is published by Verzi, Olivares & Morgan (2019), who argue that
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
genus ''
Cachiyacuy ''Cachiyacuy'' is an extinct genus of caviomorph known from the Loreto of Peru. It contains two species: the type species ''C. contamanensis'' and ''C. kummeli''. Description All ''Cachiyacuy'' specimens were collected in the CTA-27 Locality ...
'' might be a
stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushr ...
- octodontoid. * A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of the dolichotine
caviid Caviidae, the cavy family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig, wild cavies, and the largest living rodent, the capybara. They are found across South America in open areas from moist savanna t ...
rodent '' Prodolichotis prisca'' is published by Madozzo-Jaén (2019). * Description of a well-preserved skull of '' Telicomys giganteus'', estimation of body mass and analysis of the bite mechanics of this species is published by Rinderknecht ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology of the ossicles of the extinct neoepiblemid rodent ''
Perimys ''Perimys'' is an extinct genus of neoepiblemid rodent that lived from the Early to Late Miocene in what is now South America. Fossils have been found in the Cerro Bandera, Cerro Boleadoras, Material was copied from this source, which is avail ...
'' and of extant and extinct caviomorph rodents in general is published by Kerber & Sánchez-Villagra (2019). * A study on the morphology of cheek teeth, teeth replacement and systematics of members of the genus '' Neoepiblema'' is published by Kerber, Negri & Sanfelice (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the skull of ''Neoepiblema acreensis'' is published by Kerber, Ferreira & Negri (2019). * A study on the morphology of upper
molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...
of extant and fossils members of Chinchilloidea, and on the phylogenetic relationships of members of this group, is published by Rasia & Candela (2019). * Description of a new specimen of '' Litodontomys'' from the
Deseadan The Deseadan ( es, Deseadense) age is a period of geologic time (29.0–21.0 Ma) within the Oligocene epoch of the Paleogene to the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It fol ...
of
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Busker & Dozo (2019). * Nine virtual skull
endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible sp ...
s of members of the family Ischyromyidae (members of the genera ''
Pseudotomus ''Pseudotomus'' is an extinct genus of rodent from North America. References Eocene rodents Eocene animals of North America Prehistoric rodent genera {{paleo-rodent-stub ...
'', '' Notoparamys'', ''
Reithroparamys Sciuromorpha ("squirrel-like") is a rodent clade that includes several different rodent families. It includes all members of the Sciuridae (the squirrel family) as well as the mountain beaver species. Traditionally, the term has been defined ...
'' and '' Rapamys'') are reconstructed by Bertrand ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of the skull anatomy of the
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
ground squirrel Ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents (Sciuridae), which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. The term is most often used for the medium-sized ground squirrels, as the larger ones are more commonly known ...
''"Urocitellus" nogaici'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species and other European ground squirrel species previously attributed to ''
Urocitellus ''Urocitellus'' is a genus of ground squirrels. They were previously believed to belong to the much larger genus '' Spermophilus'', but DNA sequencing of the cytochrome ''b'' gene showed that this group was paraphyletic to the prairie dogs an ...
'' is published by Sinitsa, Pogodina & Кryuchkova (2019), who transfer ''"U." nogaici'', ''"U." polonicus'' and ''"U." primigenius'' to the genus ''
Spermophilus ''Spermophilus'' is a genus of ground squirrels in the squirrel family. As traditionally defined the genus was very species-rich, ranging through Europe, Asia and North America, but this arrangement was found to be paraphyletic to the certai ...
''. * A study on the living and extinct species of ''
Spermophilus ''Spermophilus'' is a genus of ground squirrels in the squirrel family. As traditionally defined the genus was very species-rich, ranging through Europe, Asia and North America, but this arrangement was found to be paraphyletic to the certai ...
'' from Europe, focusing on factors affecting species distribution and speciation, is published by Popova ''et al.'' (2019). * New specimen of '' Trogontherium cuvieri'' is described from the upper Pleistocene of the Songhua River drainage area near Harbin (
Heilongjiang Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...
, China) by Yang ''et al.'' (2019), documenting the survival of this species into the late Pleistocene in northeast China. * A study on the ecology of
giant beavers ''Castoroides'' (Latin: "beaver" (castor), "like" (oides)), or giant beaver, is an extinct genus of enormous, bear-sized beavers that lived in North America during the Pleistocene. Two species are currently recognized, ''C. dilophidus'' in the ...
, as indicated by stable isotope data, is published by Plint, Longstaffe & Zazula (2019). * Coster ''et al.'' (2019) describe a well-preserved
astragalus ''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to te ...
of the anomaluroid '' Pondaungimys anomaluropsis'' from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
Pondaung Formation (
Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
), and evaluate its implications for inferring the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of this species. * A study on impact of climate changes on the populations of the bushy-tailed woodrat in western North America over the late Quaternary is published by Balk, Betancourt & Smith (2019). * A study on the evolutionary change in body mass and correlated ecological variables over the 3.75 million year history of the North American
muskrat The muskrat (''Ondatra zibethicus'') is a medium-sized semiaquatic rodent native to North America and an introduced species in parts of Europe, Asia, and South America. The muskrat is found in wetlands over a wide range of climates and habita ...
is published by Martin (2019). * A study on the morphological variation in Middle to Late Pleistocene populations of the common vole and the field vole from northern
Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...
and southern
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
is published by Luzi & López-García (2019). * Lyman (2019) describes four
molars The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth. They are more developed in mammals. They are used primarily to grind food during chewing. The name ''molar'' derives from Latin, ''molaris dens'', meaning "millstone to ...
of the water vole from the late
Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...
Stemilt Creek Village archaeological site ( Washington, United States), and evaluates the implications of this finding for reconstructions of local environment in prehistoric times. * A study on melanin pigment distribution in 3-million-year-old specimens of the
Old World field mouse ''Apodemus'' is a genus of Muridae (true mice and rats). The name is unrelated to that of the ''Mus'' genus, instead being derived from the Greek ἀπό-δημος (literally ''away from home''). Taxonomy Related to the Ryūkyū spiny rats ...
species ''
Apodemus atavus ''Apodemus'' is a genus of Muridae (true mice and rats). The name is unrelated to that of the ''Mus'' genus, instead being derived from the Greek ἀπό-δημος (literally ''away from home''). Taxonomy Related to the Ryūkyū spiny rats ( ...
'' is published by Manning ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet, habitat and timing and cause of extinction of the
Tenerife giant rat The Tenerife giant rat (''Canariomys bravoi'') is an extinct species of rodent endemic to the island of Tenerife, the largest of the Canary Islands, Spain. Many remains have been found during archeological digs. Most remains are from the Pleistoc ...
(''Canariomys bravoi'') is published by Crowley ''et al.'' (2019). * Three molar fossils of the
greater bandicoot rat The greater bandicoot rat or Indian bandicoot rat (''Bandicota indica'') is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found in Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam akistan I ...
are described from the Middle Pleistocene of
Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northe ...
by Kawamura, Chang & Kawamura (2019), indicating that this species inhabited Taiwan in the early Middle Pleistocene. * A study on variations of size of fossil
murine The Old World rats and mice, part of the subfamily Murinae in the family Muridae, comprise at least 519 species. Members of this subfamily are called murines. In terms of species richness, this subfamily is larger than all mammal families ex ...
rodents from
Liang Bua Liang Bua is a limestone cave on the island of Flores, Indonesia, slightly north of the town of Ruteng in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The cave demonstrated archaeological and paleontological potential in the 1950s and 1960s as descr ...
( Flores,
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
) through time, and on their implications for reconstructions of paleoclimate and paleoenvironment of Flores, is published by Veatch ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the
femur The femur (; ), or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates wit ...
histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...
of an extinct (late Quaternary) form of Timorese giant rat is published by Miszkiewicz, Louys & O'Connor (2019).


