Events

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

Polish–Soviet War The Polish–Soviet War (14 February 1919 – 18 March 1921) was fought primarily between the Second Polish Republic and the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, following World War I and the Russian Revolution. After the collapse ...

: The Russian

Red Army The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union. The army was established in January 1918 by a decree of the Council of People ...

increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20. **

Kauniainen Kauniainen (; ) is a town in Finland, located in the southern interior of the country. Kauniainen is situated in the southern part of the Uusimaa region, and it is Enclave and exclave, enclaved by the City of Espoo. The population of Kauniainen ...

in Finland, completely surrounded by the city of

Espoo Espoo (, ; ) is a city in Finland. It is located to the west of the capital, Helsinki, in southern Uusimaa. The population is approximately . It is the most populous Municipalities of Finland, municipality in Finland. Espoo is part of the Helsi ...

, secedes from Espoo as its own market town. *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of the Roman Republic, Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army, prompting the tribunes who support him to flee to where Caesar is waiting in Ravenna ...

–

Russian Civil War The Russian Civil War () was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the 1917 overthrowing of the Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. I ...

: The forces of Russian White Admiral

Alexander Kolchak Admiral Alexander Vasilyevich Kolchak (; – 7 February 1920) was a Russian navy officer and polar explorer who led the White movement in the Russian Civil War. As he assumed the title of Supreme Ruler of Russia in 1918, Kolchak headed a mili ...

surrender in

Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk is the largest types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia. It is situated along the Yenisey, Yenisey River, and is the second-largest city in Siberia after Novosibirsk, with a p ...

; the Great Siberian Ice March ensues. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

** The

Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of World War I, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allies of World War I, Allied Powers. It was signed in the Palace ...

takes effect, officially ending World War I. ** The League of Nations Covenant enters into force. On

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1458 BC – Hatshepsut dies at the age of 50 and is buried in the Valley of the Kings. * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the R ...

, the organization holds its first council meeting, in Paris. *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: Muhammad and his ...

– The

Azerbaijan Democratic Republic The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (), also known as the Azerbaijan People's Republic (; ), was the first secular democracy, democratic republic in the Turkic peoples, Turkic and Muslim worlds. *Tadeusz Swietochowski. ''Russia and Azerbaijan: ...

is recognised de facto by European powers in

Versailles The Palace of Versailles ( ; ) is a former royal residence commissioned by King Louis XIV located in Versailles, Yvelines, Versailles, about west of Paris, in the Yvelines, Yvelines Department of Île-de-France, Île-de-France region in Franc ...

. *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

– ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''NYT'') is an American daily newspaper based in New York City. ''The New York Times'' covers domestic, national, and international news, and publishes opinion pieces, investigative reports, and reviews. As one of ...

'' ridicules American rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard, which it will rescind following the launch of

Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was a spaceflight conducted from July 16 to 24, 1969, by the United States and launched by NASA. It marked the first time that humans Moon landing, landed on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module pilot Buzz Aldrin l ...

in 1969. *

** The

Allies of World War I The Allies or the Entente (, ) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers ...

demand that the Netherlands extradite ex-

German Emperor The German Emperor (, ) was the official title of the head of state and Hereditary monarchy, hereditary ruler of the German Empire. A specifically chosen term, it was introduced with the 1 January 1871 constitution and lasted until the abdicati ...

Wilhelm II Wilhelm II (Friedrich Wilhelm Viktor Albert; 27 January 18594 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia from 1888 until Abdication of Wilhelm II, his abdication in 1918, which marked the end of the German Empire as well as th ...

who fled there in

1918 The ceasefire that effectively ended the World War I, First World War took place on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month of this year. Also in this year, the Spanish flu pandemic killed 50–100 million people wor ...

. **

Zeta Phi Beta Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Inc. () is a historically African American sorority. In 1920, five women from Howard University envisioned a sorority that would raise the consciousness of their people, encourage the highest standards of scholastic achi ...

sorority, is founded on the campus of

Howard University Howard University is a private, historically black, federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C., United States. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" and accredited by the Mid ...

in Washington, D.C. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 peopl ...

–

Prohibition in the United States The Prohibition era was the period from 1920 to 1933 when the United States prohibited the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages. The alcohol industry was curtailed by a succession of state legislatures, an ...

begins, with the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution which bans the sale of

alcohol Alcohol may refer to: Common uses * Alcohol (chemistry), a class of compounds * Ethanol, one of several alcohols, commonly known as alcohol in everyday life ** Alcohol (drug), intoxicant found in alcoholic beverages ** Alcoholic beverage, an alco ...

in all States. *

January 19 Events Pre-1600 * 379 – Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium to '' Augustus'', and gives him authority over all the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. * 649 – Conquest of Kucha: The forces of Kucha surren ...

– The

American Civil Liberties Union The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit civil rights organization founded in 1920. ACLU affiliates are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. The budget of the ACLU in 2024 was $383 million. T ...

(ACLU) is founded. *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded wh ...

– The final session of the Paris Peace Conference is held, even though peace treaties with Hungary and Turkey remain to be concluded. The United States does not conclude its own treaty with Germany until August 25, 1921. *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Heraclius Constantine is crowned as co-emperor ('' Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated b ...

– The Australian Country Party is officially formed. *

January 23 Events Pre-1600 * 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor. * 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao. * 1229 ...

– The Netherlands refuses to extradite ex-German Emperor

; on May 15 he moves into Huis Doorn in the country where he remains permanently in exile until his death in

1941 The Correlates of War project estimates this to be the deadliest year in human history in terms of conflict deaths, placing the death toll at 3.49 million. However, the Uppsala Conflict Data Program estimates that the subsequent year, 1942, wa ...

. *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 *AD 98, 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accessi ...

– ''El Tercio de Extranjeros'' (the "Regiment of Foreigners"), later the

Spanish Legion For centuries, Spain recruited foreign soldiers to its army, forming the foreign regiments () such as the Regiment of Hibernia (formed in 1709 from Irishmen who fled their own country in the wake of the Flight of the Earls and the Penal la ...

, is established by

decree A decree is a law, legal proclamation, usually issued by a head of state, judge, monarch, royal figure, or other relevant Authority, authorities, according to certain procedures. These procedures are usually defined by the constitution, Legislativ ...

of King Alfonso XIII of Spain.

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), ...

– The

South African Air Force The South African Air Force (SAAF) is the air warfare branch of South African National Defence Force, with its headquarters in Pretoria. The South African Air Force was established on 1 February 1920. The Air Force saw service in World War II a ...

(SAAF) is established, the second autonomous Air Force in the world, after the British

Royal Air Force The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the Air force, air and space force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. It was formed towards the end of the World War I, First World War on 1 April 1918, on the merger of t ...

(RAF).Nöthling, Kol C.J., Martins, Maj du P. (1990). ''Kroniek van die Suid-Afrikaanse Lugmag (1920-1990)'', (1st ed.). Direktoraat Openbare Betrekkinge, SAW. Uitgewer: Staatsdrukkery, Pretoria. Gedruk deur Promedia Drukkers, Posbus 255, Silverton, 0127. *

February 2 Events Pre-1600 * 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law". * 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: ...

Estonian War of Independence The Estonian War of Independence, also known as the War of Freedom in Estonia, was a defensive campaign of the Estonian Army and its allies, most notably the United Kingdom, against the Soviet Russian westward offensive of 1918–1919 and the ...

: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing the independence of both the Republic of Estonia and the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. **

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

occupies the

Memel Territory Memel, a name derived from the Couronian-Latvian ''memelis, mimelis, mēms'' for "mute, silent", may refer to: *Memel, East Prussia, Germany, now , Lithuania **, (Klaipėda Castle Klaipėda Castle (), also known as Memelburg or Memel Castle, is ...

of East Prussia. ** Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of

Khiva Khiva ( uz-Latn-Cyrl, Xiva, Хива, ; other names) is a district-level city of approximately 93,000 people in Khorazm Region, Uzbekistan. According to archaeological data, the city was established around 2,500 years ago. In 1997, Khiva celebr ...

, abdicates. *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...

– The

Svalbard Treaty The Svalbard Treaty (originally the Spitsbergen Treaty) recognises the sovereignty of Norway over the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard, at the time called Spitsbergen. The exercise of sovereignty is, however, subject to certain stipulations, and no ...

, signed by members of the League of Nations in Paris, recognises the sovereignty of

Norway Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of ...

over the

Arctic The Arctic (; . ) is the polar regions of Earth, polar region of Earth that surrounds the North Pole, lying within the Arctic Circle. The Arctic region, from the IERS Reference Meridian travelling east, consists of parts of northern Norway ( ...

archipelago of

Svalbard Svalbard ( , ), previously known as Spitsbergen or Spitzbergen, is a Norway, Norwegian archipelago that lies at the convergence of the Arctic Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean. North of continental Europe, mainland Europe, it lies about midway be ...

(at this time called Spitzbergen), while giving the other signatories economic rights in the islands. *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – The Siege of Baghdad ends with the surrender of the last Abbasid caliph to Hulegu Khan, a prince of the Mongol Empire. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bru ...

– General Józef Haller first performs '' Poland's Wedding to the Sea'', a symbolic celebration of the restitution of Polish access to the

Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by the countries of Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North European Plain, North and Central European Plain regions. It is the ...

. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

– 24 – Conference of London: Leaders of the United Kingdom, France and Italy meet to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I and Pope Pope John XII, John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. *1258 – Siege of Baghdad (1258), Siege of Baghdad: Hulegu Kh ...

– Switzerland joins the

League of Nations The League of Nations (LN or LoN; , SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace ...

. *

February 14 It is observed in most countries as Valentine's Day. Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution#Persian phase, Abbasid Revolution: The Kaysanites Shia#History, Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad ...

– The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

– A woman named Anna Anderson tries to commit suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital where she claims she is Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia. *

February 20 Events Pre-1600 *1339 – The Milanese army and the St. George's (San Giorgio) Mercenaries of Lodrisio Visconti clash in the Battle of Parabiago; Visconti is defeated. *1472 – Orkney and Shetland are pawn (law), pawned by Norway to S ...

– 1920 Gori earthquake: An earthquake hits Gori in the

Democratic Republic of Georgia The Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG; ka, საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა, tr) was the first modern establishment of a republic of Georgia (country), Georgia, which exist ...

, killing 114. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

– The island province of

Marinduque Marinduque (; ), officially the Province of Marinduque, is an island province in the Philippines located in Southwestern Tagalog Region or Mimaropa, formerly designated as Region IV-B. Its capital is the municipality of Boac, the most popul ...

in the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

archipelago is founded. *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Fer ...

