1982 Bukit Merah Radioactive Pollution
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The 1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution is a
radioactive waste Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material. It is a result of many activities, including nuclear medicine, nuclear research, nuclear power generation, nuclear decommissioning, rare-earth mining, and nuclear ...
pollution incident in
Bukit Merah Bukit Merah, also known as Redhill, is a Planning Areas of Singapore, planning area and New towns of Singapore, new town situated in the southernmost part of the Central Region, Singapore, Central Region of Singapore. The planning area borders T ...
of
Kinta District The Kinta District is a Districts of Malaysia, district in Perak, Malaysia. It contains the state capital Ipoh. Kinta is the most populated district in Perak and also the seventh most populated district in Malaysia. Kinta houses Ipoh, Perak's la ...
in Central
Perak Perak (; Perak Malay: ''Peghok'') is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kel ...
,
Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
. The outcome of the pollution case took several years to complete with no acknowledgement of responsibilities from companies involved despite the closure of factory in 1994 that become the source of pollution.


Background

A rare earth extracting company named Asia Rare Earth Sdn Bhd (ARE) was established in 1979 for
yttrium Yttrium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Y and atomic number 39. It is a silvery-metallic transition metal chemically similar to the lanthanides and has often been classified as a "rare-earth element". Yttrium is almost a ...
extraction in Bukit Merah, Perak with the biggest
shareholder A shareholder (in the United States often referred to as stockholder) of corporate stock refers to an individual or legal entity (such as another corporation, a body politic, a trust or partnership) that is registered by the corporation as the ...
s for the company being the Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Ltd and Beh Minerals (both with 35% share) together with
Tabung Haji Lembaga Tabung Haji ( Jawi: ; Arabic ) also known as Tabung Haji or TH is the Malaysian hajj pilgrims fund board.(18 July 1990)Tunnel tragedy death toll may reach 155, says Yusof ''New Straits Times'' It was formerly known as Lembaga Urusan dan T ...
and other Bumiputera businessmen owning lesser shares. In 1982, the newly established company began extracting yttrium from a mineral named
monazite Monazite is a primarily reddish-brown phosphate mineral that contains rare-earth elements. Due to variability in composition, monazite is considered a group of minerals. The most common species of the group is monazite-(Ce), that is, the cerium ...
which contains rare-earth elements and the radioactive elements
thorium Thorium is a chemical element; it has symbol Th and atomic number 90. Thorium is a weakly radioactive light silver metal which tarnishes olive grey when it is exposed to air, forming thorium dioxide; it is moderately soft, malleable, and ha ...
and
uranium Uranium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-grey metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons. Ura ...
. Since the ARE started its operation, residents from a nearby town of Papan began to complain of an unpleasant
odour An odor (American English) or odour (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-our, -or, see spelling differences) is a smell or a scent caused by one or more volatilized ...
and smoke from the factory where they also had reported breathing difficulties as a result of the pollution. The residents later discovered in 1984 that the extracting company of ARE had built a waste channel to a disposal site near their town under the consent of the state government of Perak.


Affected residents reaction toward the pollution

Upon knowing that the state government were in part involved in the activities, around 6,700 residents from the affected town of Papan and several others from nearby towns signed a petition that was subsequently sent to various government departments, including the
Menteri Besar of Perak The Menteri Besar of Perak or First Minister of Perak is the head of government in the Malaysian state of Perak. According to convention, the Menteri Besar is the leader of the majority party or largest coalition party of the Perak State Legislati ...
, the
Prime Minister of Malaysia The prime minister of Malaysia (; ) is the head of government of Malaysia. The prime minister directs the executive branch of the Government of Malaysia, federal government. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the prime minister who is a membe ...
, the
Health Ministry A health department or health ministry is a part of government which focuses on issues related to the general health of the citizenry. Subnational entity, Subnational entities, such as State (administrative division), states, county, counties an ...
and the Science, Technology, and Environment Ministry while 3,000 residents including women and children participated in a peaceful assembly and another 200 blocked the road to the waste disposal site.


Government responses

Nonetheless, the Malaysian Prime Minister at the time
Mahathir Mohamad Mahathir bin Mohamad (; ; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author and doctor who was respectively the fourth and seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia, prime minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 2003 and from 2018 to 2020. He was the ...
responded that the government had taken every precaution to ensure safety with the construction of the radioactive disposal site continuing regardless of the protest, with the Science, Technology and Environment Minister
Stephen Yong Kuet Tze Tan Sri Datuk Amar Stephen Yong Kuet Tze ( zh, s=杨国斯, zh, t=楊國斯, p=Yáng Guósī; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ''Yòng Koet-sṳ̂''; 2 June 1921 – 4 July 2001, Sarawak, Malaysia) was a former Cabinet Minister in Malaysia. He was the Secretar ...
also denying any potential health hazards and stressing that the disposal site was safe as it was built under strict regulations, challenging the affected residents to back up their claims that the disposal site was indeed hazardous. Despite the conclusion gathered from international experts, the government decided to proceed with the activities where the residents later continue their protests and performed a one-day
hunger strike A hunger strike is a method of non-violent resistance where participants fasting, fast as an act of political protest, usually with the objective of achieving a specific goal, such as a policy change. Hunger strikers that do not take fluids are ...
against the government decision. In 1985, Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister
Musa Hitam Musa bin Hitam (Jawi alphabet, Jawi: موسى بن هيتم; born 18 April 1934) is a Malaysian retired politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia from 1981 to 1986, serving under Mahathir Mohamad. He was the chairman of Si ...
showed his concern by visiting the site and subsequent cabinet meeting led by the latter was held to move the disposal site to the Kledang Range, about 5 kilometres from the town area. Following the third revelation, the federal government through a minister from the Prime Minister's Office Kasitah Gaddam said the levels were still safe despite it being more than the limit, with the excuse of the number of sites being very small.