Laurasiatheria


Artiodactyla


Cetaceans


=Cetacean research

= * A review of the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
fossil record of cetaceans from
Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest co ...
is published by Buono ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial skeleton of an archaeocete is described from the
Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
Tongeren Formation The Tongeren Formation ( nl, Formatie van Tongeren; abbreviation: TO) is a geologic formation in the subsurface of the Netherlands. The formation consists of shallow marine, epicontinental and continental sediments, predominantly clay and sand from ...
(the
Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
) by van Vliet ''et al.'' (2019). * New protocetid fossils, including a nearly complete articulated forelimb providing new information on the locomotion and forelimb evolution of early cetaceans, are described from the upper
Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage (stratigraphy), stage or age (geology), age in the Eocene. It spans the time between . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it ...
of
Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣� ...
by Vautrin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolution of the ossicles in early cetaceans, as indicated by data from a partially complete ossicular chain of a protocetid specimen collected in Eocene (
Lutetian The Lutetian is, in the geologic timescale, a stage (stratigraphy), stage or age (geology), age in the Eocene. It spans the time between . The Lutetian is preceded by the Ypresian and is followed by the Bartonian. Together with the Bartonian it ...
) phosphate deposits at Kpogamé (
Togo Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its ...
), is published by Mourlam & Orliac (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the olfactory and respiratory
turbinate In anatomy, a nasal concha (), plural conchae (), also called a nasal turbinate or turbinal, is a long, narrow, curled shelf of bone that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose in humans and various animals. The conchae are shaped like ...
s of '' Aegyptocetus tarfa'' is published online by Peri ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology of teeth and enamel microstructure of two fossil cetaceans from Antarctica (a basilosaurid from the La Meseta Formation and a member of the genus ''
Llanocetus ''Llanocetus'' ( "Llano's whale" ) is a genus of extinct toothed baleen whales from the Late Eocene of Antarctica. The type species, ''Llanocetus denticrenatus'', reached gigantic proportions, with the juvenile specimen reaching an estimated in ...
'' from the Submeseta Formation) is published online by Loch ''et al.'' (2019). * Partly preserved tail vertebra of a basilosaurid is described from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
Cajaruro Formation Cajaruro District is one of seven Districts of Peru, districts of the province Utcubamba Province, Utcubamba in Peru. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Banco de Información Distrital''. Retrieved April 11, 2008. See also * Wil ...
(
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
) by Davydenko, Laime & Gol'din (2019), representing the first record of an Eocene marine mammal from the northwestern Amazon region. * The discovery of over a hundred basilosaurid specimens from the middle to upper Eocene Gehannam and Birket Qaroun formation ( Wadi El Hitan,
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...
) is reported by Mahdy ''et al.'' (2019), who also compare the anatomy and habitat of '' Dorudon atrox'' and extant
killer whale The orca or killer whale (''Orcinus orca'') is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member. It is the only extant species in the genus '' Orcinus'' and is recognizable by its black-and-white ...
. * A study on the stomach contents of a new specimen of '' Basilosaurus isis'' from Wadi Al Hitan in
Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...
is published by Voss ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the variation in feeding behavior of fossil toothed whales with extremely long rostra is published by McCurry & Pyenson (2019). * A study on the evolution of echolocation of toothed whales, as indicated by the anatomy of a skull of a toothed whale from the
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
Pysht Formation The Pysht Formation is a geologic formation in Washington (state). It preserves fossils dating back to the Paleogene period. Fossil content Crustaceans See also * List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Washington (state) * Paleontology ...
( Washington,
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
) resembling ''
Olympicetus ''Olympicetus'' (meaning Olympic cetacean) is an extinct genus of small simocetid toothed whales that lived during the Oligocene epoch in what is now the coasts of Washington, about 33.7 million to 26.5 million years ago. The type species i ...
avitus'', is published by Racicot ''et al.'' (2019). * Redescription of the
holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of seve ...
and referred specimen of ''
Prosqualodon ''Prosqualodon'' is an extinct genus of Early to Middle Miocene cetacean from Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and Venezuela. Description ''Prosqualodon'' was related to and looked like modern toothed whales. It was about long and resembl ...
australis'' from the
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
Gaiman Formation The Gaiman Formation ( es, Formación Gaiman), in older literature also referred to as Patagonian Marine Formation ( es, Formación Patagonia Marino, ''Patagoniense''), is a fossiliferous geologic formation of the Peninsula Valdés Basin in the e ...
(
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Gaetán, Buono & Gaetano (2019). * Isolated teeth resembling tooth taxon '' Phococetus vasconum'' are described from the
Pungo River Formation The Pungo River Formation is a geologic formation in North Carolina. It preserves fossils dating back to the Middle Miocene. Economic significance The Pungo River Formation is mined extensively for its phosphorite deposits. See also * List ...
(
North Carolina North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia a ...
,
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
) by Boessenecker (2019), who also notes their similarities to the teeth of ''
Inticetus ''Inticetus'' is an extinct genus of Early Miocene odontocete from the Chilcatay Formation, Pisco Basin, Peru. Description ''Inticetus'' is distinguished from other archaic heterodont odontocetes by the following features: long and robus ...
vertizi'', and suggests that ''Phococetus'' may be an ''Inticetus''-like, large
heterodont In anatomy, a heterodont (from Greek, meaning 'different teeth') is an animal which possesses more than a single tooth morphology. In vertebrates, heterodont pertains to animals where teeth are differentiated into different forms. For example, ...
toothed whale The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. Seventy-three species ...
. * A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of '' Phoberodon arctirostris'' is published by Viglino ''et al.'' (2019). * An isolated tooth of an ''
Inticetus ''Inticetus'' is an extinct genus of Early Miocene odontocete from the Chilcatay Formation, Pisco Basin, Peru. Description ''Inticetus'' is distinguished from other archaic heterodont odontocetes by the following features: long and robus ...
''-like cetacean is described from the Miocene deposits close to the village of Melpignano (
Province of Lecce The Province of Lecce ( it, Provincia di Lecce; Salentino: ) is a province in the Apulia region of Italy whose capital is the city of Lecce. The province is called the "Heel of Italy". Located on the Salento peninsula, it is the second most ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
) by Peri ''et al.'' (2019), who also review the geographic distribution of fossils of ''Inticetus''-like cetaceans. * A skull of a late Miocene
beaked whale Beaked whales ( systematic name Ziphiidae) are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat and apparent low abundance. Only three or four of the 24 species are reasonably well- ...
belonging or related to the species '' Messapicetus longirostris'', imaged by means of computed tomography rather than being extracted mechanically from the stone matrix, is described from
Menorca Menorca or Minorca (from la, Insula Minor, , smaller island, later ''Minorica'') is one of the Balearic Islands located in the Mediterranean Sea belonging to Spain. Its name derives from its size, contrasting it with nearby Majorca. Its capi ...
(
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
) by Bianucci ''et al.'' (2019). * A new beaked whale specimen, with anatomy indicating that it relied primarily on suction feeding, is described from the upper Miocene Gram Formation (
Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establishe ...
) by Ramassamy & Lauridsen (2019). * A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of ''
Diaphorocetus ''Diaphorocetus'' is an extinct genus of odontocete cetacean belonging to Physeteroidea. Its remains were found in the Monte León Formation of Argentina, dating to the Early Miocene.Scaldicetus caretti'' from the Miocene of
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...
is published by Lambert & Bianucci (2019), who interpret this damage as evidence indicating that ''S. caretti'' was a macroraptorial (rather than suction-feeding) top predator. * A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of '' Mystacodon selenensis'' is published by de Muizon ''et al.'' (2019). * Three
premolar The premolars, also called premolar teeth, or bicuspids, are transitional teeth located between the canine and molar teeth. In humans, there are two premolars per quadrant in the permanent set of teeth, making eight premolars total in the mouth ...
teeth of a member of the genus ''
Llanocetus ''Llanocetus'' ( "Llano's whale" ) is a genus of extinct toothed baleen whales from the Late Eocene of Antarctica. The type species, ''Llanocetus denticrenatus'', reached gigantic proportions, with the juvenile specimen reaching an estimated in ...
'' reaching an estimated total body length of up to 12 m are described from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
Submeseta Formation (
Seymour Island Seymour Island or Marambio Island, is an island in the chain of 16 major islands around the tip of the Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula. Graham Land is the closest part of Antarctica to South America. It lies within the section of the isla ...
,
Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest co ...
) by Marx ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these fossils as indicative of at least two independent origins of gigantism in
baleen whale Baleen whales ( systematic name Mysticeti), also known as whalebone whales, are a parvorder of carnivorous marine mammals of the infraorder Cetacea ( whales, dolphins and porpoises) which use keratinaceous baleen plates (or "whalebone") in th ...
evolutionary history. * A study aiming to explain the disappearance of baleen whales from the fossil record from 23 Ma to 18–17 Ma is published by Marx, Fitzgerald & Fordyce (2019). * New specimen of '' Joumocetus shimizui'', providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Miocene
Haraichi Formation is a Japanese comedy duo ''( kombi)'' consisting of Yū Sawabe (澤部佑) and Yūki Iwai (岩井勇気). They have featured in a number of Japanese television shows. They are employed by Watanabe Entertainment, a talent agency based in T ...
( Japan) by Kimura & Hasegawa (2019). * A study on the age of fossil
gray whale The gray whale (''Eschrichtius robustus''), also known as the grey whale,Britannica Micro.: v. IV, p. 693. gray back whale, Pacific gray whale, Korean gray whale, or California gray whale, is a baleen whale that migrates between feeding and bre ...
finds from
Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...
and
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to t ...
is published by Garrison ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial forelimb of a
rorqual Rorquals () are the largest group of baleen whales, which comprise the family Balaenopteridae, containing ten extant species in three genera. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which can reach , and the fin ...
with several shark bite marks is described from the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Burica Formation (
Panama Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Co ...
) by Cortés ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial skeleton of a
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
blue whale The blue whale (''Balaenoptera musculus'') is a marine mammal and a baleen whale. Reaching a maximum confirmed length of and weighing up to , it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. The blue whale's long and slender body can b ...
with an estimated total body length of 23.4–26.1 m, representing the largest whale fossil reported so far, is described from the Lago di San Giuliano (
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
) by Bianucci ''et al.'' (2019), who also estimate body size of a specimen of '' Pelocetus'' from the Middle miocene locality of Mal Paso and two late Miocene
rorqual Rorquals () are the largest group of baleen whales, which comprise the family Balaenopteridae, containing ten extant species in three genera. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which can reach , and the fin ...
s from the Cerro Los Quesos site (
Pisco Formation The Pisco Formation is a geologic formation located in Peru, on the southern coastal desert of Ica and Arequipa. The approximately thick formation was deposited in the Pisco Basin, spanning an age from the Middle Miocene up to the Early Pleis ...
,
Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...
), and evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of evolution of gigantism of baleen whales. * A study on the cetacean-bearing
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
Gaiman Formation The Gaiman Formation ( es, Formación Gaiman), in older literature also referred to as Patagonian Marine Formation ( es, Formación Patagonia Marino, ''Patagoniense''), is a fossiliferous geologic formation of the Peninsula Valdés Basin in the e ...
(
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
), and on its implications for inferring which factors affected the distribution and preservation of fossil cetaceans in several localities of the Southwestern
Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 20% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 29% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Afr ...
, is published by Cuitiño ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diversity and abundance of cetaceans in the area of present-day
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
through the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58chronostratigraphic data from Castell'Arquato Basin (northern
Apennine Mountains The Apennines or Apennine Mountains (; grc-gre, links=no, Ἀπέννινα ὄρη or Ἀπέννινον ὄρος; la, Appenninus or  – a singular with plural meaning;''Apenninus'' (Greek or ) has the form of an adjective, which wou ...
), is published by Freschi ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the oxygen isotope composition of
whale barnacle Whale barnacles are species of acorn barnacle that belong to the family Coronulidae. They typically attach to baleen whales, and sometimes settle on toothed whales. The whale barnacles diverged from the turtle barnacles about three million year ...
shells from three
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
localities along the eastern Pacific coast, and on their implications for the knowledge of the history of whale migrations, is published by Taylor ''et al.'' (2019).