– In

Emeryville, California Emeryville is a city located in northwest Alameda County, California, in the United States. It lies in a corridor between the cities of Berkeley, California, Berkeley and Oakland, California, Oakland, with a border on the shore of San Francisc ...

, the first

dog racing Greyhound racing is an organized, competitive sport in which greyhounds are raced around an oval track. The sport originates from coursing. Track racing uses an artificial lure (usually a form of windsock) that travels ahead of the greyhounds o ...

track to employ an imitation

rabbit Rabbits are small mammals in the family Leporidae (which also includes the hares), which is in the order Lagomorpha (which also includes pikas). They are familiar throughout the world as a small herbivore, a prey animal, a domesticated ...

opens. *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. ...

–

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until Death of Adolf Hitler, his suicide in 1945. Adolf Hitler's rise to power, He rose to power as the lea ...

presents his

National Socialist Program The National Socialist Program, also known as the Nazi Party Program, the 25-point Program or the 25-point Plan (), was the party program of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, and referred to in English as the Nazi Party). Adolf ...

Munich Munich is the capital and most populous city of Bavaria, Germany. As of 30 November 2024, its population was 1,604,384, making it the third-largest city in Germany after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich is the largest city in Germany that is no ...

to the

German Workers' Party The German Workers' Party (, DAP) was a short-lived far-right political party established in the Weimar Republic after World War I. It only lasted from 5 January 1919 until 24 February 1920. The DAP was the precursor of the National Socialist ...

(''Deutsche Arbeiterpartei''), which renames itself as the

Nazi Party The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party ( or NSDAP), was a far-right politics, far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of Nazism. Its precursor ...

(''Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei'').

March

March 1 Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocleti ...

** Hungarian

Admiral Admiral is one of the highest ranks in many navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force. Admiral is ranked above vice admiral and below admiral of ...

and statesman

Miklós Horthy Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya (18 June 1868 – 9 February 1957) was a Hungarian admiral and statesman who was the Regent of Hungary, regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946), Kingdom of Hungary Hungary between the World Wars, during the ...

becomes the

Regent In a monarchy, a regent () is a person appointed to govern a state because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been dete ...

Hungary Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning much of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Croatia and ...

. ** The

United States Railroad Administration The United States Railroad Administration (USRA) was the name of the nationalisation, nationalized railroad system of the United States between December 28, 1917, and March 1, 1920. It was the largest American experiment with nationalization, and ...

returns control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies. *

March 7 Events Pre-1600 * 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius. * 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cobl ...

– The Syrian National Congress proclaims

Syria Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant. It borders the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to Syria–Turkey border, the north, Iraq to Iraq–Syria border, t ...

independent, with

Faisal I of Iraq Faisal I bin Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashemi (, ''Fayṣal al-Awwal bin Ḥusayn bin ʻAlī al-Hāshimī''; 20 May 1885 – 8 September 1933) was King of Iraq from 23 August 1921 until his death in 1933. A member of the Hashemites, Hashemite family, ...

as king. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

– The world's first peaceful establishment of a

social democratic Social democracy is a Social philosophy, social, Economic ideology, economic, and political philosophy within socialism that supports Democracy, political and economic democracy and a gradualist, reformist, and democratic approach toward achi ...

government takes place in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...

Hjalmar Branting Karl Hjalmar Branting (; 23 November 1860 – 24 February 1925) was a Swedish politician who was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) from 1907 until his death in 1925, and three times Prime Minister of Sweden. When Branting c ...

takes over as

prime minister A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...

when Nils Edén leaves office. *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Mu ...

– 17 –

Wolfgang Kapp Wolfgang Kapp (24 July 1858 – 12 June 1922) was a German conservative and nationalist and political activist who is best known for his involvement in the eponymous 1920 Kapp Putsch. He spent most of his career working for the Prussian Mini ...

and

Walther von Lüttwitz Walther Karl Friedrich Ernst Emil Freiherr von Lüttwitz (2 February 1859 – 20 September 1942) was a German general who fought in World War I. Lüttwitz is best known for being the driving force behind the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch of 1920 w ...

's ''

Kapp Putsch The Kapp Putsch (), also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch (), was an abortive coup d'état against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz, its goal was to ...

'' (an attempted coup in Germany) briefly ousts the

Weimar Republic The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was the German Reich, German state from 1918 to 1933, during which it was a constitutional republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclai ...

government from Berlin, but fails due to public resistance and a general strike. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

– The

Ruhr Red Army The Ruhr Red Army or Red Ruhr Army () was a paramilitary of 50,000 to 80,000 left-wing workers that fought in the Ruhr uprising in Weimar Germany from 13 March to 6 April 1920. The Ruhr Red Army was formed in Germany's Ruhr region in reaction ...

, a communist army 50,000 men strong, is formed in

Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...

. *

– 16 – Constantinople is occupied by

British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...

forces, acting for the Allied Powers against the

Turkish National Movement The Turkish National Movement (), also known as the Anatolian Movement (), the Nationalist Movement (), and the Kemalists (, ''Kemalciler'' or ''Kemalistler''), included political and military activities of the Turkish revolutionaries that resu ...

. Retrospectively, the

Grand National Assembly of Turkey The Grand National Assembly of Turkey ( ), usually referred to simply as the GNAT or TBMM, also referred to as , in Turkish, is the Unicameralism, unicameral Turkey, Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by ...

regards this as the dissolution of the Ottoman regime in

Istanbul Istanbul is the List of largest cities and towns in Turkey, largest city in Turkey, constituting the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With Demographics of Istanbul, a population over , it is home to 18% of the Demographics ...

. *

March 18 Events Pre-1600 * 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10. * 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ar ...

–

Greece Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to th ...

begins using the

Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. It went into effect in October 1582 following the papal bull issued by Pope Gregory XIII, which introduced it as a modification of, and replacement for, the Julian cale ...

. *

March 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire. * 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen en ...

– The

United States Senate The United States Senate is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the United States House of Representatives, U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and ...

refuses to ratify the

. *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. * 1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the las ...

– Admiral

declares that

is a monarchy, without anyone on the throne. *

March 25 Until 1752 it was the official date of the beginning of the year in England and its dominions (in the Julian calendar). Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The Southern Yan capital of Guanggu falls to the Jin dynasty general Liu Yu, ending th ...

–

Irish War of Independence The Irish War of Independence (), also known as the Anglo-Irish War, was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (1919–1922), Irish Republican Army (IRA, the army of the Irish Republic) and Unite ...

: British recruits to the

Royal Irish Constabulary The Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC, ; simply called the Irish Constabulary 1836–67) was the police force in Ireland from 1822 until 1922, when all of the island was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom. A sep ...

begin to arrive in Ireland. They become known from their improvised uniforms as the "

Black and Tans The Black and Tans () were constables recruited into the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) as reinforcements during the Irish War of Independence. Recruitment began in Great Britain in January 1920, and about 10,000 men enlisted during the conflic ...

". *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 624 – First Eid al-Fitr celebration. * 1021 – The death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret ...

** The German government asks France for permission to use its own troops against the rebellious

, in the French-occupied area. ** American fiction writer F. Scott Fitzgerald makes his name with publication of ''

This Side of Paradise ''This Side of Paradise'' is the 1920 debut novel by American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald. It examines the lives and morality of carefree American youth at the dawn of the Jazz Age. Its protagonist, Amory Blaine, is a handsome middle-class stu ...

''. *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Did ...

– The 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak hits the

Great Lakes region The Great Lakes region of Northern America is a binational Canadian– American region centered on the Great Lakes that includes the U.S. states of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin and the Ca ...

and

Deep South The Deep South or the Lower South is a cultural and geographic subregion of the Southern United States. The term is used to describe the states which were most economically dependent on Plantation complexes in the Southern United States, plant ...

of the United States. *

March 29 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of Venice. * 1461 – Battle of Towton: Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Edward IV of England, bringing a ...

– Sir William Robertson is promoted to

Field Marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army (in countries without the rank of Generalissimo), and as such, few persons a ...

, the first man to rise from

private Private or privates may refer to: Music * "In Private", by Dusty Springfield from the 1990 album ''Reputation'' * Private (band), a Denmark-based band * "Private" (Ryōko Hirosue song), from the 1999 album ''Private'', written and also recorded ...

(enlisted

1877 Events January * January 1 – Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India by the Royal Titles Act 1876, introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . * January 8 – Great Sioux War of 1876: Batt ...

) to the highest rank in the

British Army The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...

April

April 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St ...

– The German army marches to the

Ruhr The Ruhr ( ; , also ''Ruhrpott'' ), also referred to as the Ruhr Area, sometimes Ruhr District, Ruhr Region, or Ruhr Valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 1,160/km2 and a populati ...

to fight the

. *

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. * 1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. * 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. ...

– Failed assassination attempts on General Mannerheim, retired leader of the victorious White Guard in the Finnish Civil War, led by Aleksander Weckman by order of Eino Rahja, during a White Guard parade in

Tampere Tampere is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Pirkanmaa. It is located in the Finnish Lakeland. The population of Tampere is approximately , while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately . It is the most populous mu ...

Finland Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bothnia to the west and the Gulf of Finland to the south, ...

. *

April 4 Events Pre-1600 * 503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 &nd ...

–

1920 Palestine riots The 1920 Nebi Musa riots or 1920 Jerusalem riots took place in British-controlled part of Occupied Enemy Territory Administration between Sunday, 4 April, and Wednesday, 7 April 1920 in and around the Old City (Jerusalem), Old City of Jerusale ...

: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish residents in

Jerusalem Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the List of oldest continuously inhabited cities, oldest cities in the world, and ...

; 9 are killed, 216 injured. *

April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. * ...

– The short-lived

Far Eastern Republic The Far Eastern Republic ( rus, Дальневосточная Республика, Dal'nevostochnaya Respublika, p=dəlʲnʲɪvɐˈstotɕnəjə rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə, links=yes; ), sometimes called the Chita Republic (, ), was a nominally indep ...

is declared in eastern

Siberia Siberia ( ; , ) is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east. It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of Russia and its predecessor states ...

. *

April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. *1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...

–

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution () was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It saw the destruction of the Federal Army, its ...

Álvaro Obregón Álvaro Obregón Salido (; 19 February 1880 – 17 July 1928) was a Mexican general, inventor and politician who served as the 46th President of Mexico from 1920 to 1924. Obregón was re-elected to the presidency in 1928 but was assassinated b ...

flees from Mexico City (during a trial intended to ruin his reputation) to

Guerrero Guerrero, officially the Free and Sovereign State of Guerrero, is one of the 32 states that compose the administrative divisions of Mexico, 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into Municipalities of Guerrero, 85 municipalities. The stat ...

, where he joins Fortunato Maycotte. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Pisonian conspiracy, Piso's plot to kill the Roman emperor, Emperor Nero and all of the List of conspiracies (political), conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callini ...

