The 1986 Kalamata earthquake struck the southern
Peloponnese Region of Greece on September 13 at 20:24
local time. The
deep
Deep or The Deep may refer to:
Places United States
* Deep Creek (Appomattox River tributary), Virginia
* Deep Creek (Great Salt Lake), Idaho and Utah
* Deep Creek (Mahantango Creek tributary), Pennsylvania
* Deep Creek (Mojave River tributary ...
moment magnitude () 5.9 earthquake had an
epicenter
The epicenter (), epicentre, or epicentrum in seismology is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus, the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates.
Determination
The primary purpose of a ...
near the coastal city of
Kalamata
Kalamata ( ) is the second most populous city of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece after Patras, and the largest city of the Peloponnese (region), homonymous administrative region. As the capital and chief port of the Messenia regiona ...
and was assigned X (''Extreme'') on the
Mercalli intensity scale
The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS) measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location. This is in contrast with the seismic magnitude usually reported for an earthquake.
Magnitude scales measure the inherent force or ...
. The earthquake was the result of normal faulting along a northwest-dipping fault and produced surface ruptures. Extensive damage was reported in Kalamata and Elaiochori.
At least 20 people died and 330 were injured. Survivors sought refuge at campsites and reconstruction work lasted five years.
Tectonic setting
Greece is a seismically active country located in a complex zone of interaction between the
African plate the
Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans and Anatolia, and covers an area of some . In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea, which in turn con ...
. Along the
Hellenic arc, the African plate
subducts beneath the Aegean Sea at around per year. Shallow-focus earthquakes of less than depth are common—the result of accommodating
convergence
Convergence may refer to:
Arts and media Literature
*''Convergence'' (book series), edited by Ruth Nanda Anshen
*Convergence (comics), "Convergence" (comics), two separate story lines published by DC Comics:
**A four-part crossover storyline that ...
via
subduction
Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at the convergent boundaries between tectonic plates. Where one tectonic plate converges with a second p ...
-related deformation. Back-arc extension occurs within the Aegean Sea, above the subducting crust, causing normal and strike-slip faulting earthquakes. Large intermediate-depth earthquakes occur due to deformation within the subducting plate.
The Peloponnese region is characterized by active extensional tectonics which has continued since the
Pliocene
The Pliocene ( ; also Pleiocene) is the epoch (geology), epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.33 to 2.58[Messinia
Messenia or Messinia ( ; ) is a regional units of Greece, regional unit (''perifereiaki enotita'') in the southwestern part of the Peloponnese (region), Peloponnese Administrative regions of Greece, region, in Greece. Until the implementatio ...](_blank)
and the
Messenian Gulf
The Messenian Gulf (, ''Messiniakós Kólpos'') is a sea that is part of the Ionian Sea. The gulf is circumscribed by the southern coasts of Messenia and the southwestern coast of the Mani peninsula in Laconia. Its bounds are Venetiko Island ...
which forms a
graben
In geology, a graben () is a depression (geology), depressed block of the Crust (geology), crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults.
Etymology
''Graben'' is a loan word from German language, German, meaning 'ditch' or 't ...
. To the east is the
Taygetus
The Taygetus, Taugetus, Taygetos or Taÿgetus () is a mountain range on the Peloponnese peninsula in Southern Greece. The highest mountain of the range is Mount Taygetus, also known as "Profitis Ilias", or "Prophet Elias" (Elijah).
The name is o ...
mountain range
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have aris ...
; separating it from the graben is a series of normal dip-slip faults, which are part of a
seismic zone
In seismology, a seismic zone or seismic belt is an area of seismicity potentially sharing a common cause. It can be referred to as an earthquake belt as well. It may also be a region on a map for which a common areal rate of seismicity is assume ...
in
West Mani
West Mani () is a municipality in the Messenia regional unit, Peloponnese, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Kardamyli. The municipality has an area of 402.809 km2.
It comprises the northwestern part of the geographic and histori ...
. These faults generally trend north–south and accommodates east–west extension. One of them is the Kalamata Fault which
strikes north northeast–south southwest and
dips northwest at 70–80°. The Kalamata Fault is part of a group of west-dipping faults that separates the Taygetus mountains from the Pamisos
river plain. Believed to have formed during the
Quaternary
The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), as well as the current and most recent of the twelve periods of the ...
, it was not associated with any earthquakes or surface ruptures prior to 1986. The region frequently experience earthquakes and their associated
tsunami
A tsunami ( ; from , ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater explosions (including detonations, ...
s and
liquefaction
In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.