Other artiodactyls


=Other artiodactyl research

= * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and timing of the origin of
Cetartiodactyla The even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla , ) are ungulates—hoofed animals—which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes: the third and fourth. The other three toes are either present, absent, vestigial, or pointing poster ...
is published by Zurano ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the teeth eruption pattern of a wide range of extinct cetartiodactyl families is published by Rodrigues ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of an articulated postcranial skeleton of an
oreodont Merycoidodontoidea, sometimes called "oreodonts" or " ruminating hogs", is an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth. As their name implies, some of the better known forms were g ...
from the
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
Tehuitzingo Formation Tehuitzingo is a municipality in the Mexican state of Puebla Puebla ( en, colony, settlement), officially Free and Sovereign State of Puebla ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Puebla), is one of the 32 states which comprise the Federal Entitie ...
, representing the first postcranial skeleton of an oreodont from
Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
reported so far, is published online by Ferrusquía-Villafranca & Ruiz-González (2019). * New specimen of the fossil
peccary A peccary (also javelina or skunk pig) is a medium-sized, pig-like hoofed mammal of the family Tayassuidae (New World pigs). They are found throughout Central and South America, Trinidad in the Caribbean, and in the southwestern area of No ...
''
Parachoerus carlesi ''Catagonus'' is a genus of peccaries that contains the living Chacoan peccary and several extinct species. The genus has always been restricted to South America. Taxonomy ''Catagonus'' is notable in that the type species, '' C. metropolitanus'' ...
'' is described from the Upper
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
of the
Chaco Province Chaco (; Wichi: ''To-kós-wet''), officially the Province of Chaco ( es, provincia del Chaco ), is one of the 23 provinces in Argentina. Its capital and largest city, is Resistencia. It is located in the north-east of the country. It is borde ...
of
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
by Gasparini ''et al.'' (2019), representing the most complete fossil material of a member this species reported so far, and providing new information on the morphology of the species and the environment it lived in. * A study on the paleobiology of the fossil peccary ''
Platygonus compressus ''Platygonus compressus'', the flat-headed peccary, is an extinct mammal species from the Tayassuidae family, that lived in North-America during the Pleistocene. It was first described in 1848 by John L. Leconte. Description The flat-heade ...
'', based on fossils from Bat Cave (
Missouri Missouri is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. Ranking List of U.S. states and territories by area, 21st in land area, it is bordered by eight states (tied for the most with Tennessee ...
,
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
), is published by Woodruff & Schubert (2019). * A description of the skull anatomy of the fossil suid ''
Nyanzachoerus ''Nyanzachoerus'' is an extinct genus of the pig family ( Suidae) belonging to the subfamily Tetraconodontinae. The several species of ''Nyanzachoerus'' lived in Africa from the Miocene to Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is th ...
jaegeri'' based on new fossil material and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the species is published by Reda, Lazagabaster & Haile-Selassie (2019). * New fossil suid specimens, providing new information on the classification and relationships of the
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
Suinae from China, are described from the latest Miocene site of Shuitangba (Zhaotong Basin, China) by Hou ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet of
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Australopithecus anamensis ''Australopithecus anamensis'' is a hominin species that lived approximately between 4.2 and 3.8 million years ago and is the oldest known ''Australopithecus'' species, living during the Plio-Pleistocene era. Nearly one hundred fossil specimens ...
'' site of Kanapoi and the ''
Australopithecus afarensis ''Australopithecus afarensis'' is an extinct species of australopithecine which lived from about 3.9–2.9 million years ago (mya) in the Pliocene of East Africa. The first fossils were discovered in the 1930s, but major fossil finds would not ...
'' site of Hadar is published by Lazagabaster (2019). * Description of deer fossils from the Pleistocene localities in Buenos Aires Province (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
), including the southernmost record of the genus '' Morenelaphus'' and the species ''M. lujanensis'', is published by Chimento ''et al.'' (2019). * A systematic, macroscopic,
radiographic Radiography is an imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object. Applications of radiography include medical radiography ("diagnostic" and "therapeuti ...
, and
histologic Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vis ...
study of the fossil bones of the
Cretan Crete ( el, Κρήτη, translit=, Modern: , Ancient: ) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and ...
deer '' Candiacervus'' will be published by Lyras ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as indicative of the occurrence of a metabolic bone disease in the Cretan deer population, probably caused by habitat degradation. * New fossil material of '' Eucladoceros boulei'', providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from the Shanshenmiaozui site in the Nihewan Basin (China) by Tong & Zhang (2019). * A study comparing the characteristics of the postcranial skeletons of ''
Arvernoceros ''Rucervus'' is a genus of deer from India, Nepal, Indochina, and the Chinese island of Hainan. The only extant representatives, the barasingha (''R. duvaucelii)'' and Eld's deer (''R. eldii''), are threatened by habitat loss and hunting, and ano ...
ardei'' and ''
Cervus perrieri ''Cervus'' is a genus of deer that primarily are native to Eurasia, although one species occurs in northern Africa and another in North America. In addition to the species presently placed in this genus, it has included a whole range of other sp ...
'' is published online by Pfeiffer-Deml (2019). * A study on the age and
morphometrics Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή ''morphe'', "shape, form", and -μετρία ''metria'', "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of ''form'', a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are co ...
of a partial fossil caribou
antler Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the Cervidae (deer) family. Antlers are a single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels. They are generally found only on ...
from
Graham Island Graham Island () is the largest island in the Haida Gwaii archipelago (previously known as the Queen Charlotte Islands), lying off the mainland coast of British Columbia, Canada. It is separated by the narrow Skidegate Channel from the other pri ...
(
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...
) is published by Mathewes, Richards & Reimchen (2019). * A study on the
ontogenetic Ontogeny (also ontogenesis) is the origination and development of an organism (both physical and psychological, e.g., moral development), usually from the time of fertilization of the egg to adult. The term can also be used to refer to the s ...
variation of the
antler Antlers are extensions of an animal's skull found in members of the Cervidae (deer) family. Antlers are a single structure composed of bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, skin, nerves, and blood vessels. They are generally found only on ...
s of the Yabe's giant deer (''
Sinomegaceros yabei ''Sinomegaceros'' is an extinct genus of deer known from the Early to Late Pleistocene of Central and East Asia. It is considered to be part of the group of "giant deer" (often referred to collectively as members of the tribe Megacerini), with a ...
'') reported from all over Japan is published by Taruno, Okumura & Ishida (2019). * A study on the pattern of extinction of the
Irish elk The Irish elk (''Megaloceros giganteus''), also called the giant deer or Irish deer, is an extinct species of deer in the genus '' Megaloceros'' and is one of the largest deer that ever lived. Its range extended across Eurasia during the Pleist ...
, as indicated by radiocarbon data from fossil specimens from western and eastern Europe, is published by Lister & Stuart (2019). * A study testing whether the antlers of the Irish elk could have withstood forces generated during fighting is published by Klinkhamer ''et al.'' (2019). * A
mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bon ...
of the giant muntjac (''Muntiacus gigas'', considered by the authors to be synonymous with ''M. vuquangensis'') is described from the Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene deposits in the cave site of Hang Boi (
Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...
) by Stimpson ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diet of the late Pleistocene
Indian muntjac The Indian muntjac or the common muntjac (''Muntiacus muntjak''), also called the southern red muntjac and barking deer, is a deer species native to South and Southeast Asia. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. In popular local l ...
s from Sumatra, as indicated by data from fossil teeth from cave sites of Lida Ajer, Sibrambang and Jambu, is published by Wirkner & Hertler (2019). * A study on the long- and short-term dietary behavior of the Miocene moschids '' Micromeryx flourensianus'' and ''M.? eiselei'', as indicated by data from tooth wear, is published by Aiglstorfer & Semprebon (2019). * A revision of putative fossil material of ''
Lagomeryx ''Lagomeryx'' is a genus of prehistoric ungulate that lived in Eurasia from the lower to middle Miocene. Fossil remains were found in Europe and Asia. Description This animal looked not very different from present chevrotains, but possessed two ...
'' reported from the
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
locality Ulan Tolgoi (
Loh Formation Loh may refer to: People * Betty Loh Ti (1937–1968), Chinese actress * Christine Loh Kung-wai, Hong Kong university professor * John M. Loh (born 1938), USAF Chief of Staff * Loh Boon Siew (1915–1995), Penangite businessman * Loh (Ramayana) in ...
;
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 millio ...
) is published by Mennecart ''et al.'' (2019), who reinterpret this material of fossils of a moschid, representing the first Miocene moschid remains from Mongolia. * Description of new specimens of '' Sardomeryx oschiriensis'' from the
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
(
Burdigalian The Burdigalian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or stage in the early Miocene. It spans the time between 20.43 ± 0.05 Ma and 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago). Preceded by the Aquitanian, the Burdigalian was the first and longest war ...
) of
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label= Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, af ...
(
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this species is published by Mennecart ''et al.'' (2019). * The first detailed description of the giraffid species ''
Schansitherium ''Shansitherium'' ("beast of Shanxi")Killgus, H., 1922. Die unterpliocaenen chinesischen Säugetierreste der Tafelschen Sammlung zu Tübingen (Doctoral dissertation) is an extinct genus of superficially moose-like or antelope-like Giraffidae, g ...
tafeli'' is published by Hou ''et al.'' (2019), who compare this taxon with '' Samotherium boissieri''. * Description of an almost complete skull and a second partial skull of ''
Bohlinia ''Bohlinia'' is an extinct genus of the artiodactyl family Giraffidae that lived during the Late Miocene The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene epoch (geology), Epoch made up of two faunal stage, stages. ...
attic'' from the late
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
of Maragheh (
Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...
), as well as a complete upper dentition of a member of this species from
Samos Samos (, also ; el, Σάμος ) is a Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off the coast of western Turkey, from which it is separated by the -wide Mycale Strait. It is also a sepa ...
(
Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...
), is published by Parizad ''et al.'' (2019). * New skull remains of '' Decennatherium rex'' are described from the late Miocene (
Vallesian The Vallesian age is a period of geologic time (11.6–9.0 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Turolian age and follows the Astaracian age. The so-called Vallesian Crisis resulted in the e ...
) Batallones-4 site (Cerro de los Batallones fossil site complex,
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
) by Ríos & Morales (2019). * A revision of giraffid fossils from the late Miocene of the Thermopigi site (Greece) is published by Xafis ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolution of
Neogene The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
bovids from central
Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
is published by Nishioka ''et al.'' (2019), who also describe new caprine and
bovine Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes. The evolutionary relationship be ...
specimens from the upper Miocene to Pliocene part of the Irrawaddy beds. * Description of new fossil material of ''
Leptobos ''Leptobos'' is an extinct genus of large bovine, known from the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Eurasia, extending from the Iberian Peninsula to northern China. Species of ''Leptobos'' reached a weight up to 320 kg. ''Leptobos'' is cons ...
merlai'' from the early late
Villafranchian Villafranchian age ( ) is a period of geologic time (3.5–1.0 Ma) spanning the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. Named by Italian geologist Lorenzo Pareto for a sequence of terrestria ...
of
Umbria it, Umbro (man) it, Umbra (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = , demographics1_footnotes = , demographics1_title1 = , demographics1_info1 = , ...
(
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
), providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is published by Cherin, D'Allestro & Masini (2019). * Description of new fossil remains of spiral horned antelope '' Spirocerus wongi'' from Nihewan Formation (
Shanxi Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...
, China) and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of the genus ''Spirocerus'' is published by Bai ''et al.'' (2019). * New fossil material of the
stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushr ...
- caprine species '' Olonbulukia tsaidamensis'' is described from the Wuzhong region of northern China by Wang ''et al.'' (2019), who also revise fossil stem-caprine taxa from the Wuzhong Fauna and so-called "Qaidam Fauna". * A study on past distribution of the long-tailed goral and causes of its range shift over time, based on data from fossil specimens from the
Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός '' palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone to ...
sites, is published by Kim ''et al.'' (2019). * New specimen of ''
Bubalus murrensis ''Bubalus murrensis'', also known as European water buffalo, is an extinct bovine that lived in Europe during the Pleistocene. Its closest living relatives are the wild water buffalo ''(Bubalus arnee)'', the tamaraw ''(Bubalus mindorensis)'', t ...
'', representing the westernmost occurrence of this species, is described from
Médoc The Médoc (; oc, label= Gascon, Medòc ) is a region of France, well known as a wine growing region, located in the '' département'' of Gironde, on the left bank of the Gironde estuary, north of Bordeaux. Its name comes from ''( Pagus) Med ...
(
France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. Its metropolitan ar ...
) by Koenigswald ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the paleoecology of Northern Great Plains bisons from the late
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
and throughout the
Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...
, based on carbon and nitrogen isotope data from bison specimens from 22 archaeological sites across the Northern Great Plains, is published by Davies ''et al.'' (2019). *
Entelodont Entelodontidae, the entelodonts, are an extinct family of pig-like artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) which inhabited the Northern Hemisphere (Asia, Europe, and North America) from the late Eocene to the Middle Miocene epochs, about 38-19 m ...
id teeth are described from the late
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
of the Krabi coal mine in southern
Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
by Ducrocq, Chaimanee & Jaeger (2019), representing the southernmost occurrence of entelodontids in Asia during the
Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
reported so far. * An upper molar of the
anthracothere Anthracotheriidae is a paraphyletic family of extinct, hippopotamus-like artiodactyl ungulates related to hippopotamuses and whales. The oldest genus, '' Elomeryx'', first appeared during the middle Eocene in Asia. They thrived in Africa a ...
'' Sivameryx palaeindicus'' is described from the early Miocene Kamus Junction site (
Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
) by Grossman ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the paleoecology of Pleistocene Mediterranean dwarf hippos is published by Bethune ''et al.'' (2019). * The first directly dated fossil of a member of the genus '' Hexaprotodon'' (an upper right
canine Canine may refer to: Zoology and anatomy * a dog-like Canid animal in the subfamily Caninae ** '' Canis'', a genus including dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackals ** Dog, the domestic dog * Canine tooth, in mammalian oral anatomy People with the ...
fragment) from the Narmada Valley of Central
India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
is described by Jukar ''et al.'' (2019), who also present a tentative extinction chronology of ''Hexaprotodon'', indicating that this genus survived into the Early
Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...
. * Putative helohyids '' Pakkokuhyus'' and '' Progenitohyus'' are transferred to the family
Dichobunidae Dichobunidae is an extinct family of basal artiodactyl mammals from the early Eocene to late Oligocene of North America, Europe, and Asia. The Dichobunidae include some of the earliest known artiodactyls, such as '' Diacodexis''. Description ...
by Ducrocq (2019).