– 26 –

San Remo conference The San Remo conference was an international meeting of the post-World War I Allied Supreme Council as an outgrowth of the Paris Peace Conference, held at Castle Devachan in Sanremo, Italy, from 19 to 26 April 1920. The San Remo Resolution ...

: Representatives of Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Japan meet to determine the

League of Nations mandate A League of Nations mandate represented a legal status under international law for specific territories following World War I, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another. These mandates served as legal documents establishing th ...

s for administration of territories, following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. *

– Germany and

Soviet Russia The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...

agree to the exchange of prisoners of war. *

April 20 Events Pre-1600 * 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII. 1601–1900 * 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament. * 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...

–

announces (in

Chilpancingo Chilpancingo de los Bravo (commonly shortened to Chilpancingo; ; Nahuatl: Chilpantzinco ()) is the capital and second-largest city of the Mexican state of Guerrero. In 2010 it had a population of 187,251 people. The municipality has an area of ...

) that he intends to fight against the rule of

Venustiano Carranza José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920), known as Venustiano Carranza, was a Mexican land owner and politician who served as President of Mexico from 1917 until his assassination in 1920, during the Mexican Re ...

. *

April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. *599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in so ...

– The

is founded by

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ( 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish field marshal and revolutionary statesman who was the founding father of the Republic of Turkey, serving as its first President of Turkey, president from 1923 until Death an ...

, in

Ankara Ankara is the capital city of Turkey and List of national capitals by area, the largest capital by area in the world. Located in the Central Anatolia Region, central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5,290,822 in its urban center ( ...

. It denounces the government of Sultan

Mehmed VI Mehmed VI Vahideddin ( ''Meḥmed-i sâdis'' or ''Vaḥîdü'd-Dîn''; or /; 14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926), also known as ''Şahbaba'' () among the Osmanoğlu family, was the last sultan of the Ottoman Empire and the penultimate Ottoman Cal ...

and announces a temporary constitution. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

–

: Polish and anti-Soviet Ukrainian troops attack the

in Soviet Ukraine. *

April 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux. * 1478 – The Pazzi family attack on Lorenzo de' Medici in order to displace the ruling Medici family kills his brother Giuliano during High Mass in Fl ...

– The

Khorezm People's Soviet Republic The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was the state created as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva in February 1920, when the Khan abdicated in response to pressure. It was officially declared by the First Khorezm Kurultay (Assembly) on 26 Apri ...

is officially created by

, as the successor to the

Khanate of Khiva The Khanate of Khiva (, , uz-Latn-Cyrl, Xiva xonligi, Хива хонлиги, , ) was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarazm, Khorezm from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid Iran, Afsharid occupat ...

. *

April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V, effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victor ...

– The

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, also referred to as the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Azerbaijani SSR, AzSSR, Soviet Azerbaijan or simply Azerbaijan, was one of the Republics of the Soviet Union, constituent re ...

is officially created.

May

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties ...

– A Bolshevik coup fails in the

. *

May 7 Events Pre-1600 * 351 – The Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus breaks out after his arrival at Antioch. * 558 – In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses, twenty years after its construction. Justinian I im ...

: Polish troops occupy

Kyiv Kyiv, also Kiev, is the capital and most populous List of cities in Ukraine, city of Ukraine. Located in the north-central part of the country, it straddles both sides of the Dnieper, Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2, ...

. The government of the

Ukrainian People's Republic The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) was a short-lived state in Eastern Europe. Prior to its proclamation, the Central Council of Ukraine was elected in March 1917 Ukraine after the Russian Revolution, as a result of the February Revolution, ...

returns to the city. **

leaves Mexico City in a large train. ** Treaty of Moscow (1920):

recognizes the independence of the

, only to invade the country six months later. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...

– Agnès Souret is elected "The most beautiful woman in France", retrospectively considered the first

Miss France Miss France is a national beauty pageant in France held annually in December. The competition was first held in 1920, and has been organized continuously since 1947. The trademark for the pageant is owned by the company Miss France SAS, and is ...

. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurpe ...

–

Russian Revolution The Russian Revolution was a period of Political revolution (Trotskyism), political and social revolution, social change in Russian Empire, Russia, starting in 1917. This period saw Russia Dissolution of the Russian Empire, abolish its mona ...

: Russian White soldier Maria Bochkareva is executed in Soviet Russia. *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...

** Canonization of Joan of Arc: Over 30,000 people attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family.

Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (; ; born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, ; 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922) was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I a ...

presides over the rite, for which the interior of

St. Peter's Basilica The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (), or simply St. Peter's Basilica (; ), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy. It was initiall ...

in Rome is richly decorated. ** A

referendum A referendum, plebiscite, or ballot measure is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate (rather than their Representative democracy, representatives) on a proposal, law, or political issue. A referendum may be either bin ...

in Switzerland favors joining the

. *

May 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explo ...

** French and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany. ** The first flight of Dutch air company

KLM KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, or simply KLM (an abbreviation for their official name Koninklijke Luchtvaart Maatschappij N.V. , ),

, from

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , ; ; ) is the capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, largest city of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It has a population of 933,680 in June 2024 within the city proper, 1,457,018 in the City Re ...

to London, takes place. *

May 19 Events Pre-1600 * 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong of Tang, Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace. * 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected. * 934 – The Byzantine Empire reconquers Melitene under ...

–

's troops enter Mexico City. *

May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose h ...

–

arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo; troops of Rodolfo Herrero attack him at night and shoot him. *

May 24 Events Pre-1600 * 919 – The nobles of Franconia and Saxony elect Henry the Fowler at the Imperial Diet in Fritzlar as king of the East Frankish Kingdom. * 1218 – The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. * 1276 – Magnus ...

–

is buried in Mexico City; all of his mourning allies are arrested.

Adolfo de la Huerta Felipe Adolfo de la Huerta Marcor (; 26 May 1881 – 9 July 1955) was a Mexican politician, the 45th President of Mexico from 1 June to 30 November 1920, following the overthrow of Mexican president Venustiano Carranza, with Sonoran generals ...

is elected provisional president. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire ta ...

– Ganja revolt:

Anti-Soviet Anti-Sovietism or anti-Soviet sentiment are activities that were actually or allegedly aimed against the Soviet Union or government power within the Soviet Union. Three common uses of the term include the following: * Anti-Sovietism in inter ...

opposition in the

Azerbaijan SSR The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, also referred to as the Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Republic, Azerbaijan SSR, Azerbaijani SSR, AzSSR, Soviet Azerbaijan or simply Azerbaijan, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union be ...

launches an abortive revolt in

Ganja ''Ganja'' (, ; ) is one of the oldest and most commonly used synonyms for cannabis flower, specifically marijuana or hashish. Its usage in English dates to before 1689. Etymology ''Ganja'' is borrowed from Hindi (, IPA: �aːɲd͡ʒa� ...

. *

May 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed. * 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death. * 1153 &nda ...

–

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk Tomáš () is a Czech name, Czech and Slovak name, Slovak given name, equivalent to the name Thomas (name), Thomas. Tomáš is also a surname (feminine: Tomášová). Notable people with the name include: Given name Sport *Tomáš Berdych (born 198 ...

becomes president of

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia ( ; Czech language, Czech and , ''Česko-Slovensko'') was a landlocked country in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland beca ...

. *

May 29 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city. * 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops unde ...

– Floods at Louth, Lincolnshire in England kill 23.

June

June 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1411 – King Charles VI grants a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. *1525 – 1525 Bayham Abbey riot; Villagers from Kent and ...

–

Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (; ; ; ), often referred to in Hungary as the Peace Dictate of Trianon or Dictate of Trianon, was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace Conference. It was signed on the one side by Hungary ...

: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and

, which loses 72% of its territory. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 830 – Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring orthodoxy and the icons. * 1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Sh ...

– Bolshevik cavalry breaks through Polish and Ukrainian lines south of Kyiv, precipitating eventual withdrawal. *

June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. *1206 – The Ghurid general Qutb ud-Din Aib ...

–

: The

retakes

. *

June 13 Events Pre-1600 * 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia. * 1325 – Ibn ...

Essad Pasha Toptani Essad Toptani (1863/1875 – 13 June 1920) was an Albanian politician who served as the third prime minister of Albania from 1914 to 1916. He previously established the Republic of Central Albania based in Durrës. An Ottoman army officer, he ...

, nominal ruler of

Albania Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. It is located in the Balkans, on the Adriatic Sea, Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea, and shares land borders with Montenegro to ...

, is assassinated by

Avni Rustemi Avni Rustemi (26 September 1895 – 22 April 1924) was an Albanian patriot, revolutionary, teacher, activist and member of the Albanian parliament. Rustemi was the leader of numerous patriotic societies and associations and also a member o ...

in Paris. ** The

United States Post Office Department The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, established in 1792. From 1872 to 1971, it was officially in the form of a Cabinet of the Un ...

rules that children may not be sent via parcel post. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

** A new border treaty between

and Denmark gives northern

Schleswig The Duchy of Schleswig (; ; ; ; ; ) was a duchy in Southern Jutland () covering the area between about 60 km (35 miles) north and 70 km (45 mi) south of the current border between Germany and Denmark. The territory has been di ...

to Denmark. ** The

Estonian Constituent Assembly The Estonian Constituent Assembly () was elected on 5–7 April 1919, called by the Estonian Provisional Government during the Estonian War of Independence. Estonian Constituent Assembly elections Activity The 120 members of the Constituent ...

adopts the first constitution of

Estonia Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Ru ...

, which will come into effect on

December 21 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian Roman emperor, emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors. *1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning ...

this year. ** Duluth lynchings: Three African American circus workers are sprung from jail, subjected to a

kangaroo court Kangaroo court is an informal pejorative term for a court that ignores recognized standards of law or justice, carries little or no official standing in the territory within which it resides, and is typically convened ad hoc. A kangaroo court ma ...

and hanged by a white mob in

Duluth, Minnesota Duluth ( ) is a Port, port city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of St. Louis County, Minnesota, St. Louis County. Located on Lake Superior in Minnesota's Arrowhead Region, the city is a hub for cargo shipping. The population ...

, in the northern United States. ** Australian soprano

Nellie Melba Dame Nellie Melba (born Helen Porter Mitchell; 19 May 186123 February 1931) was an Australian operatic lyric coloratura soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian era and the early twentieth century, and was the f ...

becomes history's first well-known performer to make a radio broadcast when she sings two arias as part of an experimental series of broadcasts from a studio at the

Marconi Company The Marconi Company was a British telecommunications and engineering company founded by Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 which was a pioneer of wireless long distance communication and mass media broadcasting, eventually becoming on ...