It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of t ...
such as in
1867
There were only 354 days this year in the newly purchased territory of Alaska. When the territory transferred from the Russian Empire to the United States, the calendric transition from the Julian to the Gregorian Calendar was made with only 1 ...
and 1947.
Earthquake
The earthquake, with a moment magnitude of 5.9, originated at a depth of . The timing of occurrence was at 20:24 EET on 13 September.
It was caused by normal faulting along a north-northeast–south-southwest striking and west–northwest dipping fault. The causative fault was later known as the Kalamata Fault; the
rupture of the fault occurred across an area estimated at .
The fault ruptured to the surface along its northern extent, causing surface ruptures.
Surface rupture
Small
fault scarps and
surface ruptures were observed east of Kalamata and aligned with a known fault. These were reported for along a north-northeast–south-southwest trend, and were intermittently accompanied by a
fissure
A fissure is a long, narrow crack opening along the surface of Earth. The term is derived from the Latin word , which means 'cleft' or 'crack'. Fissures emerge in Earth's crust, on ice sheets and glaciers, and on volcanoes.
Ground fissure
A ...
. One of these ruptures was mapped continuously for . Some ruptures measured up to in vertical height and were wide. They often appeared in
terraced olive groves near rocky outcrops, and were several tens of centimeters west of a large
fault surface.
Heavy damage occurred in homes where the surface rupture propagated beneath.
The most significant surface rupture occurred within an existing north-northeast trending fault trace in the Mesozoic
limestone
Limestone is a type of carbonate rock, carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material Lime (material), lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different Polymorphism (materials science) ...
in Elaiochori and Perivolakia. It exhibited a vertical displacement of on the northwest side of the fault, horizontal heave of , and left-lateral offset of . The occurrence of unconsolidated
breccia
Breccia ( , ; ) is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of minerals or Rock (geology), rocks cementation (geology), cemented together by a fine-grained matrix (geology), matrix.
The word has its origins in the Italian language ...
suggest the same fault has reactivated in past earthquakes.
Strong ground motion
Two
accelerographs in Kalamata recorded a maximum
peak ground acceleration
Peak ground acceleration (PGA) is equal to the maximum ground acceleration that occurred during earthquake shaking at a location. PGA is equal to the amplitude of the largest absolute acceleration recorded on an wikt:accelerogram, accelerogram at a ...
(pga) of 0.27 ''g'' in the horizontal component.
Meanwhile, the pga in the veritcal component was 0.368 ''g''.
Ground motion in excess of 0.1 ''g'' lasted for 2.5 seconds while the maximum horizontal velocity was per second.
The greater Kalamata and Elaiochori regions were within the
meizoseismal area.
Downtown Kalamata experienced Modified Mercalli intensity VIII (''Severe''), where damage was heavy; 42 percent of homes were obliterated or had irreparable damage. However, In Elaiochori and
Perivolakia, the Modified Mercalli intensity was X (''Extreme'') and both villages were razed. The earthquake produced seismic waves with a short
period of 0.15–1.6 seconds, affecting short and poorly built structures. Buildings in Elaiochori were poorly constructed and without retrofitting, could not endure the shaking.
Aftershocks
Following the mainshock, seismic instruments were installed by the
National Observatory of Athens
The National Observatory of Athens (NOA; ) is a research institute in Athens, Greece. Founded in 1842, it is the oldest List of research institutes in Greece, research foundation in Greece. The Observatory was the first scientific research insti ...
,
University of Athens
The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA; , ''Ethnikó kai Kapodistriakó Panepistímio Athinón''), usually referred to simply as the University of Athens (UoA), is a public university in Athens, Greece, with various campuses alo ...
,
Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris
The Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (, ; abbr. IPGP) is a French governmental, non-profit research and higher education establishment located in Paris, dedicated to the study of earth and planetary sciences by combining observations, labora ...
and
Grenoble Observatory. These instruments allowed scientists to determine the focal mechanism and depth of
aftershocks. About 740
aftershocks were recorded in the first two weeks after the
mainshock
In seismology, the mainshock is the largest earthquake in a sequence, sometimes preceded by one or more foreshocks, and almost always followed by many aftershocks.
Foreshock
A foreshock is an earthquake that occurs before a larger seismic ev ...
. Most aftershocks had focal mechanisms consistent with the mainshock (normal) while some were dextral strike-slip events on a fault perpendicular to the mainshock source. The largest aftershock on 15 September measured 5.3 and occurred south of the mainshock.
It had a maximum intensity of VII (''Very strong''),
caused 37 injuries, and further damage in
Kalamata
Kalamata ( ) is the second most populous city of the Peloponnese peninsula in southern Greece after Patras, and the largest city of the Peloponnese (region), homonymous administrative region. As the capital and chief port of the Messenia regiona ...