Carnivorans


=Carnivoran research

= * A study on the morphology of
bony labyrinth The bony labyrinth (also osseous labyrinth or otic capsule) is the rigid, bony outer wall of the inner ear in the temporal bone. It consists of three parts: the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. These are cavities hollowed out of the ...
s of extant and fossil carnivorans, and on its implications for inferring hunting behaviours of extinct carnivorans, is published by Schwab ''et al.'' (2019). * A study assess the usefulness of the scapholunar (one of the
carpal bones The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm. The term "carpus" is derived from the Latin carpus and the Greek καρπός (karpós), meaning "wrist". In human anatomy, ...
) for determining ecology and habitat of carnivorans, based on data from living and extinct carnivorans, is published by Dunn ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology and functional anatomy of the thoraco
lumbar In tetrapod anatomy, lumbar is an adjective that means ''of or pertaining to the abdominal segment of the torso, between the diaphragm and the sacrum.'' The lumbar region is sometimes referred to as the lower spine, or as an area of the back i ...
and sacrocaudal regions of the vertebral column of '' Magericyon anceps'' is published online by Siliceo ''et al.'' (2019). * Carnivoran fossils from the Hoyo Negro pit in the Sac Actun cave system (
Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
), initially identified as remains of a
bear Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the N ...
belonging to the genus ''
Tremarctos ''Tremarctos'' is a genus of the bear subfamily Tremarctinae, endemic to Americas from the Pliocene to recent. The northern species, the Florida short-faced bear, became extinct 11,000 years ago.B. Kurten & E. Anderson (1980): Pleistocene mam ...
'' and a
coyote The coyote (''Canis latrans'') is a species of canine native to North America. It is smaller than its close relative, the wolf, and slightly smaller than the closely related eastern wolf and red wolf. It fills much of the same ecological ni ...
, a reinterpreted as remains of ''
Arctotherium ''Arctotherium'' ("''bear beast''") is an extinct genus of the Pleistocene short-faced bears endemic to Central and South America. ''Arctotherium'' migrated from North America to South America during the Great American Interchange, following the ...
wingei'' and '' Protocyon troglodytes'' by Schubert ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first record of these taxa outside
South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the souther ...
. * Description of fossils of ''
Nyctereutes donnezani ''Nyctereutes donnezani'' is an extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the s ...
'' from the early
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
), and study on the phylogenetic relationships of species belonging to the genus '' Nyctereutes'', is published by Daguenet & Sen (2019). * Revision of Pleistocene canid fossils from the
Sangiran Sangiran is an archaeological excavation site in Java in Indonesia. According to a UNESCO report (1995) "Sangiran is recognized by scientists to be one of the most important sites in the world for studying fossil man, ranking alongside Zhoukoud ...
Dome (
Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mo ...
,
Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...
), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of the timing of the arrival of members of the genus ''
Cuon The dhole (''Cuon alpinus''; ) is a Canidae, canid native to Central Asia, Central, South Asia, South, East Asia, East and Southeast Asia. Other English names for the species include Asian wild dog, Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling ...
'' in Java, is published by Volmer ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the taxonomy of the
dire wolf The dire wolf (''Aenocyon dirus'' ) is an extinct canine. It is one of the most famous prehistoric carnivores in North America, along with its extinct competitor '' Smilodon''. The dire wolf lived in the Americas and eastern Asia during the ...
, assessing whether fossils from
Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
and the western coast of the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
should be assigned to the distinct subspecies ''Canis dirus guildayi'', is published by Ruiz-Ramoni & Montellano-Ballesteros (2019). * A study on the origin of the current genetic uniqueness of the Italian wolves, as indicated by data from mitochondrial DNA of the Pleistocene and Holocene
canid Canidae (; from Latin, '' canis'', " dog") is a biological family of dog-like carnivorans, colloquially referred to as dogs, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a canid (). There are three subfamilies found withi ...
specimens from
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
, is published by Ciucani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the age of dog remains from the Koster Site and Stilwell II site in
Illinois Illinois ( ) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Its largest metropolitan areas include the Chicago metropolitan area, and the Metro East section, of Greater St. Louis. Other smaller metropolitan areas include, Peoria and Roc ...
, dated to between 10,190 and 9,630
cal Cal or CAL may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Cal'' (novel), a 1983 novel by Bernard MacLaverty * "Cal" (short story), a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov * ''Cal'' (1984 film), an Irish drama starring John Lynch and Helen Mir ...
BP, is published by Perri ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these remains as representing the earliest confirmed evidence of domestic dogs in the Americas and the earliest confirmed individual dog burials anywhere in the world. * A study on the history of pre-contact dogs in the North American Arctic, aiming to determine the relationship between dogs from archaeological Paleo-Inuit and Inuit sites and modern Arctic dog populations, is published by Ameen ''et al.'' (2019). * Remains of '' Indarctos punjabiensis'' are described from the late
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
locality of Las Casiones (
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
) by Abella ''et al.'' (2019), representing the last population of members of the subfamily
Ailuropodinae Ailuropodinae is a subfamily of Ursidae that contains only one extant species, the giant panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'') of China. The fossil record of this group has shown that various species of pandas were more widespread across the Holarct ...
from the Iberian fossil record, and possibly from Europe. * A study on the
trophic Trophic, from Ancient Greek τροφικός (''trophikos'') "pertaining to food or nourishment", may refer to: * Trophic cascade * Trophic coherence * Trophic egg * Trophic function * Trophic hormone * Trophic level index The trophic leve ...
and
ecological niche In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition. Three variants of ecological niche are described by It describes how an organism or population responds to the distribution of resources and competitors (fo ...
widths of ancient and modern pandas is published by Han ''et al.'' (2019). * Nuclear genome of an ~5,000-year-old giant panda from Jiangdongshan (
Yunnan Yunnan , () is a landlocked province in the southwest of the People's Republic of China. The province spans approximately and has a population of 48.3 million (as of 2018). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders the ...
, China) is sequenced by Sheng ''et al.'' (2019), who assign this specimen to a genetically distinct extinct population forming the
sister group In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and ...
to all extant populations, and present evidence indicative of
genetic admixture Genetic admixture occurs when previously diverged or isolated genetic lineages mix.⅝ Admixture results in the introduction of new genetic lineages into a population. Examples Climatic cycles facilitate genetic admixture in cold periods and gene ...
from this extinct population in extant pandas. * A study on functional adaptations in the anatomy of the elbow joint of extant and fossil bears, and on its implications for inferring paleobiology of Quaternary fossil species of bears, is published by Meloro & de Oliveira (2019). * A study on the evolution of the shape and size of the basicranium of bears, as indicated by data from extant and extinct taxa, is published by Arnaudo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolution of bear teeth, and on its implications for inferring the phylogenetic placement of fossil bear taxa, is published by Jiangzuo, Liu & Chen (2019). * A study on the diet of ''
Agriotherium ''Agriotherium'' is an extinct genus of bears whose fossils are found in Miocene through Pleistocene-aged strata of North America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. This long-lived genus persisted from at least ~11.6–2.5 Mya. Materials from the late- ...
africanum'' from the
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring count ...
n fossil site of Langebaanweg, as indicated by tooth microwear, is published by Stynder ''et al.'' (2019). * The first fossil of a member of the genus ''Agriotherium'' from
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
will be described by Bellucci ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the systematics and paleobiology of bears from the
Dmanisi Dmanisi ( ka, დმანისი, tr, , az, Başkeçid) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera. The homini ...
site (
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to t ...
), and on their coexistence with early members of the genus ''Homo'', is published by Medin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study aiming to decipher the various factors influencing the isotopic composition of bones of a potentially omnivorous species like
cave bear The cave bear (''Ursus spelaeus'') is a prehistoric species of bear that lived in Europe and Asia during the Pleistocene and became extinct about 24,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum. Both the word "cave" and the scientific name ''s ...
, as well examining how likely are the different interpretations of the palaeodiet of the
Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, a ...
n cave bears in comparison with the rest of the European cave bears, is published by Bocherens (2019). * A study on the cranial and mandibular morphology of '' Ursus deningeri'' compared to other bear species, and on its implications for inferring the palaeobiology of this species, is published by van Heteren ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the tooth-root morphology of
maxilla The maxilla (plural: ''maxillae'' ) in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. The ...
ry teeth of living bears, and on its implications for inferring the diet and feeding behaviour of the cave bears, is published by Pérez-Ramos ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the feedings preferences and timing of extinction of cave bears in Mediterranean Europe based on data from two
Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός '' palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone to ...
cave bear sites in northeastern
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
(Paina Cave and Trene Cave) is published by Terlato ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the timing and causes of extinction of cave bears in the
Alps The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, ...
is published by Döppes ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the
morphometric Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή ''morphe'', "shape, form", and -μετρία ''metria'', "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of ''form'', a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are co ...
and morphotypic variability of upper
incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, w ...
s of the Middle and Late
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
cave bears from the
Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (country), Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range ...
and
Ural Mountains The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...
is published by Baryshnikov, Gimranov & Kosintsev (2019). * A study on the morphometrical variability of upper cheek teeth of cave bears from 123 geographical sites of
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
ages is published by Baryshnikov & Puzachenko (2019). * A study evaluating how the morphology of teeth of cave bears from the
Scladina Scladina, or Sclayn Cave, is an archaeological site located in Wallonia in the town of Sclayn, in the Andenne hills in Belgium, where excavations since 1978 have provided the material for an exhaustive collection of over thirteen thousand M ...
Cave (
Belgium Belgium, ; french: Belgique ; german: Belgien officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe. The country is bordered by the Netherlands to the north, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, France to ...
) changed over time is published by Charters ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the feeding habits of cave bears from the Toll Cave in
Catalonia Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a '' nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy. Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the no ...
, as indicated by data from tooth microwear and from stable isotopes extracted from bone collagen, is published by Ramírez-Pedraza ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the feeding habits of cave bears from six Late Pleistocene caves in Catalonia will be published by Ramírez-Pedraza ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the timing of the occupation of the Schwabenreith Cave (
Austria Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
) by cave bears is published by Spötl ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the palaeoecology of cave bears from three Late Pleistocene cave bear sites from
Romanian Carpathians The Romanian Carpathians ( ro, Carpații românești) are a section of the Carpathian Mountains, within the borders of modern Romania. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of the Alps-Himalaya System and are further divided into "provinces" and "su ...
, based on stable isotope data from their teeth, is published by Robu ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on population dynamics and
phylogeography Phylogeography is the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the past to present geographic distributions of genealogical lineages. This is accomplished by considering the geographic distribution of individuals in light of ge ...
of cave bears during the Late Pleistocene, based on data from reconstructed cave bear mitochondrial genomes, is published by Gretzinger ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolutionary history and paleoecology of
brown bear The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. In North America, the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of Alaska is ...
s in North-East Siberia, as indicated by mitochondrial DNA and stable isotopic data from
subfossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
remains from
Yakutia Sakha, officially the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia),, is the largest republic of Russia, located in the Russian Far East, along the Arctic Ocean, with a population of roughly 1 million. Sakha comprises half of the area of its governing Far ...
(
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eigh ...
), is published by Rey-Iglesia ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology and taxonomical status of the Late Pleistocene
steppe brown bear The steppe brown bear (''Ursus arctos priscus'') is a disputed extinct subspecies of brown bear that lived in Eurasia during either the Pleistocene or the early Holocene Epoch, epochs, but its geological age is uncertain.Villalba de Alvarado, M. ...
is published by Marciszak ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the evolutionary history of the European brown bears in northern
Iberian Peninsula The Iberian Peninsula (), ** * Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica'' ** ** * french: Péninsule Ibérique * mwl, Península Eibérica * eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...
is published by García-Vázquez, Llona & Grandal-d'Anglade (2019), who report evidence indicating that the Pleistocene lineages of the Iberian brown bears were not the direct ancestors of the Holocene ones, and interpret their findings as indicative of the Holocene recolonization of the Iberian Peninsula by brown bears from a cryptic refugium in continental
Atlantic Europe Atlantic Europe is a geographical term for the western portion of Europe which borders the Atlantic Ocean. The term may refer to the idea of Atlantic Europe as a cultural unit and/or as a biogeographical region. It comprises the Atlantic Isles ( ...
. * A study on the evolutionary history and changes of range and diet of the European brown bears, as indicated by data from mitochondrial DNA from brown bear remains collected from across Europe and ranging in age between the Late Pleistocene and historical times, is published by * A study on the biomechanical capabilities of the musteloid species '' Leptarctus primus'' relative to living carnivoran taxa, and on their implications for inferring the paleoecology of this species, is published by Prybyla, Tseng & Flynn (2019). * A revision of the systematics of fossil hog-nosed skunks from
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
will be published by Schiaffini & Juan (2019). * A skull of a large fossil
mustelid The Mustelidae (; from Latin ''mustela'', weasel) are a family of carnivorous mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, ferrets, martens, minks and wolverines, among others. Mustelids () are a diverse group and form the largest family in t ...
showing similarities to both '' Oriensictis melina'' from
Zhoukoudian Zhoukoudian Area () is a town and an area located on the east Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Nanjiao and Fozizhuang Townships to its north, Xiangyang, Chengguan and Yingfeng Subdistricts to its east, Shilou and Hangcunhe Towns ...
and '' Enhydrictis'' from
Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label= Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label= Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, af ...
is described from the Jinyuan cave ( Liaoning, China) by Jiangzuo ''et al.'' (2019), who relegate ''Oriensictis'' to the rank of a subgenus of ''Enhydrictis''. * Fossil remains of a late Pleistocene
European badger The European badger (''Meles meles''), also known as the Eurasian badger, is a badger species in the family Mustelidae native to almost all of Europe. It is classified as least concern on the IUCN Red List as it has a wide range and a large stab ...
are described from Grotta Laceduzza ( Apulia,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
) by Mecozzi ''et al.'' (2019), representing the largest sample of this taxon in the European Pleistocene record. * A study aiming to determine occurrence and timing of shifts in skull shape, body size and body shape in the evolutionary history of mustelids is published by Law (2019). * A study on the functional morphology of the teeth of ''
Cyonasua ''Cyonasua'' (meaning "dog-coati" in Greek) is an extinct genus of procyonid from the Late Miocene to Middle Pleistocene of South America. Fossils of ''Cyonasua'' have been found in Argentina ( Ituzaingó, Epecuén, Huayquerías, Monte Hermoso, ...
'' and ''
Chapalmalania ''Chapalmalania'' is an extinct genus of procyonid from the Pliocene (Chapadmalalan to Uquian) of Argentina and Colombia ( Ware Formation, Cocinetas Basin, La Guajira). Description Though related to raccoons and coatis, ''Chapalmalania'' wa ...
'' and on the diet of these taxa, aiming to determine whether these carnivorans may have ecologically overlapped with extinct predatory metatherians from South America, is published by Engelman & Croft (2019). * A study on feeding strategies used by extinct
pinniped Pinnipeds (pronounced ), commonly known as seals, are a widely range (biology), distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammal, marine mammals. They comprise the extant taxon, extant family (biology ...
s, as indicated by morphology of their skulls and
mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bon ...
s, and on the evolution of
phocid The earless seals, phocids or true seals are one of the three main groups of mammals within the seal lineage, Pinnipedia. All true seals are members of the family Phocidae (). They are sometimes called crawling seals to distinguish them from t ...
feeding strategies is published by Kienle & Berta (2019). * A study aiming to qualitatively and quantitatively characterize the fossil record of pinnipeds from taxonomic, geographical and temporal perspectives is published by Valenzuela-Toro & Pyenson (2019). * A study on the morphological differences between humeri and femora of different modern phocid taxa, and on their implications for the utility of these limb bones in diagnosing fossil taxa, is published by Churchill & Uhen (2019). * A study on the bone
histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...
of '' Nanophoca vitulinoides'' is published by Dewaele ''et al.'' (2019). *
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
monk seal Monk seals are earless seals of the tribe Monachini. They are the only earless seals found in tropical climates. The two genera of monk seals, ''Monachus'' and ''Neomonachus'', comprise three species: the Mediterranean monk seal, ''Monachus mona ...
teeth are described from the upper Monterey Formation (
California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...
,
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
) by Velez-Juarbe & Valenzuela-Toro (2019), representing the oldest fossil record of
crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...
phocids from the North Pacific region reported so far. * A study on the impact of changing sea ice conditions on the diet of the Pacific
walrus The walrus (''Odobenus rosmarus'') is a large flippered marine mammal with a discontinuous distribution about the North Pole in the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas of the Northern Hemisphere. The walrus is the only living species in the f ...
during the last ~4000 years is published by Clark ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of new dentary material of ''
Percrocuta ''Percrocuta'' is an extinct genus of hyena-like feliform carnivores. It lived in Europe, Asia, and Africa, during the Miocene epoch. Characteristics With a maximum length of 1.50 m (5 ft), ''Percrocuta'' was much bigger than its moder ...
carnifex'' from the
Nagri Formation Nagri may refer to: * Nagri, Chhattishgarh, a town in Chhattishgarh, India * Nagri, Jharkhand, a village in Jharkhand, India * Nagri block, an administrative unit of Ranchi district in Jharkhand, India * a variant of the name "Nagari", which may re ...
(
Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
), and a study on the occurrence and
stratigraphic Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers ( strata) and layering (stratification). It is primarily used in the study of sedimentary and layered volcanic rocks. Stratigraphy has three related subfields: lithostr ...
position of this species within the
Sivalik Hills The Sivalik Hills, also known as the Shivalik Hills and Churia Hills, are a mountain range of the outer Himalayas that stretches over about from the Indus River eastwards close to the Brahmaputra River, spanning the northern parts of the Indian ...
and on the phylogenetic relationships of species assigned to the genus ''Percrocuta'', is published by Ghaffar ''et al.'' (2019). * A study evaluating the ability of the extinct giant fossa to hunt large lemurs is published by Meador ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of
mongoose A mongoose is a small terrestrial carnivorous mammal belonging to the family Herpestidae. This family is currently split into two subfamilies, the Herpestinae and the Mungotinae. The Herpestinae comprises 23 living species that are native to ...
fossils from the early Pleistocene fossil locality Cooper 's D in the
Cradle of Humankind The Cradle of Humankind is a paleoanthropological site and is located about northwest of Johannesburg, South Africa, in the Gauteng province. Declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1999, the site is home to the largest concentration of ...
(
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring count ...
) is published by Cohen, O'Regan & Steininger (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the basicranium of ''
Dinocrocuta ''Dinocrocuta'' is an extinct genus of hyena-like feliform carnivores. It lived in Asia, and Africa, during the Miocene epoch. It had very strong jaws that were able to crush bones. It is estimated that their weight was around and their height ...
gigantea'' is published by Xiong (2019). * Two isolated teeth of
hyena Hyenas, or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek , ), are feliform carnivoran mammals of the family Hyaenidae . With only four extant species (each in its own genus), it is the fifth-smallest family in the Carnivora and one of the smallest in the clas ...
s belonging to the genus '' Chasmaporthetes'' are described from the Old Crow Basin (
Yukon Yukon (; ; formerly called Yukon Territory and also referred to as the Yukon) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada's three territories. It also is the second-least populated province or territory in Canada, with a population of 43,964 as ...
,
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...
) by Tseng, Zazula & Werdelin (2019). * A study on the upper
canine Canine may refer to: Zoology and anatomy * a dog-like Canid animal in the subfamily Caninae ** '' Canis'', a genus including dogs, wolves, coyotes, and jackals ** Dog, the domestic dog * Canine tooth, in mammalian oral anatomy People with the ...
replacement process in sabertooth carnivores belonging to the family
Nimravidae Nimravidae is an extinct family of carnivorans, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, whose fossils are found in North America and Eurasia. Not considered to belong to the true cats (family Felidae), the nimravids are generally considered ...
is published by Wysocki (2019), who also compares the juvenile morphologies and upper canine replacement processes in the sabertooth lineages of the families Felidae,
Barbourofelidae Barbourofelidae is an extinct family of carnivorans of the suborder Feliformia, sometimes known as false saber-toothed cats, that lived in North America, Eurasia and Africa during the Miocene epoch (16.9—9.0 million years ago) and existed for ...
and Nimravidae. * A study on the brain anatomy of an early
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
felid Felidae () is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats, and constitutes a clade. A member of this family is also called a felid (). The term "cat" refers both to felids in general and specifically to the ...
known from a skull from Ginn Quarry (
Nebraska Nebraska () is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is bordered by South Dakota to the north; Iowa to the east and Missouri to the southeast, both across the Missouri River; Kansas to the south; Colorado to the so ...
,
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., federal district, five ma ...
), representing the oldest known felid specimen in the New World, is published by Lyras, Giannakopoulou & Werdelin (2019). * A study on a sample of fossils of two species of ''
Machairodus ''Machairodus'' (from el, μαχαίρα , 'knife' and el, ὀδούς 'tooth') is a genus of large machairodontine saber-toothed cats that lived in Africa, Eurasia and North America during the late Miocene. It is the animal from which the s ...
'' from the early
Vallesian The Vallesian age is a period of geologic time (11.6–9.0 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Turolian age and follows the Astaracian age. The so-called Vallesian Crisis resulted in the e ...
site of Los Valles de Fuentidueña (
Province of Segovia Segovia () is a province of central/northern Spain, in the southern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. It is bordered by the province of Burgos in the north, Soria in the northeast, Guadalajara in the east, Madrid in the south ...
,
Spain , image_flag = Bandera de España.svg , image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg , national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' ( Latin)(English: "Further Beyond") , national_anthem = (English: "Royal March") , ...
), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of palaeoecology of these species, is published by Fernández-Monescillo, Antón & Salesa (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the neck vertebrae of ''Machairodus aphanistus'', evaluating its implications for the knowledge of the early evolution of adaptations enabling the killing bite of the sabre-toothed cats, is published online by Antón ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of felid fossils recovered from bluffs along the
South Saskatchewan River The South Saskatchewan River is a major river in Canada that flows through the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. For the first half of the 20th century, the South Saskatchewan would completely freeze over during winter, creating spectacular ...
near
Medicine Hat Medicine Hat is a city in southeast Alberta, Canada. It is located along the South Saskatchewan River. It is approximately east of Lethbridge and southeast of Calgary. This city and the adjacent Town of Redcliff to the northwest are with ...
(
Alberta Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Ter ...
,
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tota ...
), including the first confirmed occurrence of ''
Smilodon ''Smilodon'' is a genus of the extinct machairodont subfamily of the felids. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related ...
fatalis'' in Canada, is published by Reynolds, Seymour & Evans (2019). * A study on canines of ''Smilodon fatalis'', aiming to determine whether extreme canine size functioned as a sexually selected signal, is published by O'Brien (2019). * Two specimens of ''Smilodon populator'' with injuries on their skulls are described by Chimento ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret these injuries as most likely caused by upper canines of another ''Smilodon''. * A felid calcaneum is described from the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene Uquía Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) by Ercoli ''et al.'' (2019), who assign this specimen to the
puma Puma or PUMA may refer to: Animals * ''Puma'' (genus), a genus in the family Felidae ** Puma (species) or cougar, a large cat Businesses and organisations * Puma (brand), a multinational shoe and sportswear company * Puma Energy, a mid- and d ...
lineage, and interpret it as one of the earliest records of this lineage in America, and of Felidae in South America. *
Tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are denti ...
strontium Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is ...
isotopic values of a specimen of the
American lion ''Panthera atrox'', better known as the American lion, also called the North American lion, or American cave lion, is an extinct pantherine cat that lived in North America during the Pleistocene epoch and the early Holocene epoch, about 340 ...
from Cedral ( San Luis Potosí,
Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
) are determined by Pérez-Crespo ''et al.'' (2019), who also evaluate the implications of their findings for inferring the mobility of the studied specimen. * The first fossil
tiger The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus '' Panthera''. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ...
specimen from the Kyushu area ( Japan) is reported by Hasegawa ''et al.'' (2019).