's factory at

Chelmsford Chelmsford () is a city in the City of Chelmsford district in the county of Essex, England. It is the county town of Essex and one of three cities in the county, along with Colchester and Southend-on-Sea. It is located north-east of London ...

in England. *

June 22 Events Pre-1600 *217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. *168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Roman Republic, Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus, Luciu ...

– Greek Summer Offensive:

attacks Turkish troops. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 *1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha, Kerbogha of Mosul at the Battle of Antioch (1098), battle of Antioch. *1360 – Muhammed VI, Sultan of Granada, Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid dynasty, Nas ...

– Sigma Tau Gamma is founded on campus at the

University of Central Missouri The University of Central Missouri (UCM) is a public university in Warrensburg, Missouri, United States. In 2024, enrollment was 13,734 students from 48 states and 52 countries on its 1,561-acre campus. UCM offers 150 programs of study, incl ...

in Warrensburg, Missouri *

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of Wei. * 1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1170 – A major earthquake hits Syria, badly damagi ...

– The Republic of China joins the

July

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

–

declares its neutrality in the

. *

July 2 This date marks the halfway point of the year. In common years, the midpoint of the year occurs at noon on this date, while in leap years, it occurs at midnight (start of the day). Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begin ...

–

: The

continues its offensive into

Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It extends from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Sudetes and Carpathian Mountains in the south, bordered by Lithuania and Russia to the northeast, Belarus and Ukrai ...

. *

July 7 Events Pre-1600 * 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks. * 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution. * 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...

–

Arthur Meighen Arthur Meighen ( ; June 16, 1874 – August 5, 1960) was a Canadian lawyer and politician who served as the ninth prime minister of Canada from 1920 to 1921 and from June to September 1926. He led the Conservative Party from 1920 to 1926 and ...

becomes Canada's ninth

. *

July 11 Events Pre-1600 * 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdicates in favor of his general Leo the Armenian, and becomes a monk (under the name Athanasius). * 911 – Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair ...

– The

East Prussian plebiscite The East Prussian plebiscite (), also known as the Allenstein and Marienwerder plebiscite or Warmia, Masuria and Powiśle plebiscite (), was a plebiscite for the self-determination of the regions of southern Warmia (Ermland), Masuria (Mazury, Ma ...

determines that most of the territory in question will remain German. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II o ...

–

Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, also known as the Moscow Peace Treaty, was signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia on July 12, 1920. In exchange for Lithuania's neutrality and permission to move its troops in the territory that was rec ...

: The

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian SFSR or RSFSR), previously known as the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and the Russian Soviet Republic, and unofficially as Soviet Russia,Declaration of Rights of the labo ...

recognizes independent

Lithuania Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania, is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, bordered by Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, P ...

. *

July 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...

–

August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of ...

– The Second Congress of the

Communist International The Communist International, abbreviated as Comintern and also known as the Third International, was a political international which existed from 1919 to 1943 and advocated world communism. Emerging from the collapse of the Second Internationa ...

takes place in

Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, second-largest city in Russia after Moscow. It is situated on the Neva, River Neva, at the head of the Gulf of Finland ...

and Moscow; the

Twenty-one Conditions The Twenty-one Conditions, officially the Conditions of Admission to the Communist International, are the conditions, most of which were suggested by Vladimir Lenin, to the adhesion of the socialist parties to the Third International (Comintern) cr ...

are adopted. *

July 20 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. * 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defe ...

– The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key

Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal sea, marginal Mediterranean sea (oceanography), mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bound ...

port of

Batum Batumi (; ka, ბათუმი ), historically Batum or Batoum, is the second-largest city of Georgia and the capital of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara, located on the coast of the Black Sea in Georgia's southwest, north of the border ...

to the

. *

July 21 Events Pre-1600 * 356 BC – The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson. * 230 – Pope Pontian succeeds Urban I as the eighteenth pope. After being exiled to Sardinia, he became th ...

– The

Interallied Mission to Poland The Interallied Mission to Poland was a diplomatic mission launched by British Prime Minister David Lloyd George on 21 July 1920, at the height of the Polish-Soviet War, weeks before the decisive Battle of Warsaw. The purpose of this mission was ...

takes place. *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of ...

–

sues for peace with

(which refuses). *

July 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. * 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. * 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of S ...

–

Battle of Maysalun The Battle of Maysalun (), also known as the Battle of Maysalun Pass or the Battle of Khan Maysalun (), was a four-hour battle fought between the forces of the Arab Kingdom of Syria and the French Army of the Levant on 24 July 1920 near Khan M ...

: The French defeat the

n army, whose leader

Yusuf al-'Azma Yusuf al-Azma (, ; ALA-LC: ''Yūsuf al-ʻAẓmah''; 1883 – 24 July 1920) was a Syrian military officer and revolutionary figure who was the minister of war of the Arab Kingdom of Syria under the governments of prime ministers Rida al-Rikabi a ...

is killed. French troops occupy

Damascus Damascus ( , ; ) is the capital and List of largest cities in the Levant region by population, largest city of Syria. It is the oldest capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth Holiest sites in Islam, holiest city in Islam. Kno ...

and depose Faisal I of Syria as king. *

July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...

–

Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa ( , , ; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and prominent figure in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced ...

takes over Sabina and contacts Mexican president de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender, which he signs on

July 28 Events Pre-1600 *1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina. *1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard. *1571 – La Laguna encomienda, known t ...

. *

July 29 Events Pre-1600 *587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12. * 904 – Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo o ...

– The

United States Bureau of Reclamation The Bureau of Reclamation, formerly the United States Reclamation Service, is a federal agency under the U.S. Department of the Interior, which oversees water resource management, specifically as it applies to the oversight and operatio ...

begins construction of the Link River Dam, as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. * 1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. * 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay I ...

–

August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...

– The 1st World Scout Jamboree is held at

Olympia, London Olympia Events, formerly known as Olympia London and sometimes referred to as the Olympia Exhibition Centre, is an exhibition centre, event space and conference centre in West Kensington, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, L ...

. * July 31 ** Irish-born Australian

Catholic The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwid ...

Archbishop

Daniel Mannix Daniel Patrick Mannix (4 March 1864 – 6 November 1963) was an Irish-born Australian Catholic bishop. Mannix was the Archbishop of Melbourne for 46 years and one of the most influential public figures in 20th-century Australia. Early lif ...

is detained on board ship by British authorities off Queenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities elsewhere in the United Kingdom. ** France prohibits the sale or prescription of

contraceptives Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only be ...

. ** Representatives of

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

revolutionary socialist Revolutionary socialism is a political philosophy, doctrine, and tradition within socialism that stresses the idea that a social revolution is necessary to bring about structural changes in society. More specifically, it is the view that revolu ...

groups meet at the Cannon Street Hotel in

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

and agree to form the

Communist Party of Great Britain The Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB) was the largest communist organisation in Britain and was founded in 1920 through a merger of several smaller Marxist groups. Many miners joined the CPGB in the 1926 general strike. In 1930, the CPGB ...

August

* August 3 –

Catholics The Catholic Church (), also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.27 to 1.41 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2025. It is among the world's oldest and largest international institut ...

riot in

Belfast Belfast (, , , ; from ) is the capital city and principal port of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan and connected to the open sea through Belfast Lough and the North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland), North Channel ...

, in protest at the continuing

presence. *

August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Magyars, ending 50 years of Magyar invasion of the West. * 991 – Battle of Maldon: T ...

–

Ottoman Sultan The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the Boundaries between the continents, transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to Dissolution of the Ottoman Em ...

's representatives sign the

Treaty of Sèvres The Treaty of Sèvres () was a 1920 treaty signed between some of the Allies of World War I and the Ottoman Empire, but not ratified. The treaty would have required the cession of large parts of Ottoman territory to France, the United Kingdom, ...

with the Allied Powers, confirming arrangements for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. *

August 11 Events Pre-1600 * 3114 BC – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Maya, begins. * 2492 BC – Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and foun ...

– Bolshevik Russia recognizes independent

Latvia Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is one of the three Baltic states, along with Estonia to the north and Lithuania to the south. It borders Russia to the east and Belarus to t ...

. *

August 13 Events Pre-1600 * 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. * 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas. * 554 &ndash ...

– 25 –

: Battle of Warsaw – The

is defeated. *

–

: The Restoration of Order in Ireland Act (passed by the

Parliament of the United Kingdom The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories. It meets at the Palace ...

) receives

Royal Assent Royal assent is the method by which a monarch formally approves an act of the legislature, either directly or through an official acting on the monarch's behalf. In some jurisdictions, royal assent is equivalent to promulgation, while in othe ...

, providing for

Irish Republican Army The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is a name used by various Resistance movement, resistance organisations in Ireland throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Organisations by this name have been dominantly Catholic and dedicated to anti-imperiali ...

activists to be tried by

court-martial A court-martial (plural ''courts-martial'' or ''courts martial'', as "martial" is a postpositive adjective) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the arme ...

, rather than by

jury A jury is a sworn body of people (jurors) convened to hear evidence, make Question of fact, findings of fact, and render an impartiality, impartial verdict officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a sentence (law), penalty or Judgmen ...

in criminal courts. *

August 14 Events Pre-1600 * 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. * 29 BC – Octavian ...

–

September 12 Events Pre-1600 * 490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Sima ...

– Main events of the

1920 Summer Olympics The 1920 Summer Olympics (; ; ), officially known as the Games of the VII Olympiad (; ; ) and commonly known as Antwerp 1920 (; Dutch language, Dutch and German language, German: ''Antwerpen 1920''), were an international multi-sport event held i ...

Antwerp Antwerp (; ; ) is a City status in Belgium, city and a Municipalities of Belgium, municipality in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is the capital and largest city of Antwerp Province, and the third-largest city in Belgium by area at , after ...

, Belgium (there have been ceremonies and outlying events since April). The

Olympic symbols The International Olympic Committee (IOC) uses icons, flags, and symbols to represent and enhance the Olympic Games. These symbols include those commonly used during Olympic competitions such as the flame, fanfare, and theme as well as those u ...

of five interlocking rings and the associated flag are first displayed at the games. *

August 19 Events Pre-1600 * 295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. *43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later kno ...

– 25 – Second Silesian Uprising: The Poles in

Upper Silesia Upper Silesia ( ; ; ; ; Silesian German: ; ) is the southeastern part of the historical and geographical region of Silesia, located today mostly in Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic. The area is predominantly known for its heav ...

rise up against the Germans. *

–

: Peasants in

Tambov Governorate Tambov Governorate () was an administrative-territorial unit (''guberniya'') of the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic, and the Russian SFSR, with its capital in Tambov. It was located between 51°14' and 55°6' north latitude, north and betwee ...

begin the

Tambov Rebellion The Tambov Rebellion of 1920–1922 was one of the largest and best-organized peasant rebellions challenging the Bolshevik government during the Russian Civil War. The uprising took place in the territories of the modern Tambov Oblast and part ...

against the

Bolshevik The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical Faction (political), faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the 2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, ...

government of

. *

August 20 Events Pre-1600 *AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile. * 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arabs, Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take c ...