.
These aftershocks were distributed across a × zone in two distinct clusters; north and south, separated by a zone without any. The gap measured and extended to a depth of . The lack of seismicity in the gap was the result of smooth rupturing along the fault. At depth, the two aftershocks clusters merged. These aftershocks had
focal depths up to deep but none originated beyond . The southern sequence initiated immediately following the mainshock at the southern extension of the Kalamata Fault, releasing strain that still remained. The northern aftershock
swarm experienced greater activity.
Impact
The earthquake caused million in damage.
At least 20 people died; more deaths were prevented because most residents attended a ferry line
opening ceremony
An opening ceremony, grand opening, or ribbon-cutting ceremony marks the official opening of a newly constructed location or the start of an event. when the earthquake occurred.
Six bodies were recovered from a five-story
reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ...
apartment that collapsed. Six people died from falling debris; one person was crushed, one died from a heart attack, an infant died from suffocation and another from serious injuries.
Three individuals perished when the Holy Monastery of Velanidia's defensive towers collapsed.
Four people died when an old stone building collapsed in Elaiochori. An additional 330 people were injured including 83 with serious injuries.
The damage in Kalamata mainly occurred in the historic district, in the city's central and northeast corners. There, most buildings were constructed with masonry,
and were about 150 to 200 years old.
According to ''
Ta Nea'', at least 112 buildings were partially or completely destroyed while many others were cracked.
Twenty percent of the city's buildings, including 44
reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete, also called ferroconcrete or ferro-concrete, is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are compensated for by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ...
structures, were demolished due to the extent of damage.
At a jetty, cracks up to wide were reported and parts of its walls partially detached.
Power outage
A power outage, also called a blackout, a power failure, a power blackout, a power loss, a power cut, or a power out is the complete loss of the electrical power network supply to an end user.
There are many causes of power failures in an el ...
s occurred and communication services were disrupted in the city.
Some rockfalls occurred in the
Taygetus
The Taygetus, Taugetus, Taygetos or Taÿgetus () is a mountain range on the Peloponnese peninsula in Southern Greece. The highest mountain of the range is Mount Taygetus, also known as "Profitis Ilias", or "Prophet Elias" (Elijah).
The name is o ...
mountains, obstructing a major road that linked Kalamata to
Sparta
Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece. In antiquity, the city-state was known as Lacedaemon (), while the name Sparta referred to its main settlement in the Evrotas Valley, valley of Evrotas (river), Evrotas rive ...
.

Other structures such as bridges and industrial facilities sustained little damage or were unaffected.
At Elaiochori, located from Kalamata, at least 70 percent of its buildings were destroyed, leaving only 120 intact.
Heavy damage also occurred in the villages of Verga, Poliani, Aris, Artemisia and Nedousa.
Aftermath
Rescuers immediately attended to two buildings in Kalamata; a collapsed apartment and another two-storey house where two people were trapped. They were accompanied by members of the
Greek Army,
Police
The police are Law enforcement organization, a constituted body of Law enforcement officer, people empowered by a State (polity), state with the aim of Law enforcement, enforcing the law and protecting the Public order policing, public order ...
and
Fire Service
A fire department (North American English) or fire brigade (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English), also known as a fire company, fire authority, fire district, fire and rescue, or fire service in some areas, is an organi ...
. Rescuers pulled four survivors from the apartment building immediately. Another seven people were rescued the following afternoon. Rescue efforts were disrupted by curious onlookers, friends and family members of those trapped visiting the site.
Rescue teams from
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
and
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
also assisted.
Many displaced individuals sought refuge across 30 campsites while their homes were reconstructed and some left the city for other areas such as
Athens
Athens ( ) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities and towns in Greece, largest city of Greece. A significant coastal urban area in the Mediterranean, Athens is also the capital of the Attica (region), Attica region and is the southe ...
.
In 1987, Prime Minister
Andreas Papandreou
Andreas Georgiou Papandreou (, ; 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek academic and economist who founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) and served three terms as Prime minister of Greece, prime minister of Third Hellenic Repu ...
did not attend a memorial ceremony on the one-year anniversary of the earthquake, citing his busy schedule.
Instead, he boarded a cruise with
Dimitra Liani which sparked anger among the public.
See also
*
List of earthquakes in 1986
*
List of earthquakes in Greece
References
Sources
*
*
Further reading
*
{{Portal bar, Earth sciences, Greece
1986 earthquakes
Earthquakes in Greece
1986 in Greece
Kalamata
History of Messenia
Geography of Messenia
1986 disasters in Greece
Andreas Papandreou