Chiroptera


Chiropteran research

* A study on the completeness of the bat fossil record is published by Brown ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on aerodynamic features of '' Onychonycteris finneyi'' is published by Amador,
Simmons Simmons may refer to: * Simmons (surname), including a list of people with the surname *Simmons, Kentucky, unincorporated community, United States *Simmons, Missouri, unincorporated community, United States * Simmons (Red vs. Blue), a fictional cha ...
& Giannini (2019). * Description of
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
and
Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...
bat fossils from the Grotta dei Pipistrelli (
Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...
,
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
) is published by Salari ''et al.'' (2019).


Notoungulates


Notoungulate research

* A study on variations of
incisor Incisors (from Latin ''incidere'', "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals. They are located in the premaxilla above and on the mandible below. Humans have a total of eight (two on each side, top and bottom). Opossums have 18, w ...
enamel microstructure in notoungulates and on their evolutionary and ecological significance is published online by Filippo ''et al.'' (2019). * First skeletal remains of '' Notostylops murinus'' recovered from middle
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
levels of the Sarmiento Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) are described by Lorente, Gelfo & López (2019). * New fossil specimen of '' Pampahippus secundus'' is described from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
Upper Lumbrera Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) by García-López ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of ''
Notohippus ''Notohippus'' is an extinct genus of notoungulate mammal from the Early Miocene (Santacrucian in the SALMA classification) Santa Cruz Formation, Río Bote, Argentina.Santa Cruz Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
), is published by Del Pino ''et al.'' (2019). * A systematic revision of the genus ''
Patriarchus ''Patriarchus'' is an extinct genus of interatheriid notoungulates that lived during the Early Miocene in what is now Argentina. Fossils of this genus have been found in the Santa Cruz Formation of Argentina. Description It was a small-si ...
'' and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this genus within the Interatheriidae is published by Fernández, Fernicola & Cerdeño (2019). * A study on the braincase anatomy in mesotheriid notoungulates is published by Fernández-Monescillo ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial skeleton of '' Plesiotypotherium achirense'' showing multiple skeletal and dental pathologies is described from the late Miocene locality of Achiri (Bolivian
Altiplano The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao ( Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet. The plateau is located a ...
) by Fernández-Monescillo ''et al.'' (2019). * A revision and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of the
Friasian The Friasian age is a period of geologic time (16.3–15.5 Ma) within the Early Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification of South America. It follows the Santacrucian and precedes the Colloncuran age. ...
and
Mayoan The Mayoan ( es, Mayoense) age is a period of geologic time from 11.8 to 10 Ma, within the Middle to Late Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically within the SALMA classification in South America. It follows the Laventan and precedes ...
interatheriine
interatheriid Interatheriidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals from South America. Interatheriids are known from the Middle Eocene ( Mustersan) to the Early Pliocene ( Montehermosan).McKenna & Bell, 1997Linares, 2004 These animals were princip ...
notoungulates from southern
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
and
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...
is published by Vera ''et al.'' (2019). * A systematic re-evaluation of hegetotheriid notoungulates belonging to the genera '' Hegetotherium'' and '' Pachyrukhos'' is published by Seoane & Cerdeño (2019). * A revision of the fossil material assigned to the genera ''
Propachyrucos ''Propachyrucos'' is an extinct genus of hegetotheriid notoungulate. It lived from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene, in what is today South America. Description This animal was the size of a large hare, with a 10 centimeter long skull. ...
'' and '' Prosotherium'' is published by Seoane, Cerdeño & Singleton (2019). * Detailed reconstruction of the masticatory muscles of ''
Paedotherium ''Paedotherium'' is an extinct, potentially paraphyletic genus of Notoungulate, belonging to the family Hegetotheriidae, composed of small-sized, rodent or lagomorph-like Meridiungulata, South American ungulates. Four species are unambiguously re ...
'' and ''
Tremacyllus ''Tremacyllus'' is an extinct genus of hegetotheriids. It lived from the Late Miocene to the Late Pleistocene (~7-0.012 Ma) and its fossilized remains were discovered in South America. Description This animal was approximately the size of a har ...
'' is presented by Ercoli, Álvarez & Candela (2019), who report the presence of a true sciuromorph condition convergent with the condition evolved by rodents. * A study on the anatomy of limbs of the toxodont '' Isotemnus'' is published online by Lorente (2019).