– The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK ( WWJ), begins operations in

Detroit Detroit ( , ) is the List of municipalities in Michigan, most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is situated on the bank of the Detroit River across from Windsor, Ontario. It had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 United State ...

. It is owned by the ''Detroit News'', the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper. *

August 22 Events Pre-1600 * 392 – Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. * 851 – Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland. * 1138 – Battle of the Standard between Scot ...

– The

Salzburg Festival The Salzburg Festival () is a prominent festival of music and drama established in 1920. It is held each summer, for five weeks starting in late July, in Salzburg, Austria, the birthplace of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart's operas are a focus of ...

in Austria is inaugurated as a regular event. *

August 26 Events Pre-1600 * 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah. * 1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most o ...

– The

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Nineteenth Amendment (Amendment XIX) to the United States Constitution prohibits the United States and its U.S. state, states from denying the Suffrage, right to vote to citizens of the United States on the basis of sex, in effect recogni ...

is ratified, guaranteeing

women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the women's rights, right of women to Suffrage, vote in elections. Several instances occurred in recent centuries where women were selectively given, then stripped of, the right to vote. In Sweden, conditional women's suffra ...

. *

August 28 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna. * 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...

–

September 2 Events Pre-1600 * 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of ...

– Bukhara operation: The

Russian Russian(s) may refer to: *Russians (), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *A citizen of Russia *Russian language, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages *''The Russians'', a b ...

and Young Bukharians overthrow the

Emirate of Bukhara The Emirate of Bukhara (, ) was a Muslims, Muslim-Uzbeks, Uzbek polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rive ...

, leading to the establishment of the

Bukharan People's Soviet Republic The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic was a Soviet state that governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the years immediately following the Russian Revolution. In 1924, its name was changed to the Bukharan Socialist Soviet Republic (Bukhara ...

September

* September 5 **

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2October 186930January 1948) was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalism, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethics, political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful Indian ...

launches the

Non-Cooperation Movement Non-cooperation movement may refer to: * Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922), during the Indian independence movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule * Non-cooperation movement (1971), a movement in East Pakistan * Non-cooperatio ...

in India, with the goal of obtaining independence from British rule ** Presidential elections begin in Mexico. *

September 8 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – After the capture of Herod's Palace the previous day, a Roman army under Titus secures and plunders the city of Jerusalem. * 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path ...

– Gabriele D'Annunzio proclaims the

Italian Regency of Carnaro The Italian Regency of Carnaro () was a self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now Rijeka, Croatia) led by Gabriele d'Annunzio between 1919 and 1920. During World War I (1914–1918), which the Kingdom of Italy entered on the side of t ...

in the city of

Fiume Rijeka (; Fiume ( �fjuːme in Italian and in Fiuman Venetian) is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia. It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a po ...

. *

September 9 Events Pre-1600 *337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti. * 1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. * 1141 &ndas ...

– The

Lotta Svärd Lotta Svärd () was a Finnish voluntary auxiliary paramilitary organisation for women. Formed originally in 1918, it had a large membership undertaking volunteer social work in the 1920s and 1930s. It was formed to support the White Guard. Duri ...

women's paramilitary auxiliary is founded in Finland. *

– The position of

Patriarch of the Serbs This is a list of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church, since the establishment of the church as an autocephalous archbishopric in 1219 to today's patriarchate. The list includes all the archbishops and patriarchs that led the Serbian Orthodo ...

is re-established as the authority over the

Serbian Orthodox Church The Serbian Orthodox Church ( sr-Cyrl-Latn, Српска православна црква, Srpska pravoslavna crkva) is one of the autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodoxy, Eastern Orthodox Eastern Orthodox Church#Constit ...

, almost 156 years to the day after it was abolished by the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

1766 Events January–March * January 1 – Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") becomes the new House of Stuart, Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain, as King Charles III, and figurehead for Jacobitism. * Januar ...

. *

September 16 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council. *1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers. 1601–1900 * 1620 – Pilgrims set sail for ...

Wall Street bombing The Wall Street bombing was an act of terrorism on Wall Street at 12:01 pm on Thursday, September 16, 1920. The blast killed 30 people immediately, and another 10 later died of wounds that they sustained in the blast. There were 143 serio ...

: A bomb in a horse wagon (perhaps planted by ''

Galleanisti (Italian for Galleanists) are followers or supporters of the Italian immigrant insurrectionary anarchist, insurrectionary anarchist Luigi Galleani, who operated most notably in the United States following his immigration to the country. The ...

'') explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan Building in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400. ** The

Latvian Land Reform of 1920 The Latvian Land Reform of 1920 () was a land reform act expropriating land under the Republic of Latvia in 1920 (during the Latvian War of Independence shortly after independence). The agrarian reform law of 1920 sought to transfer most of the l ...

is adopted by the

Constitutional Assembly of Latvia The Constitutional Assembly of Latvia () was independent Latvia's first elected legislative body. Its main task was creating the constitution of Latvia, the Satversme, which is still in effect to this day. The Speaker of Assembly was Jānis Čaks ...

. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". *1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine E ...

– The

National Football League The National Football League (NFL) is a Professional gridiron football, professional American football league in the United States. Composed of 32 teams, it is divided equally between the American Football Conference (AFC) and the National ...

is established, as the American Professional Football Association. *

September 20 Events Pre-1600 *1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland. *1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin. * 1187 – Saladin ...

– The first soldier joins ''El Tercio de Extranjeros'' (the "Regiment of Foreigners", later the

). Under the command of José Millán Astray and

Francisco Franco Francisco Franco Bahamonde (born Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco Bahamonde; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general and dictator who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces i ...

, its first duties are against

Rif The Rif (, ), also called Rif Mountains, is a geographic region in northern Morocco. It is bordered on the north by the Mediterranean Sea and Spain and on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and is the homeland of the Rifians and the Jebala people ...

rebels in the

Spanish protectorate in Morocco The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate. The Spanish protectorate consisted of a norther ...

. *

September 21 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Italy with a Gallic army and consolidates his power. * 1170 – Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland: The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Anglo-Norman invaders. * 1217 – Livonian Crusa ...

– The

Communist Party of Uruguay The Communist Party of Uruguay (, PCU) is a communist party in Uruguay, founded on 21 September 1920 by members of the Socialist Party who had endorsed the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks. The current secretary-general of the PCU is Juan ...

is founded. * September 22 – The London Metropolitan Police forms the

Flying Squad The Flying Squad is a branch of the Serious and Organised Crime Command within London's Metropolitan Police Service. It is also known as the Robbery Squad, Specialist Crime Directorate 7, SC&O7 and SO7. It is nicknamed The Sweeney, an abbrevia ...

, a motorised mobile detective patrol unit. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ...

– The Treaty of Seeb is signed, ending the Muscat rebellion and granting the

Imamate of Oman The Imamate of Oman () was a historical state within the ''Oman proper'' () in the Hajar Mountains, part of the present-day Sultanate of Oman. The capital of the Imamate alternated historically between Rustaq and Nizwa. The Imamate's territ ...

Autonomy from the Sultanate of Muscat and Oman. *

September 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teut ...

–

sues for peace with Poland. *

September 29 Events Pre-1600 * 61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah ...

** The first domestic radio sets come to stores in the United States; a Westinghouse radio costs $10. **

makes his first public appearance in Austria, with speeches in Vienna, Innsbruck and Salzburg.

October

* October – English writer

Agatha Christie Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 – 12 January 1976) was an English people, English author known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving ...

's first novel, '' The Mysterious Affair at Styles'', appears in the U.S., introducing her long-running Belgian detective character

Hercule Poirot Hercule Poirot (, ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by the English writer Agatha Christie. Poirot is Christie's most famous and longest-running character, appearing in 33 novels, two plays (''Black Coffee (play), Black Coffee'' and '' ...

in the setting of an

English country house image:Blenheim - Blenheim Palace - 20210417125239.jpg, 300px, Blenheim Palace - Oxfordshire An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a Townhou ...

. (The book is published in the U.K. in 1921.) *

October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius ...

– The

Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe The Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe () is a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris over a distance ...

horse race first runs in Paris. *

October 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion. * 1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III. * 1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes ...

– The

Mannerheim League for Child Welfare Mannerheim League for Child Welfare ( (MLL); ) is a Finnish non-governmental organization founded in 1920 that promotes the well-being of children, young people and families with children. MLL's goal is a child-friendly Finland. It can be attribu ...

, a Finnish

non-governmental organization A non-governmental organization (NGO) is an independent, typically nonprofit organization that operates outside government control, though it may get a significant percentage of its funding from government or corporate sources. NGOs often focus ...

, is founded on the initiative of

Sophie Mannerheim Baroness Eva Charlotta Lovisa Sofia (Sophie) Mannerheim (21 December 1863 – 9 January 1928) was a famous nurse known as a pioneer of modern nursing in Finland. She was a daughter of count Carl Robert Mannerheim and a sister of former Finnish P ...

. *

October 9 Events Pre-1600 * 768 – Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned kings of the Franks. * 1238 – James I of Aragon founds the Kingdom of Valencia. * 1410 – The first known mention of the Prague astronomical clock. * 1446 &ndash ...

–

Polish–Lithuanian War The Polish–Lithuanian War was an undeclared war fought in the aftermath of World War I between newly independent Lithuania and Poland, with fighting mainly in the Vilnius and Suwałki regions, which was part of the Lithuanian Wars of Independe ...

: Polish troops take

Vilnius Vilnius ( , ) is the capital of and List of cities in Lithuania#Cities, largest city in Lithuania and the List of cities in the Baltic states by population, most-populous city in the Baltic states. The city's estimated January 2025 population w ...

. *

October 10 Events Pre-1600 * 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...

–

Carinthian Plebiscite The Carinthian plebiscite (, ) was held on 10 October 1920 in the area in southern Carinthia predominantly settled by Carinthian Slovenes. It determined the final border between the Republic of Austria and the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croa ...

: A large part of Carinthia Province votes to become part of Austria, rather than

Yugoslavia , common_name = Yugoslavia , life_span = 1918–19921941–1945: World War II in Yugoslavia#Axis invasion and dismemberment of Yugoslavia, Axis occupation , p1 = Kingdom of SerbiaSerbia , flag_p ...

. *

October 14 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. *1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's in ...