Investigation and subsequent events

To prove that their claims were indeed true, the residents of Papan aided by residents from the nearby towns of Bukit Merah, Lahat, Menglembu and Taman Badri Shah formed the Bukit Merah Acting Committee. The committee was visited by a local environmentalist group Sahabat Alam Malaysia (SAM) who measured the radiation levels at the open space and pool near the factory with the conclusion that the
radiation In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium. This includes: * ''electromagnetic radiation'' consisting of photons, such as radio waves, microwaves, infr ...
in these places was 88 times higher than the upper limit allowed by the
International Commission on Radiological Protection The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is an independent, international, non-governmental organization, with the mission to protect people, animals, and the environment from the harmful effects of ionising radiation. Its ...
(ICRP) with a memorandum then being submitted to the country Prime Minister. With the increasing pressure, the
Malaysian government The Government of Malaysia, officially the Federal Government of Malaysia (; Jawi: ), is based in the Federal Territory of Putrajaya, with the exception of the legislative branch, which is located in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia is a federation comp ...
then invited a team comprising members from
International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear technology, nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was ...
(IAEA) to visit the factory where three international nuclear experts from
Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
, the
United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
, and the
United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...
also found that the waste channel is not safe for the public. Another expert from Japan was called thereafter to gather further evidence where he found that the radiation levels were 800 times the permitted maximum level.


Court case

In 1985, eight of the town residents including one who is a
cancer Cancer is a group of diseases involving Cell growth#Disorders, abnormal cell growth with the potential to Invasion (cancer), invade or Metastasis, spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Po ...
victim brought the case to the High Court with 1,500 people from the affected area present to hear the verdict. A temporary stop work order was subsequently issued by the court until satisfactory safety measures were taken by the ARE company. However, in just a month after the order, the company invited an American atomic specialist to prove the factory is safe to continue its operation. This was countered with the second visit by the expert from Japan along with two former workers of the company revealing several more thorium dumping sites in Bukit Merah to Atomic Energy Licensing Board (AELB) with the Japanese expert discovering that the radiation levels at these places were significantly over the ICRP's maximum safety limit. The company was then ordered by the court to stop all operations but the AELB still issued a license to the company to continue their operations in 1987. With the company's refusal to stop despite the court order, the affected residents began to sue the company which evolved into a court battle that lasted 32 months and in July 1992, the residents won their case against the company with the court ordering them to close their factory within 14 days. Even with the second court order, the company filed an appeal case to the Federal Court where the Ipoh High Court's decision was suspended under two reasons, being that the ARE's experts were more trustworthy and asking the residents to ask the Malaysian atomic board themselves to withdraw the company license as the board had the power to do so under the Atomic Energy Licensing Act. Without wasting further time in a long case that was affecting their livelihoods, some of the affected residents travelled to Japan to meet up with the highest authority of Mitsubishi Chemical, one of the company major shareholders, to explain their dire situation which was also heard by Japanese environmentalists. With Mitsubishi's intervention and further international pressure, the company finally stopped their operations despite having won the court battle locally. Mitsubishi Chemical reached an out-of-court settlement with the affected residents by agreeing to donate $164,000 to the community's schools while denying any responsibility for the related illnesses from pollution caused by the ARE related works. After the 1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution incident, the mine in
Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...
was the focus of a US$100 million cleanup that proceeded in 2011. After having accomplished the hilltop entombment of 11,000 truckloads of radioactively contaminated material, the project is expected to entail in the summer of 2011, the removal of "more than 80,000 steel barrels of radioactive waste to the hilltop repository."


See also

*
Lynas Lynas Rare Earths, Ltd. is an Australian rare-earths mining company with two major operations: a mining and concentration plant at Mount Weld in Western Australia, and the Lynas Advanced Materials Plant (LAMP) in Kuantan, Malaysia. The c ...
*
Radioactive contamination Radioactive contamination, also called radiological pollution, is the deposition of, or presence of Radioactive decay, radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids, liquids, or gases (including the human body), where their presence is uni ...


Further reading

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References

{{Asia Pollution Environmental issues in Malaysia Health disasters in Malaysia Man-made disasters in Malaysia Radiation accidents and incidents Radiation health effects 1982 crimes in Malaysia 1982 disasters in Malaysia 1982 in Malaysia Waste disposal incidents