Perissodactyla


Perissodactyl research

* A study on the anatomy of the skeleton of extant
tapir Tapirs ( ) are large, herbivorous mammals belonging to the family Tapiridae. They are similar in shape to a pig, with a short, prehensile nose trunk. Tapirs inhabit jungle and forest regions of South and Central America, with one species inh ...
s and
endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found els ...
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
European odd-toed ungulates, aiming to determine whether tapirs represent viable analogues for locomotion in palaeotheres and lophiodontids, is published online by MacLaren & Nauwelaerts (2019). * A study on the diet and habitat of ''
Schlosseria magister ''Dichoropetalum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Apiaceae, carrot family. The following species are accepted: The following hybrid is accepted: * ''Dichoropetalum × zirnichii'' (Cohrs) Reduron References

Apioideae Taxa named ...
'' and '' Lophialetes expeditus'' is published online by Gong ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the intraspecific variation of the skeletal anatomy in the lophiodontid species '' Eolophiodon laboriense'' is published by Vautrin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the morphology of the nares of the
brontotheres Brontotheriidae is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla, the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. Superficially, they looked rather like rhinos, although they were actually more closely related to h ...
''
Metarhinus ''Metarhinus'' is a genus of brontothere endemic to North America. It lived during the Eocene 46.2—40.4 mya Mya may refer to: Brands and product names * Mya (program), an intelligent personal assistant created by Motorola * Mya (TV chann ...
'' and ''
Sphenocoelus ''Sphenocoelus'' is an extinct genus of brontothere endemic to North America during the Middle Eocene 46.2—40.4 mya Mya may refer to: Brands and product names * Mya (program), an intelligent personal assistant created by Motorola * Mya ( ...
'', and on their functional significance, is published by Mader (2019). * A revision of the fossil material of rhinocerotids from the Miocene ( Agenian) of Wischberg ( Switzerland) is published by Jame ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the abundance of members of the genera '' Aphelops'' and ''Teleoceras'' from the middle Miocene to the Pliocene of the Great Plains, and on possible causes of their extinction, is published online by Wang & Secord (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of the Eurasian rhinocerotids of the Pleistocene epoch, based on data from the proteome from enamel of a tooth of a member of the genus ''Stephanorhinus'' from the
Dmanisi Dmanisi ( ka, დმანისი, tr, , az, Başkeçid) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera. The homini ...
site (
Georgia Georgia most commonly refers to: * Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia * Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States Georgia may also refer to: Places Historical states and entities * Related to t ...
), is published by Cappellini ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the timing of extinction of ''Elasmotherium sibiricum'' will be published by Kosintsev ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence indicating that this species survived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia until at least 39,000 years ago. * A study on cheek teeth and mandibular remains of a middle Pleistocene rhinoceros from the Matsugae Cave ( Japan), previously identified as belonging to a member of the genus ''Dicerorhinus'', is published online by Handa, Kohno & Kudo (2019), who reinterpret this fossil material as belonging to a member of the genus ''Stephanorhinus''. * A study on efficiency of the different modes of mastication, changes in the different masticatory paths and probable diets of early members of Equoidea is published by Engels & Schultz (2019). * A study on the daily and seasonal movements of Equidae, equids from two
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
fossil sites in northern
Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...
, as indicated by data from
strontium Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is ...
isotope ratios in
tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are denti ...
, will be published by Wallace, Crowley & Miller (2019). * A study on the life history of Miocene Hipparionini, hipparionins, as indicated by teeth
histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...
, is published by Orlandi-Oliveras, Nacarino-Meneses & Köhler (2019). * Description of new fossil material of hipparions from the Miocene locality Ravin des Zouaves-5 (
Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...
), and a study on the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of these equids, is published by Koufos & Vlachou (2019). * Limb bones fossils referred to ''Hipparion (Hippotherium) chiai'' are described from the Miocene of the middle reaches of the Yellow River (Shaanxi, China) by Li ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for the knowledge of the locomotor abilities of ''H. chiai'' and the environment inhabited by members of this species. * Fossils of members of the genus ''Eurygnathohippus'' of uncertain specific assignment are described from the late
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...
and the Siwalik Hills in northwest
India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...
by Jukar ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first occurrence of members of this genus outside Africa reported so far. * Revision and a study on variability of fossils of ''Dinohippus mexicanus'' from the Hemphillian localities in central
Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
is published by Carranza-Castañeda (2019). * A review of the evolutionary history of equid locomotor morphology, attempting to explain why the Dactyly#Monodactyly, monodactyly evolved only in the lineage leading to modern equids, is published by Christine Janis, Janis & Bernor (2019). * A study assessing the evidence for different hypotheses explaining how and why monodactyly evolved in equids is published by McHorse, Biewener & Pierce (2019). * A study on the functions of hypsodonty of the tooth crowns in equids, as indicated by data from extant and fossil equids, is published by Solounias ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of Biochronology, biochronologic evidence which is the basis of recognizing Land Mammal Ages across different continents, evaluating is implications for the knowledge of the major equid evolutionary events for the last 8 million years, is published by Rook ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of Pleistocene equid fossils from Cooper's D locality (Cooper's Cave,
South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by of coastline that stretch along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans; to the north by the neighbouring count ...
) is published by Badenhorst & Steininger (2019). * A study on DNA extracted from Pleistocene equid fossils from Kunni River bed at Taiping village (
Heilongjiang Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...
, China) is published by Yuan ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence of presence of ''Equus ovodovi'' in China. * A study on teeth of Pleistocene equids from the Anagni Basin (central
Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
) and on their implications for the knowledge of the niche occupation and resource exploitation mechanisms of these equids is published by Strani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the diversity and evolution of members of the genus ''Equus (genus), Equus'' in North America, Asia, Europe, and Africa, and on its implications for the knowledge origin and evolution of ancient and living zebras, is published by Bernor ''et al.'' (2019). * An overview of research advances from the preceding years concerning the biostratigraphy and palaeoecology of the genus ''Equus'' in Europe is published by Boulbes & van Asperen (2019). * A review and a study on the evolutionary history of early members of the genus ''Equus'' from China is published by Sun & Deng (2019). * A study on the diversity of native South American members of the genus ''Equus'' is published by Machado & Avilla (2019). * A study on the potential range of distribution of South American horses during the transition from the Last Glacial Maximum to the
Holocene The Holocene ( ) is the current geological epoch. It began approximately 11,650 cal years Before Present (), after the Last Glacial Period, which concluded with the Holocene glacial retreat. The Holocene and the preceding Pleistocene togeth ...
, and on its implications for the knowledge of the causes of the Late Quaternary extinction of South American horses, is published by Villavicencio, Corcoran & Marquet (2019). * A review of the
Neogene The Neogene ( ), informally Upper Tertiary or Late Tertiary, is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period Mya. ...
fossil record of members of Equinae from
Mexico Mexico ( Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guate ...
is published by Bravo-Cuevas & Jiménez-Hidalgo (2019). * A study on the diversity and paleoecology of late Pleistocene horses from northwestern and central Oaxaca and central Chiapas (Mexico) is published by Jiménez-Hidalgo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the metapodial bone
histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...
of ''Equus mosbachensis'' and ''Equus steinheimensis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the life history of these species, is published online by Nacarino-Meneses & Orlandi-Oliveras (2019). * A study on the evolutionary history of domestic horses, based on DNA data from horse
subfossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
s with ages mostly spanning the last six millennia, is published by Fages ''et al.'' (2019), who present evidence of existence of two extinct horse lineages in Iberia and Siberia during early domestication. * A review of the use of the generic name ''Equus'' within different phylogenetic frameworks and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of derived members of Equini is published by Barrón-Ortiz ''et al.'' (2019).


Xenarthrans


Cingulata


Cingulatan research

* A study on the evolution of morphological traits associated with tail weaponry in glyptodonts and ankylosaur dinosaurs, aiming to quantitatively test the hypothesis that tail weaponry of these groups is an example of convergent evolution, is published online by Victoria Arbour, Arbour & Lindsay Zanno, Zanno (2019). * New fossil material of the glyptodont ''Neuryurus'', including associated remains of carapace and Endoskeleton, endoskeletal bones, is described from the Pleistocene Sopas Formation (Uruguay) by Perea, Toriño & Ghizzoni (2019). * A review of the late Pleistocene species of ''Glyptodon'' from southern South America is published by Cuadrelli ''et al.'' (2019). * New specimen of ''Pucatherium parvum'' is described from the Eocene of the Lumbrera Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) by Herrera ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the impact of climate changes on the distribution of armadillos as indicated by fossil record is published by Soibelzon (2019). * A study on the internal structure of the osteoderms of extinct armadillos, and on its possible associations with the climate and environmental conditions of the distribution areas of various armadillo species, is published by Ciancio ''et al.'' (2019).


Pilosa


Pilosan research

* A study on the phylogeny, macroevolution, and historical biogeography of sloths is published by Varela ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of extinct and living sloths, as indicated by data from extinct sloth mitogenomes, is published by Delsuc ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of tree sloths and their extinct relatives, as indicated by collagen sequence information and mitochondrial DNA evidence, is published by Presslee ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the musculoskeletal diseases of Pleistocene sloths from the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Barbosa ''et al.'' (2019). * A study comparing the ungual Phalanx bone, phalanges of the third finger from the Manus (anatomy), manus of Pleistocene ground sloths and a wide range of extant mammals, and aiming to determine possible life habits of Pleistocene ground sloths, is published online by Patiño, Zerpa & Fariña (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of members of the family Mylodontidae is published by Boscaini, Pujos & Gaudin (2019). * New skull and teeth remains of ''Simomylodon uccasamamensis'' are described from the latest
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
–
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Altiplano The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao ( Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet. The plateau is located a ...
by Boscaini ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the skeletal morphology of ''Simomylodon uccasamamensis'' is published by Boscaini ''et al.'' (2019), who report evidence indicative of sexual dimorphism. * New specimen of ''Lestodon armatus'', providing new information on the anatomy of this species, is described from a Quaternary deposit in Caçapava do Sul (Brazil) by Vargas-Peixoto ''et al.'' (2019). * New fossil remains of ''Proscelidodon rothi'' are described from the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Buenos Aires Province,
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) by Miño-Boilini ''et al.'' (2019). * Partial specimen of ''Megalonyx jeffersonii'' is described from a peat deposit near Newburgh, Orange County, New York, Orange County by McDonald, Feranec & Miller (2019), representing the first record of this species from New York (state), New York reported so far. * A study on sexual dimorphism and geographic variation of fossil Megalonychidae, megalonychid sloths from Hispaniola is published online by McAfee & Beery (2019). * New fossil specimens belonging to the genus ''Neocnus'', representing the easternmost record of this genus reported so far, are described from the Upper Pleistocene localities of Padre Nuestro and Oleg's Bat House (Dominican Republic) by McAfee & Rimoli (2019). * Description of a partial dentary with teeth and an
astragalus ''Astragalus'' is a large genus of over 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae and the subfamily Faboideae. It is the largest genus of plants in terms of described species. The genus is native to te ...
of ''Megathericulus patagonicus'' from the Miocene Collón Curá Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) is published online by Brandoni, Ruiz & Bucher (2019), who consider the species ''Megathericulus primaevus'' to be a Synonym (taxonomy), junior synonym of ''M. patagonicus''. * Description of new fossil material of ''Thalassocnus'' from the Mina Fosforita member of the Bahía Inglesa Formation (
Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...
) and a study on the taxonomic diversity of members of the genus ''Thalassocnus'' in Chile is published by Peralta-Prato & Solórzano (2019). * Description of new fossil material of ''Nothrotheriops'' from the late Pleistocene of the Esperanza Lithostratigraphic Unit from the Salado Fluvial Accumulation Depression (Santa Fe Province,
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
), and a study on the implications of this finding for the knowledge of the dispersal of ground sloths during the Great American Interchange, is published by Brandoni & Vezzosi (2019). * A study on the paleoecology of the first fossilized specimen of ''Eremotherium laurillardi'' from Belize, as indicated by stable isotope analysis, is published by Larmon ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of fossils of ''Megatherium americanum'' from the Pleistocene deposits of the Coastal Plain of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) is published by Lopes & Pereira (2019). * A study on the morphology of the scapulae of juvenile and adult specimens of ''Megalonyx jeffersonii ''and ''Paramylodon harlani'', and on its implications of the knowledge of the behavior of these sloths, is published by Grass (2019).