– A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments is concluded at

Tartu Tartu is the second largest city in Estonia after Tallinn. Tartu has a population of 97,759 (as of 2024). It is southeast of Tallinn and 245 kilometres (152 miles) northeast of Riga, Latvia. Tartu lies on the Emajõgi river, which connects the ...

. *

October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...

–

: After the Polish army captures

Tarnopol Ternopil, known until 1944 mostly as Tarnopol, is a city in western Ukraine, located on the banks of the Seret (river), Seret River. Ternopil is one of the major cities of Western Ukraine and the historical regions of Galicia (Central Europe ...

Dubno Dubno (, ) is a List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality located on the Ikva River in Rivne Oblast (oblast, province) of western Ukraine. It serves as the capital city, administrative center of Dubno Raion ...

Minsk Minsk (, ; , ) is the capital and largest city of Belarus, located on the Svislach (Berezina), Svislach and the now subterranean Nyamiha, Niamiha rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administra ...

and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced. *

October 18 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation. * 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek phil ...

– Thousands of unemployed demonstrate in London; 50 are injured. *

October 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1185 – The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. * 1341 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 formally ...

–

is announced as the elected

president of Mexico The president of Mexico (), officially the president of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and head of government of Mexico. Under the Constitution of Mexico, the president heads the executive branch of the federal government and ...

. *

October 27 Events Pre-1600 *312 – Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of Constantine, Vision of the Cross. *1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam. *1524 – French troops Italian campaign of 152 ...

**The

moves its headquarters to

Geneva Geneva ( , ; ) ; ; . is the List of cities in Switzerland, second-most populous city in Switzerland and the most populous in French-speaking Romandy. Situated in the southwest of the country, where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the ca ...

, Switzerland. **Baron Louis De Geer the Younger becomes the new prime minister of Sweden. *

October 30 Events Pre-1600 * 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge. * 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates. * 1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...

– The

Communist Party of Australia The Communist Party of Australia (CPA), known as the Australian Communist Party (ACP) from 1944 to 1951, was an Australian communist party founded in 1920. The party existed until roughly 1991, with its membership and influence having been ...

is founded in Sydney. *

October 31 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor. * 683 – During the Siege of Mecca, the Kaaba catches fire and is burned down. * 802 – Empress Irene is deposed and banished to Lesbos. Consp ...

– Dr.

Frederick Banting Sir Frederick Grant Banting (November 14, 1891 – February 21, 1941) was a Canadian pharmacologist, orthopedist, and field surgeon. For his co-discovery of insulin and its therapeutic potential, Banting was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physi ...

of Ontario first records his insight on how to isolate

insulin Insulin (, from Latin ''insula'', 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (''INS)'' gene. It is the main Anabolism, anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabol ...

for the treatment of

diabetes Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough of the hormone insulin, or the cells of th ...

; the first successful human trial of insulin will occur 15 months later.

November

November 2 Events Pre-1600 * 619 – A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu. * 1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre suspends hostilities in t ...

1920 United States presidential election Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 2, 1920. The Republican ticket of senator Warren G. Harding of Ohio and governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts defeated the Democratic ticket of governor James M. Cox of ...

: Republican

U.S. senator The United States Senate is a chamber of the bicameral United States Congress; it is the upper house, with the U.S. House of Representatives being the lower house. Together, the Senate and House have the authority under Article One of the ...

Warren G. Harding Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th president of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death in 1923. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he was one of the most ...

defeats Democratic governor of

Ohio Ohio ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Midwestern United States, Midwestern region of the United States. It borders Lake Erie to the north, Pennsylvania to the east, West Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Indiana to the ...

James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote. ** In the United States, KDKA AM of

Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States, and its county seat. It is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, second-most populous city in Pennsylvania (after Philadelphia) and the List of Un ...

(owned by Westinghouse) starts broadcasting as a commercial

radio station Radio broadcasting is the broadcasting of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based rad ...

. The first broadcast is the results of the

presidential election A presidential election is the election of any head of state whose official title is President. Elections by country Albania The president of Albania is elected by the Assembly of Albania who are elected by the Albanian public. Chile The p ...

. **

Meiji Shrine is a Shinto shrine in Shibuya, Tokyo, that is dedicated to the deified spirits of Emperor Meiji and his wife, Empress Shōken. The shrine does not contain the emperor's grave, which is located at Fushimi-ku, Kyoto#Sights, Fushimi-momoyama, south ...

, one of many landmark spots in

Tokyo Tokyo, officially the Tokyo Metropolis, is the capital of Japan, capital and List of cities in Japan, most populous city in Japan. With a population of over 14 million in the city proper in 2023, it is List of largest cities, one of the most ...

, is officially built in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. *

November 11 Events Pre-1600 * 308 – At Carnuntum, Emperor ''emeritus'' Diocletian confers with Galerius, '' Augustus'' of the East, and Maximianus, the recently returned former ''Augustus'' of the West, in an attempt to end the civil wars of th ...

– In London,

The Cenotaph The Cenotaph is a war memorial on Whitehall in London, England. Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, it was unveiled in 1920 as the United Kingdom's national memorial to the dead of Britain and the British Empire of the First World War, was rededica ...

is unveiled and

The Unknown Warrior The Unknown Warrior is an unidentified member of the British Empire, British Imperial armed forces who died on the Western Front (World War I), western front during the First World War. He is interred in a grave at Westminster Abbey, also kno ...

is buried in

Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of Saint Peter at Westminster, is an Anglican church in the City of Westminster, London, England. Since 1066, it has been the location of the coronations of 40 English and British m ...

; while in Paris the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is consecrated beneath the

Arc de Triomphe The Arc de Triomphe de l'Étoile, often called simply the Arc de Triomphe, is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Plac ...

. *

November 12 Events Pre-1600 * 954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. * 1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. ...

– Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes sign the Treaty of Rapallo. *

November 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1002 – English king Æthelred II orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St. Brice's Day massacre. * 1093 – Battle of Alnwick: in an English victory over the Scots, Malcolm III of Scot ...

– The

White Army The White Army, also known as the White Guard, the White Guardsmen, or simply the Whites, was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and Anti-Sovietism, anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War. T ...

's last units and civilian refugees are evacuated from the

Crimea Crimea ( ) is a peninsula in Eastern Europe, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, almost entirely surrounded by the Black Sea and the smaller Sea of Azov. The Isthmus of Perekop connects the peninsula to Kherson Oblast in mainland Ukrain ...

onboard 126 ships, " Wrangel's fleet" (the remnants of the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet), to

Turkey Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a relatively small part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia (country), Georgia, Armen ...

Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

and the

Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 to 1929, it was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, but the term "Yugoslavia" () has been its colloq ...

, accompanied by wide-scale civilian massacres. The total number of evacuees amounts to approximately 150,000 people, of which 20% are civilians. *

November 14 Events Pre-1600 * 332 BC – Alexander the Great is crowned pharaoh of Egypt. 1601–1900 * 1680 – German astronomer Gottfried Kirch discovers the Great Comet of 1680, the first comet to be discovered by telescope. *1770 – Ja ...

– The

Edmonton Symphony Orchestra The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra (ESO) is a Canadian orchestra based in Edmonton, Alberta. As the professional orchestra of Alberta's creative capital city it presents over 85 concerts a year of symphonic music in all genres, from classical to co ...

holds its first concert, in Alberta. *

November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. * 1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle ...

– In

, the first assembly of the

is held. *

November 16 Events Pre-1600 * 951 – Emperor Li Jing sends a Southern Tang expeditionary force of 10,000 men under Bian Hao to conquer Chu. Li Jing removes the ruling family to his own capital in Nanjing, ending the Chu Kingdom. *1272 – W ...

– Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation Services (''

Qantas Qantas ( ), formally Qantas Airways Limited, is the flag carrier of Australia, and the largest airline by fleet size, international flights, and international destinations in Australia and List of largest airlines in Oceania, Oceania. A foundi ...

'') is founded by

Hudson Fysh Sir Wilmot Hudson Fysh (7 January 18956 April 1974) was an Australian aviator and businessman. A founder of the Australian airline company Qantas, Fysh was born in Launceston, Tasmania. Serving in the Battle of Gallipoli and Palestine Camp ...

and Paul McGinness. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. * 1183 &nd ...

– The council of the

accepts the

constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed. When these pri ...

for the

Free City of Danzig The Free City of Danzig (; ) was a city-state under the protection and oversight of the League of Nations between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig (now Gdańsk, Poland) and nearly 200 other small localities in the surrou ...

. *

November 20 Events Pre-1600 * 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor. * 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels. *1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henry ...

–

Prince Arthur of Connaught Prince Arthur of Connaught (Arthur Frederick Patrick Albert; 13 January 1883 – 12 September 1938) was a British military officer and a grandson of Queen Victoria. He served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa from 20 November 19 ...

is appointed the 3rd

Governor-General of South Africa The governor-general of the Union of South Africa (; ) was the highest state official in the Union of South Africa between 1910 and 1961. The Union of South Africa was founded as a self-governing Dominion of the British Empire in 1910 and the o ...

. *

November 21 Events Pre-1600 *164 BCE – Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, rededicates the Temple in Jerusalem, an event that is commemorated each year by the festival of Hanukkah. (25 Kislev 3597 in the Hebrew calendar.) * 2 ...

–

: Bloody Sunday – The

(IRA), on the instructions of

Michael Collins Michael Collins or Mike Collins most commonly refers to: * Michael Collins (Irish leader) (1890–1922), Irish revolutionary leader, soldier, and politician * Michael Collins (astronaut) (1930–2021), American astronaut, member of Apollo 11 and Ge ...

, shoot dead the "Cairo gang", 14 British undercover agents in

Dublin Dublin is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, pa ...

, most in their homes. Later this day in retaliation, the

Auxiliary Division The Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC), generally known as the Auxiliaries or Auxies, was a paramilitary unit of the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) during the Irish War of Independence. It was founded in July 1920 by Majo ...

of the

open fire on a crowd at a

Gaelic Athletic Association The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA; ; CLG) is an Irish international amateur sports, amateur sporting and cultural organisation, focused primarily on promoting indigenous Gaelic games and pastimes, which include the traditional Irish sports o ...

football match in

Croke Park Croke Park (, ) is a Gaelic games stadium in Dublin, Ireland. Named after Archbishop Thomas Croke, it is referred to as Croker by GAA fans and locals. It serves as both the principal national stadium of Ireland and headquarters of the Gaelic At ...

, resulting in 14 deaths with 60 wounded. Three men are shot this night in

Dublin Castle Dublin Castle () is a major Government of Ireland, Irish government complex, conference centre, and tourist attraction. It is located off Dame Street in central Dublin. It is a former motte-and-bailey castle and was chosen for its position at ...