General xenarthran research

* A study on the anatomy of the bone elements of the hyoid apparatus of xenarthrans, and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of xenarthrans, is published by Zamorano (2019).


Other eutherians


Other eutherian research

* A study on the phylogenetic relationships of extant and fossil moles belonging to the tribe Scalopini is published by Schwermann ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on early Miocene fossils of members of the families Shrew, Soricidae and Heterosoricidae from the Ribesalbes-Alcora Basin (
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) is published by Crespo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of Tarsus (skeleton), tarsals of ''Batodonoides powayensis'', and on its implications for the knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships of the family Geolabididae, is published by Zack & Penkrot (2019). * Description of the brain, inner ear, sinuses and endocranial nerves and vessels of the Periptychidae, periptychid ''Carsioptychus coarctatus'' is published by Cameron ''et al.'' (2019). * Virtual
endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible sp ...
s of endocranium and inner ear of ''Chriacus pelvidens'' and ''Chriacus baldwini'' are reconstructed by Bertrand ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of new fossil material of ''Molinodus suarezi'', ''Simoclaenus sylvaticus'', ''Tiuclaenus minutus'', ''Tiuclaenus robustus'' and ''Pucanodus gagnieri'' from the Paleocene of the Tiupampa locality (Bolivia), providing new information on the anatomy of skulls and teeth of these taxa, is published by de Muizon, Billet & Ladevèze (2019). * New Astrapotheria, astrapothere fossils from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
Cañadón Vaca Member of the Sarmiento Formation (
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), providing new information the early diversification of this group, are described by Kramarz, Bond & Carlini (2019). * Redescription of ''Protolipterna ellipsodontoides'' and a study on the teeth variation between members of this species is published by Zanesco, Bergqvist & Pereira (2019). * Description of Litopterna, litopterns from the early Miocene Pampa Castillo fauna (Galera Formation,
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) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Proterotheriidae, proterotheriids is published online by McGrath, Flynn & Wyss (2019). * Description of new cranial remains of the Proterotheriidae, proterotheriid ''Neolicaphrium recens'' from the
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
Sopas Formation (Uruguay), and a study on the diet of this species as indicated by tooth microwear, is published by Corona, Ubilla & Perea (2019). * A study on the dietary and environmental preferences of ''Neolicaphrium recens'' is published by Morosi & Ubilla (2019). * New proterotheriid and Macraucheniidae, macraucheniid fossil material is described from the late
Oligocene The Oligocene ( ) is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present ( to ). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but ...
Quebrada Fiera locality (Mendoza Province,
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) by Schmidt, Cerdeño & Del Pino (2019), extending the geographical range of ''Coniopternium'', and including the first Argentinian record of ''Lambdaconus'' outside
Patagonia Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and ...
. * Left dentary of a member of the genus ''Harpagolestes'' belonging or related to the species ''H. uintensis'' is described from the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
Clarno Formation (Oregon,
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) by Robson ''et al.'' (2019), representing the first Mesonychidae, mesonychid from this formation reported so far. * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of desmostylians is published by Matsui & Tsuihiji (2019). * New fossil material of ''Pantolestes'' is described from the Uinta Basin (Utah, United States) by Dunn & Townsend (2019), who also revise species-level diversity of ''Pantolestes'' from the Bridgerian North American Stage, Bridgerian and Uintan North American land mammal ages. * A study comparing the teeth of ''Prionogale'' to the teeth of subadult Hyaenodonta, hyaenodonts and carnivorans, as well as evaluating the phylogenetic affinities of ''Prionogale'' and ''Namasector'' within Hyaenodonta, is published by Borths & Stevens (2019), who reinterpret the type specimen of ''Prionogale breviceps'' and some of the paratype materials as preserving deciduous teeth which were previously interpreted as permanent dentition. * A reconstruction of the
endocast An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often referring to the cranial vault in the study of brain development in humans and other organisms. Endocasts can be artificially made for examining the properties of a hollow, inaccessible sp ...
of ''Proviverra typica'' based on X-ray microtomography is presented by Dubied, Solé & Mennecart (2019), who also study the phylogenetic relationships of hyaenodonts. * Description of a partial skeleton of a medium-sized carnivorous mammal (classified as a Machaeroidinae, machaeroidine Oxyaenidae, oxyaenid) from the Uinta Formation (Utah,
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) and a study on machaeroidine locomotor habits and on phylogenetic affinities of machaeroidines and "Creodonta, creodonts" in general is published by Zack (2019). * Description of rabbit fossils from the Late Miocene Shuitangba site (Zhaotong Basin;
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, China), assigned to the extant genus ''Nesolagus'', and a study on their implications for the knowledge of the evolutionary history of this genus and paleoecology of the site, is published by Flynn ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the size of fossil rabbits from 14 late Pleistocene and Holocene archaeological sites in Portugal, and on its implications for the knowledge of temperatures and environment in the area of Portugal during the last glaciation, is published by Davis (2019). * Description of the anatomy of a partial skeleton and a dentary with anterior teeth of the Plesiadapiformes, plesiadapiform ''Torrejonia wilsoni'' from the lower Paleocene Nacimiento Formation (New Mexico,
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) is published by Chester ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy, life history and phylogenetic relationships of ''Plesiadapis cookei'' is published by Boyer & Philip D. Gingerich, Gingerich (2019).


General eutherian research

* A study on the relationship between Morphology (biology), morphological and molecular rates of evolution of Placentalia, placental mammals is published by Halliday ''et al.'' (2019), who interpret their findings as supporting a Late Cretaceous origin of
crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...
placentals, and indicating that early members of major placental groups may not be easily distinguishable from one another or from
stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushr ...
eutherians. * A study on the phylogenetic distribution, morphological variation and functions of apicobasal ridges (elevated ridges of
tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are denti ...
) in aquatic mammals and reptiles, as indicated by data from extant and fossil taxa, is published by McCurry ''et al.'' (2019). * New late
Rupelian The Rupelian is, in the geologic timescale, the older of two ages or the lower of two stages of the Oligocene Epoch/ Series. It spans the time between . It is preceded by the Priabonian Stage (part of the Eocene) and is followed by the Chattian ...
mammal fossils, including new specimens of the shrew ''Srinitium marteli'' and fossils of taxa formerly unknown in this locality, are described from the Aubenas-les-Alpes locality (
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) by Maridet, Hugueney & Costeur (2019). * A study on the brain size of extinct Insular dwarfism, insular dwarf species of hippos and elephants is published by Lyras (2019). * A study on the relative contributions of grass and grit as a driving force of evolutionary changes in teeth of North American ungulates is published by Semprebon, Rivals & Janis (2019). * A study on fossils of '' Micromeryx flourensianus'' from a
Miocene The Miocene ( ) is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). The Miocene was named by Scottish geologist Charles Lyell; the name comes from the Greek words (', "less") and (', "new") and means "less recent" ...
locality in
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, preserving signs of carnivore activity, and on the possible identity of the predator which produced marks on these bones, is published by Aiglstorfer, Heizmann & Peigné (2019). * A study on changes in local climate and habitat conditions in central
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in a period from 9.1 to 6.3 million years ago, and on the diet and ecology of large mammals from this area in this time period as indicated by tooth wear patterns, is published by De Miguel, Azanza & Morales (2019). * Miocene (
Turolian The Turolian age is a period of geologic time (9.0–5.3 Ma) within the Miocene used more specifically with European Land Mammal Ages. It precedes the Ruscinian age and follows the Vallesian age. The Turolian overlaps the Tortonian and Messinia ...
) mammal faunas from several fossiliferous localities at Gorna Sushitsa (southwestern Bulgaria) are described by Spassov ''et al.'' (2019). * New late Miocene vertebrate assemblage, including turtle, rodent and xenarthran fossils (among which is the oldest record of an armadillo belonging to the genus ''Dasypus'' reported so far), is described from the Los Alisos locality (Guanaco Formation,
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) by Ercoli ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on modern and fossil mammal herbivore communities from eastern Africa spanning the last ~7 million years, aiming to determine whether modern herbivore communities are suitable analogs for the ancient ecosystems in which early hominins evolved, is published by Faith, Rowan & Du (2019). * A study on the anatomical traits of teeth and inferred diet of bovids, Suidae, suids and rhinocerotids from the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Kanapoi (
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), and on their implications for reconstructing the environments of this site, is published online by Dumouchel & Bobe (2019). * A study on the mortality profiles of bovids from the Oldowan localities in Kanjera South (
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) and Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), and on their implications for inferring hunting and scavenging behavior of early hominins in different (i.e. grassland and woodland) habitats, is published by Oliver ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on spatial and temporal variation in species composition of ungulates from the Koobi Fora Formation throughout the Early Pleistocene is published online by O'Brien ''et al.'' (2019). * Results of stable carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of
tooth enamel Tooth enamel is one of the four major tissues that make up the tooth in humans and many other animals, including some species of fish. It makes up the normally visible part of the tooth, covering the crown. The other major tissues are denti ...
samples from
Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
mammals from the Yugong Cave and Baxian Cave ( China) are presented by Sun ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of Pleistocene climatic and environmental changes in South China. * A study on the affinities and ages of Pleistocene mammalian faunas from China is published online by Dong, Liu & Bai (2019). * A study on Pleistocene mammal fossils from the Yai Ruak Cave (Krabi Province,
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), including the southernmost known record of ''Spotted hyena, Crocuta crocuta ultima'' in Southeast Asia, is published by Suraprasit ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of these fossils for reconstructions of the environment in the area of the Malay Peninsula in the Pleistocene. * A study on
Paleolithic The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (), also called the Old Stone Age (from Greek: παλαιός '' palaios'', "old" and λίθος ''lithos'', "stone"), is a period in human prehistory that is distinguished by the original development of stone to ...
faunal remains from the Manot Cave (
Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...
), comparing human and hyena prey choice in the Upper Paleolithic Galilee, is published online by Orbach & Yeshurun (2019). * A study on Pleistocene small mammal remains from Stratigraphic Unit V from El Salt site (Alcoy, Spain), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of climatic conditions in the eastern Iberian Peninsula at the time of the disappearance of local Neanderthal populations during Marine isotope stage, Marine Isotope Stage 3, is published by Fagoaga ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on Leporidae, leporid assemblages from 8 sites in southern
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associated with Acheulean and Middle Paleolithic occupations by hominins, aiming to examine small fast Game (hunting), game exploitation by archaic ''Homo'' populations, is published by Morin ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the taxonomic and skeletal identification and on surface modifications of mammals bones from the Fumane cave (
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), evaluating their implications for the knowledge of subsistence behaviour of hominins inhabiting the cave across the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition, is published by Sinet-Mathiot ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the dietary patterns and the ecological niches occupied by ungulates from the Mousterian of the Covalejos Cave (Cantabria,
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), as inferred from analyses of teeth wear and dental cementum, is published by Sánchez-Hernández ''et al.'' (2019), who evaluate the implications of their findings for the knowledge of the environmental conditions of this region, the knowledge of the age and season at the time of death these ungulates, and the knowledge of the seasonality and duration of Neanderthal occupations of the Covalejos Cave and the seasonality of their hunting activities. * A study on animal remains from the El Cierro cave (Asturias,
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), evaluating how much energy red deer supplied to the diet of the humans that inhabited El Cierro during the Lower Magdalenian in comparison with other animals, is published by Portero ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on movement patterns of the
Columbian mammoth The Columbian mammoth (''Mammuthus columbi'') is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited the Americas as far north as the Northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch. It was one of the last in a lin ...
s and other herbivores from the Waco Mammoth National Monument site (Texas,
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), based on
strontium Strontium is the chemical element with the symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white yellowish metallic element that is highly chemically reactive. The metal forms a dark oxide layer when it is ...
isotope data from their teeth, is published by Esker ''et al.'' (2019). * Description of Pleistocene mammal fossils from Extinction Cave (Belize), including one of the southernmost record of the bison and one of two records of the bear species ''Tremarctos floridanus'' from Central America, is published online by Churcher (2019). * A revision and a study on the age of the Late Pleistocene megafauna of Guatemala is published by Dávila ''et al.'' (2019). * Evidence from the Campo Laborde site in
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indicating that humans hunted and butchered a giant ground sloth ''Megatherium americanum'' is presented by Politis ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on diet and niche width of late Quaternary large herbivorous mammals from the Brazilian Intertropical Region is published by Pansani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on late Pleistocene mammal fossils recovered from a tank deposit in Lagoa de Pedra (Anagé municipality, Bahia State, Brazil), aiming to determine the diet of these mammals and the paleoenvironment they lived in, is published by da Silva ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on late Quaternary mammal remains from the Upper Gunnison Basin (Colorado,
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), focusing on their implications for the knowledge of effects of climate change, impact of climate changes since the Last Glacial Maximum on small mammals from this area, is published by Emslie & Meltzer (2019). * A study on the ecology of mammals from the La Brea Tar Pits, focusing on the dietary responses of carnivorans to changing climate and megafaunal extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene, is published by DeSantis ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on possible causes of the late Pleistocene extinctions, as indicated by the analysis of tooth wear and enamel hypoplasia in late Pleistocene horses and bisons from North America, is published by Barrón-Ortiz ''et al.'' (2019). * A study aiming to identify Community (ecology), community assembly effects of the end-Pleistocene extinctions of large mammals in North America is published by Tóth ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the role of past climate, extinct megafauna and guanaco in shaping the vegetation of the Patagonian steppe is published by Hernández, Ríos & Perotto-Baldivieso (2019). * A study on the impact of climate change on the faunal composition and extinction dynamics of European mammal species during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition, aiming to test the hypothesis of the existence of common evolutionary processes of change in faunal composition during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, independent of the regions of Europe, is published by Puzachenko & Markova (2019). * A study on population density of large herbivores in Europe during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, reconstructed on the basis of data from fossil Coprophilous fungi, dung fungus spores from central Latvia, is published by Stivrins ''et al.'' (2019). * The discovery of ancient bear, roe deer and bat DNA recovered from stalagmites from the Solkota cave (
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) is reported by Stahlschmidt ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on evolutionary changes in body size and sexual size dimorphism associated with the independent colonization of Madagascar by primates, carnivorans, tenrecs and rodents is published by Kappeler ''et al.'' (2019). * A study aiming to evaluate whether Invasive species in New Zealand, introduced deers and hares fill the same ecological niches as extinct moa birds in New Zealand, as indicated by data from pollen extracted from moa coprolites and mammal feces, is published by Wood & Wilmshurst (2019). * Description of small mammal fossils from the Pliocene site of Kanapoi (Kenya) is published online by Manthi & Winkler (2019).


Metatherians


Metatherian research

* Description of the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Argyrolagus scaglai'' from the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
is published online by Abello & Candela (2019), who interpret this species as having bipedal jumping locomotion. * Description of the anatomy of the caudal part of the cranium of ''Thylacosmilus atrox'' is published by Forasiepi, Macphee & del Pino (2019). * Description of a nearly complete juvenile skull of ''Sparassocynus derivatus'' from the
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of "sparassocynids" is published online by Beck & Taglioretti (2019). * A study on the locomotion of Balbaridae, balbarids is published by Den Boer, Campione & Kear (2019). * A study on the phylogenetic relationships of a giant short-faced kangaroo ''Simosthenurus occidentalis'' and giant wallaby ''Protemnodon anak'', as indicated by data from fossils and near-complete mitochondrial genomes, is published by Cascini ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the skull morphology of ''Simosthenurus occidentalis'', and on its implications for inferring the diet of this mammal, is published by Mitchell & Wroe (2019). * A study on the skull of ''Simosthenurus occidentalis'', evaluating whether it was capable of consuming tough vegetation and withstanding twisting forces while biting resistant objects, is published by Mitchell (2019). * The first descriptions of the appendicular skeleton and body mass estimates for three Palorchestidae, palorchestid species (''Palorchestes azael'', ''Palorchestes parvus'' and a member of the genus ''Propalorchestes'' of uncertain specific assignment from the Bullock Creek (Northern Territory), Bullock Creek Fossil Site) are presented by Richards ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on fossils of a putative Cretaceous dicynodont from Australia reported by Richard A. Thulborn, Thulborn & Turner (2003) is published online by Knutsen & Oerlemans (2019), who consider these fossils to be of
Pliocene The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58Pleistocene The Pleistocene ( , often referred to as the '' Ice age'') is the geological epoch that lasted from about 2,580,000 to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Before a change was finally confirmed ...
age, and reinterpret it as fossils of a large mammal, probably a Diprotodontidae, diprotodontid. * A study on the range and ecological tolerances of the Tasmanian devil living in the mainland Australia in prehistoric times, and on its implications for the viability of the proposal to reintroduce Tasmanian devils to mainland Australia, is published by Westaway ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the pre-Pleistocene evolutionary history of the family Thylacinidae is published by Rovinsky, Evans & Adams (2019). * An atlas of the skeletal elements of the thylacine is published by Warburton, Travouillon & Camens (2019).


Other mammals


Miscellaneous mammaliformes research

* A study on Occlusion (dentistry), occlusion and function of teeth in ''Morganucodon watsoni'' and ''Megazostrodon rudnerae'' is published by Jäger ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on teeth development and replacement in Jurassic euharamiyidan mammals from the Yanliao Biota ( China) is published by Mao ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the auditory and hyoid bones of ''Arboroharamiya allinhopsoni'' and ''Arboroharamiya jenkinsi'' is published online by Meng ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the tooth wear in ''Qishou'' and ''Shenshou'' from the Yanliao Biota, and on the Occlusion (dentistry), occlusal modes present in "haramiyidan" taxa, is published by Mao & Meng (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the petrosal of ''Borealestes'' is published by Panciroli, Schultz & Luo (2019), who also generate an endocast of the inner ear of ''Borealestes''. * A study on the anatomy of the
mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bon ...
and teeth of ''Borealestes serendipitus'' and on the phylogenetic relationships of this species, based on data from new specimens from the Isle of Skye (Scotland), is published by Panciroli, Benson & Luo (2019). * A revision of the teeth and mandibular fossils of members of the genus ''Docodon'' from Yale Quarry 9 at the Como Bluff site in the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation is published by Schultz, Bhullar & Luo (2019), who argue that the fossils from that quarry represent only one species, ''Docodon victor''. * A study on the anatomy of the inner ear and surrounding structures in ''Priacodon fruitaensis'' and two isolated
stem Stem or STEM may refer to: Plant structures * Plant stem, a plant's aboveground axis, made of vascular tissue, off which leaves and flowers hang * Stipe (botany), a stalk to support some other structure * Stipe (mycology), the stem of a mushr ...
therian petrosal specimens from the Aptian or Albian Höövör locality (
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 millio ...
) is published by Harper & Rougier (2019). * A study comparing the anatomy and function of skulls of rodents and Multituberculata, multituberculates, and evaluating their implications for inferring whether the extinction of multituberculates was caused by competition with rodents, is published by Adams ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the anatomy of skull and teeth of ''Maotherium sinense'', based on data from a three-dimensionally preserved skull from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation ( China), is published online by Plogschties & Martin (2019). * A study on the anatomy of the postcranial skeleton of ''Henkelotherium guimarotae'' is published online by Jäger, Luo & Martin (2019). * Description of new Tooth, dental and dentary specimens of ''Reigitherium'' from the Upper Cretaceous La Colonia Formation (
Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...
) and a study on the phylogenetic relationships of this taxon is published by Harper, Parras & Rougier (2019).


General research

* A study on the origin of the mammalian middle ear ossicles, as indicated by the anatomy of the jaw-otic complex in 43 synapsid taxa, is published by Navarro-Díaz, Esteve-Altava & Rasskin-Gutman (2019). * A study on the evolution of the morphological complexity of the mammalian vertebral column, as indicated by data from mammals and non-mammalian synapsids, is published by Jones, Angielczyk & Pierce (2019). * A study on the ecological structure of Mesozoic Mammaliaformes, mammaliaform communities is published by Chen, Strömberg & Wilson (2019). * A study on the diversification of functional morphology of jaws in Mammaliaformes in general and
crown A crown is a traditional form of head adornment, or hat, worn by monarchs as a symbol of their power and dignity. A crown is often, by extension, a symbol of the monarch's government or items endorsed by it. The word itself is used, partic ...
-therians in particular from the Early Jurassic to the end of the
Eocene The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period in the modern Cenozoic Era. The name ''Eocene'' comes from the Ancient Greek (''ēṓs'', " ...
, focusing on changes occurring across the Cretaceous-
Paleogene The Paleogene ( ; also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene; informally Lower Tertiary or Early Tertiary) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of ...
boundary, is published by Benevento, Benson & Friedman (2019). * A study on the evolution of foot posture in mammals, and on the effects of posture on body size evolution, is published by Kubo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on arrangements of tarsal bones in mammals, focusing on extinct South American ungulates, is published by Lorente (2019). * A review of ecological diversifications of mammals throughout their evolutionary history is published by Grossnickle, Smith & Wilson (2019). * A study on the ancestral Molar (tooth)#Tribosphenic, tribosphenic therian chewing stroke, as conserved in the extant gray short-tailed opossum, is published by Bhullar ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of the Biogeography, biogeographic history of mammals and other terrestrial vertebrates from the Mesozoic of Gondwana is published by David W. Krause, Krause ''et al.'' (2019). * A protocol for reconstructing 3D models of skulls of extinct species of small mammals known only from fragmentary fossils is proposed by Moya-Costa, Cuenca-Bescós & Bauluz (2019), who present reconstructions of the skulls of fossil shrews ''Beremendia fissidens'' and ''Dolinasorex glyphodon''. * A study on the impact of uncertainty of stratigraphic age of fossils on studies estimating species divergence times which incorporate fossil taxa, based on data from the fossil record of North American mammals and from the dataset of extant and fossil cetaceans, is published by Barido-Sottani ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the ecological spectrum of six sequential terrestrial mammal faunas of the North American Cenozoic, aiming to assess the potential influence of long-term climatic shifts on the Ecomorphology, ecomorphological composition of these faunas, is published by Figueirido ''et al.'' (2019). * A study comparing the utility of classic
morphometric Morphometrics (from Greek μορϕή ''morphe'', "shape, form", and -μετρία ''metria'', "measurement") or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of ''form'', a concept that encompasses size and shape. Morphometric analyses are co ...
indices and three-dimensional landmarks configuration to infer diet of carnivorous fossil mammals is published by Tarquini ''et al.'' (2019). * A review of the fossil record of terrestrial mammals from
Antarctica Antarctica () is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. Situated almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle and surrounded by the Southern Ocean, it contains the geographic South Pole. Antarctica is the fifth-largest co ...
is published by Gelfo ''et al.'' (2019). * A study on the taphonomy and age of mammal fossils from the Gruta do Ioiô cave (Salitre Formation; Chapada Diamantina region, Brazil), and on the paleoecology of fossil mammals from this site, is published online by Eltink ''et al.'' (2019). * A study determining the sex of 186 Holarctic bison specimens known from
subfossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...
remains, of 91 subfossil
brown bear The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. In North America, the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of Alaska is ...
specimens and of mammal specimens from 4 large museum mammal collections representing multiple orders is published by Gower ''et al.'' (2019), who report a significant skew toward males among the studied specimens and search for possible explanations of the observed skew in sex ratio. * A study determining the origins of nocturnal behavior in early mammals as correlating to sperm preservation.


References

{{reflist 2019 in paleontology 2010s in paleontology 2019 in science Prehistoric mammals