"while trying to escape". *

November 28 Events Pre-1600 * 587 – Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir. * 936 – Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt ...

Kilmichael Ambush The Kilmichael ambush () was an attack carried out on 28 November 1920 by the Irish Republican Army (IRA) near the village of Kilmichael, County Cork, during the Irish War of Independence. Thirty-six local IRA volunteers commanded by Tom Barr ...

– The flying column of the

3rd Cork Brigade The 3rd Cork Brigade, also known as Third (West) Cork Brigade, was a unit of the Irish Republican Army that operated in the western areas of County Cork during the Irish War of Independence. The unit was commanded by Tom Barry for most of the co ...

of the

, led by Tom Barry, ambushes two lorries carrying men of the

of the

at Kilmichael, County Cork, killing 17 (with 3 of its own men also dying), which leads to official reprisals. ** FIDAC (French: ''Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants'', English: ''The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations'') is established in Paris at the initiative of veterans from

World War I World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

, predominantly

pacifists Pacifism is the opposition to war or violence. The word ''pacifism'' was coined by the French peace campaigner Émile Arnaud and adopted by other peace activists at the tenth Universal Peace Congress in Glasgow in 1901. A related term is ''a ...

, joined by associations of veterans from France, the United Kingdom, United States, Belgium, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Italy and Serbia.''F.I.D.A.C. (Fédération Interalliée des Anciens Combattants) – Historique. Statuts. Règlement intérieur. Carte d’Identité FIDAC. La Médaille Scolaire FIDAC , History. Constitution. By-Laws. FIDAC Identity Card. FIDAC Educational Medal; Paris'', 1933, p. 2-3

December

* December ** The so-called

Spanish flu The 1918–1920 flu pandemic, also known as the Great Influenza epidemic or by the common misnomer Spanish flu, was an exceptionally deadly global influenza pandemic caused by the H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus. The earliest docum ...

pandemic ends with an estimated total of between seventeen and fifty million dead since

. It would be the last global

pandemic A pandemic ( ) is an epidemic of an infectious disease that has a sudden increase in cases and spreads across a large region, for instance multiple continents or worldwide, affecting a substantial number of individuals. Widespread endemic (epi ...

until the

2009 swine flu pandemic The 2009 swine flu pandemic, caused by the H1N1/swine flu/influenza virus and declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) from June 2009 to August 2010, was the third recent flu pandemic involving the H1N1 virus (the first being the 1918� ...

almost 90 years later. ** The first edition of the ''

Poems Poetry (from the Greek language, Greek word ''poiesis'', "making") is a form of literature, literary art that uses aesthetics, aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meaning (linguistics), meanings in addition to, or in ...

'' of the English

war poet War poetry is poetry on the topic of war. While the term is applied especially to works of the First World War, the term can be applied to poetry about any war, including Homer's ''Iliad'', from around the 8th century BC as well as poetry of th ...

Wilfred Owen Wilfred Edward Salter Owen Military Cross, MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier. He was one of the leading poets of the First World War. His war poetry on the horrors of Trench warfare, trenches and Chemi ...

, killed in action in

, appears in London, introduced by his friend

Siegfried Sassoon Siegfried Loraine Sassoon (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English war poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front (World War I), Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World ...

. Only five of Owen's verses having been published in his lifetime, the collection introduces his work to many readers. It includes the

1917 Events Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 9 – WWI – Battle of Rafa: The last substantial Ottoman Army garrison on the Sinai Peninsula is captured by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force's ...

poems " Anthem for Doomed Youth" and "

Dulce et Decorum est "Dulce et Decorum Est" is a poem written by Wilfred Owen during World War I, and published posthumously in 1920. Its Latin title is from a verse written by the Roman poet Horace: '' Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori''. In English, this mea ...

", two of the best-known poetic condemnations of war. *

December 1 Events Pre-1600 * 800 – A council is convened in the Vatican, at which Charlemagne is to judge the accusations against Pope Leo III. * 1420 – Henry V of England enters Paris alongside his father-in-law King Charles VI of France. * ...

– The

effectively ends with a new regime coming to power. *

December 3 Events Pre-1600 * 915 – Pope John X crowns Berengar I of Italy as Holy Roman Emperor (probable date). 1601–1900 * 1775 – American Revolution: becomes the first vessel to fly the Continental Union Flag (precursor to the " St ...

– Following more than a month of the Turkish–Armenian War, the Turkish-dictated Treaty of Alexandropol is concluded. *

December 7 Events Pre-1600 *43 BC – Marcus Tullius Cicero is assassinated in Formia on orders of Marcus Antonius. * 574 – Byzantine Emperor Justin II, suffering recurring seizures of insanity, adopts his general Tiberius and proclaims him ...

– The first draft of the

Mandate for Palestine The Mandate for Palestine was a League of Nations mandate for British Empire, British administration of the territories of Mandatory Palestine, Palestine and Emirate of Transjordan, Transjordanwhich had been Ottoman Syria, part of the Ottoman ...

is submitted to the League of Nations. *

December 5 Events Pre-1600 *63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations. * 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville. *1033 – The 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake, Jordan Rift Val ...

– A

is favorable to the reinstatement of the monarchy. *

December 10 Events Pre-1600 *1317 – The Nyköping Banquet: King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers, dukes Valdemar and Erik, who are subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköping Castle. * 1508 – The Leag ...

–

Martial law Martial law is the replacement of civilian government by military rule and the suspension of civilian legal processes for military powers. Martial law can continue for a specified amount of time, or indefinitely, and standard civil liberties ...

is declared in Counties

Cork "Cork" or "CORK" may refer to: Materials * Cork (material), an impermeable buoyant plant product ** Stopper (plug), or "cork", a cylindrical or conical object used to seal a container *** Wine cork an item to seal or reseal wine Places Ireland * ...

, Kerry,

Limerick Limerick ( ; ) is a city in western Ireland, in County Limerick. It is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Munster and is in the Mid-West Region, Ireland, Mid-West which comprises part of the Southern Region, Ireland, Southern Region. W ...

and Tipperary by the British authorities. *

December 11 Events Pre-1600 * 220 – Emperor Xian of Han is forced to abdicate the throne by Cao Cao's son Cao Pi, ending the Han dynasty. * 361 – Julian enters Constantinople as sole Roman Emperor. * 861 – Assassination of the Abba ...

–

Burning of Cork The burning of Cork () by British forces took place during the Irish War of Independence on the night of 11–12 December 1920. It followed an Irish Republican Army (IRA) ambush of a British Auxiliary patrol in the city, which wounded twelve Au ...

in Ireland: British forces set fire to some of the centre of

, including the City Hall, in reprisal attacks, after a British auxiliary is killed in a guerilla ambush. *

December 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit. * 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. * 1577 ...

– Confectionery company

Haribo Haribo GmbH & Co. KG, doing business as Haribo ( , , ; stylized in all caps), is a German confectionery company founded by Hans Riegel Sr. It began in Kessenich (Bonn), Kessenich, Bonn, Germany. The name "Haribo" is a syllabic abbreviation forme ...

is founded in Bonn, Germany. *

December 15 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – Vandalic War: Byzantine Empire, Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Tricamarum. * 687 – Pope Sergius I is elected as a compromise between antipopes P ...

– 22 – The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German war reparations, intended to extend for over 42 years. 1920 Gansu earthquake

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * ...

** An 8.2

Richter scale The Richter scale (), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and pr ...

Haiyuan earthquake causes a

landslide Landslides, also known as landslips, rockslips or rockslides, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, mudflows, shallow or deep-seated slope failures and debris flows. Landslides ...

Gansu Province Gansu is a provinces of China, province in Northwestern China. Its capital and largest city is Lanzhou, in the southeastern part of the province. The seventh-largest administrative district by area at , Gansu lies between the Tibetan Plateau, Ti ...

, China, killing 273,000. ** Finland joins the

. *

December 17 Events Pre-1600 * 497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome. * 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Eastern Roman garrison. * 920 – Romanos I ...

– South Africa is granted a League of Nations Class C mandate over

South West Africa South West Africa was a territory under Union of South Africa, South African administration from 1915 to 1990. Renamed ''Namibia'' by the United Nations in 1968, Independence of Namibia, it became independent under this name on 21 March 1990. ...

. *

December 22 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – Vespasian is proclaimed Emperor of Rome; his predecessor, Vitellius, attempts to abdicate but is captured and killed at the Gemonian stairs. * 401 – Pope Innocent I is elected, the only pope to succeed h ...

– The 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR adopts the

GOELRO plan GOELRO () was the first of Soviet Russia's plans for national economic recovery and development. It became the prototype for subsequent Five-Year Plans drafted by Gosplan. GOELRO is the transliteration of the Russian abbreviation for "State Com ...

, the major scheme for the economic development of the country. *

December 23 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – The Arian Vandal Kingdom ceases its persecution of Nicene Christianity. * 558 – Chlothar I is crowned King of the Franks. * 583 – Maya queen Yohl Ik'nal is crowned ruler of Palenque. * 962 &ndash ...

** The United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held

and British-held

Palestine Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in West Asia. Recognized by International recognition of Palestine, 147 of the UN's 193 member states, it encompasses the Israeli-occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and th ...

. ** The

Government of Ireland Act 1920 The Government of Ireland Act 1920 ( 10 & 11 Geo. 5. c. 67) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act's long title was "An Act to provide for the better government of Ireland"; it is also known as the Fourth Home Rule Bi ...

, passed by the

, receives

from

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936. George w ...

, providing for the

partition of Ireland The Partition of Ireland () was the process by which the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (UK) divided Ireland into two self-governing polities: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland (the area today known as the R ...

into

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ( ; ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It has been #Descriptions, variously described as a country, province or region. Northern Ireland shares Repub ...

and Southern Ireland, with separate parliaments, granting a measure of

home rule Home rule is the government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens. It is thus the power of a part (administrative division) of a state or an external dependent country to exercise such of the state's powers of governan ...

. *

December 25 Events Pre-1600 * 36 – Forces of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han, under the command of Wu Han, conquer the separatist Chengjia empire, reuniting China. * 274 – A temple to Sol Invictus is dedicated in Rome by Emperor Aurelian. ...

– The

Rosicrucian Fellowship The Rosicrucian Fellowship (TRF) ("An International Association of Christian Mystics") was founded in 1909 by Max Heindel with the aim of heralding the Age of Aquarius, Aquarian Age and promulgating "the true Philosophy" of the Rosicrucians. It cl ...

's spiritual healing temple ''The Ecclesia'' is dedicated at Mount Ecclesia,

Oceanside, California Oceanside is a beach city in the North County (San Diego area), North County area of San Diego County, California, United States. The city had a population of 174,068 at the 2020 United States census, making it the most populous city in the Nort ...

Date unknown

Hydrocodone Hydrocodone, also known as dihydrocodeinone, is a semi-synthetic opioid used to treat pain and as a cough suppressant. It is taken by mouth. Typically, it is dispensed as the combination acetaminophen/hydrocodone or ibuprofen/hydrocodone fo ...

, a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany, by Carl Mannich and Helene Löwenheim. * Approximate date – The

HIV/AIDS The HIV, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system. Without treatment, it can lead to a spectrum of conditions including acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is a Preventive healthcare, pr ...

almost certainly originates in Léopoldville, modern-day

Kinshasa Kinshasa (; ; ), formerly named Léopoldville from 1881–1966 (), is the Capital city, capital and Cities of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Kinshasa is one of the world's fastest-grow ...

, the capital of the

Belgian Congo The Belgian Congo (, ; ) was a Belgian colonial empire, Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960 and became the Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville). The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Repu ...

Births

January

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Emp ...

Isaac Asimov Isaac Asimov ( ; – April 6, 1992) was an Russian-born American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. During his lifetime, Asimov was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers, along with Robert A. H ...

, American author (d.

1992 1992 was designated as International Space Year by the United Nations. Events January * January 1 – Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier Pérez de Cuéllar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General. * January 6 ** The Republ ...

) ** George Herbig, American astronomer (d.

2013 2013 was the first year since 1987 to contain four unique digits (a span of 26 years). 2013 was designated as: *International Year of Water Cooperation *International Year of Quinoa Events January * January 5 – 2013 Craig, Alask ...

) ** Anne-Sofie Østvedt, Norwegian resistance leader (d.

2009 2009 was designated as the International Year of Astronomy by the United Nations to coincide with the 400th anniversary of Galileo Galilei's first known astronomical studies with a telescope and the publication of Astronomia Nova by Joha ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading (871), Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred the Great, Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasi ...

– David Musuguri, Tanzanian soldier and military officer (d.

2024 The year saw the list of ongoing armed conflicts, continuation of major armed conflicts, including the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Myanmar civil war (2021–present), Myanmar civil war, the Sudanese civil war (2023–present), Sudane ...

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French ...

–

Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli (; 5 January 1920 – 12 June 1995) was an Italian classical pianist. He is considered one of the greatest pianists of the twentieth century. According to ''The New York Times'', he was perhaps the most reclusive, ...

, Italian pianist (d.

1995 1995 was designated as: * United Nations Year for Tolerance * World Year of Peoples' Commemoration of the Victims of the Second World War This was the first year that the Internet was entirely privatized, with the United States government ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will ...

Sun Myung Moon Sun Myung Moon (; born Moon Yong-myeong; 6 January 1920 – 3 September 2012) was a Korean religious leader, also known for his business ventures and support for conservative political causes. A messiah claimant, he was the founder of the ...

, Korean evangelist, founder of the Unification Church (d.

2012 2012 was designated as: *International Year of Cooperatives *International Year of Sustainable Energy for All Events January *January 4 – The Cicada 3301 internet hunt begins. * January 12 – Peaceful protests begin in the R ...

) **

John Maynard Smith John Maynard Smith (6 January 1920 – 19 April 2004) was a British mathematical and theoretical biology, theoretical and mathematical evolutionary biologist and geneticist. Originally an aeronautical engineer during the Second World War, he ...

, English biologist (d.

2004 2004 was designated as an International Year of Rice by the United Nations, and the International Year to Commemorate the Struggle Against Slavery and Its Abolition (by UNESCO). Events January * January 3 – Flash Airlines Flight 60 ...

) ** P. Chitran Namboodirippad, Indian writer (d.

2023 Catastrophic natural disasters in 2023 included the Lists of 21st-century earthquakes, 5th-deadliest earthquake of the 21st century 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes, striking Turkey and Syria, leaving up to 62,000 people dead; Cyclone Freddy ...

) *

–

Vincent Gardenia Vincent Gardenia (born Vincenzo Scognamiglio; January 7, 1920 – December 9, 1992) was an Italian-American stage, film and television actor. He was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, first for '' Bang the Drum Slowl ...

, American actor (d.

) *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...

– Abbey Simon, American classical pianist (d.

2019 This was the year in which the first known human case of COVID-19 was documented, preceding COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic which was declared by the World Health Organization the following year. Up to that point, 2019 had been described as ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

** Clive Dunn, British actor (d.

) ** Hakim Said, Pakistani scholar, philanthropist (d.

1998 1998 was designated as the ''International Year of the Ocean''. Events January * January 6 – The ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for Lunar water, frozen water, in soil i ...

) ** Stefan Żywotko, Polish association football coach (d.

2022 The year began with another wave in the COVID-19 pandemic, with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, Omicron spreading rapidly and becoming the dominant variant of the SARS-CoV-2 virus worldwide. Tracking a decrease in cases and deaths, 2022 saw ...

) *

** Raymond Cauchetier, French photographer (d.

2021 Like the year 2020, 2021 was also heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, due to the emergence of multiple Variants of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 variants. The major global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines, which began at the end of 2020, continued ...

) ** Roberto M. Levingston, Argentinian general, politician and 36th president of Argentina (d.

2015 2015 was designated by the United Nations as: * International Year of Light * International Year of Soil __TOC__ Events January * January 1 – Lithuania officially adopts the euro as its currency, replacing the litas, and becomes ...

) *

–

Jarbas Passarinho Jarbas Gonçalves Passarinho (11 January 1920 – 5 June 2016) was a Brazilian military officer and politician. Passarinho began his political career when he was appointed Governor of Pará. He served as head of several government ministries du ...

, Brazilian military officer, politician (d.

2016 2016 was designated as: * International Year of Pulses by the sixty-eighth session of the United Nations General Assembly. * International Year of Global Understanding (IYGU) by the International Council for Science (ICSU), the Internationa ...

) *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crow ...

– Bill Reid, Canadian artist (d.

) *

– Jahangir Amuzegar, Iranian economist, academic and politician (d.

2018 Events January * January 1 – Bulgaria takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, after the Estonian presidency. * January 4 – SPLM-IO rebels loyal to Chan Garang Lual start a raid against Juba, capital of ...

) *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. * 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 * 1761 – The Third Battle of Panipat is fought in I ...

– Vahe Danielyan, Soviet soldier and concentration camp survivor *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Roman emperor, Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. *1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to set ...

** Trevor Dannatt, English architect (d.

) ** John O'Connor, American Catholic cardinal (d.

2000 2000 was designated as the International Year for the Culture of Peace and the World Mathematics, Mathematical Year. Popular culture holds the year 2000 as the first year of the 21st century and the 3rd millennium, because of a tende ...

) *

–

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar de la Guerra ( , ; 19 January 1920 – 4 March 2020) was a Peruvian diplomat and politician who served as the fifth secretary-general of the United Nations from 1982 to 1991. He later served as prime min ...

, Peruvian

Secretary-General of the United Nations The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or UNSECGEN) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the United Nations System#Six principal organs, six principal organs of ...

, 135th

prime minister of Peru A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways ...

(d.

2020 The year 2020 was heavily defined by the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to global Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, social and Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, economic disruption, mass cancellations and postponements of even ...

) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

Federico Fellini Federico Fellini (; 20 January 1920 – 31 October 1993) was an Italian film director and screenwriter. He is known for his distinctive style, which blends fantasy and baroque images with earthiness. He is recognized as one of the greatest and ...

, Italian film director and screenwriter (d.

1993 The United Nations General Assembly, General Assembly of the United Nations designated 1993 as: * International Year for the World's Indigenous People The year 1993 in the Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands had only 364 days, since its ...

) ** Theodore H. Geballe, American physicist (d.

) **

DeForest Kelley Jackson DeForest Kelley (January 20, 1920 – June 11, 1999) was an American actor, screenwriter, poet, and singer. He was known for his roles in film and television Western (genre), Westerns and achieved international fame as Dr. Leonard McCoy ...

, American actor (''

Star Trek ''Star Trek'' is an American science fiction media franchise created by Gene Roddenberry, which began with the Star Trek: The Original Series, series of the same name and became a worldwide Popular culture, pop-culture Cultural influence of ...

'') (d.

1999 1999 was designated as the International Year of Older Persons. Events January * January 1 – The euro currency is established and the European Central Bank assumes its full powers. * January 3 – The Mars Polar Lander is launc ...

) **

Fabian Ver Fabian Crisologo Ver (born Fabian Maria Trinidad Juan Cirilo Crisologo Ver; January 20, 1920 – November 21, 1998) was a Filipino military officer who served as the Commanding Officer of the Armed Forces of the Philippines under President Fer ...

, Filipino general (d.

) *

–

Errol Barrow Errol Walton Barrow (21 January 1920 – 1 June 1987) was a Barbadian statesman and the first prime minister of Barbados. Born into a family of political and civic activists in the parish of Saint Lucy, he became a WWII aviator, combat vet ...

, 1st prime minister of Barbados (d.

1987 Events January * January 1 – Bolivia reintroduces the Boliviano currency. * January 2 – Chadian–Libyan conflict – Battle of Fada: The Military of Chad, Chadian army destroys a Libyan armoured brigade. * January 3 – Afghan leader ...

) *

– Sir

Alf Ramsey Sir Alfred Ernest Ramsey (22 January 1920 – 28 April 1999) was an English association football, football player and Manager (association football), manager. As a player, he represented England national football team, the England national ...

, English footballer and manager (d.

) *

Gottfried Böhm Gottfried Böhm (; 23 January 1920 – 9 June 2021) was a German architect and sculptor. His reputation is based on creating highly sculptural buildings made of concrete, steel, and glass. Böhm's first independent building was the Cologne ...

, German architect (d.

) **

Charles Njonjo Charles Mūgane Njonjo (23 January 1920 – 2 January 2022) was a Kenyan lawyer who served as Attorney General of Kenya from 1963 to 1979, Minister of Constitutional Affairs and the member of Parliament for Kikuyu Constituency from 1980 to 198 ...

, Kenyan attorney and politician (d.

) **

Walter Frederick Morrison Walter Frederick Morrison (January 23, 1920 – February 9, 2010) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, who invented the Frisbee. Early life Walter Fredrick "Fred" Morrison was born on January 23, 1920, in Richfield, Utah, the son of Dr. W ...

, American entrepreneur, inventor (d.

2010 The year saw a multitude of natural and environmental disasters such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, and the 2010 Chile earthquake. The 2009 swine flu pandemic, swine flu pandemic which began the previous year ...

) *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The Co ...

–

Manuel Yan Manuel Tecson Yan, Sr. (January 24, 1920 – December 4, 2008) was a Cabinet Secretary of the Aquino, Ramos and Estrada administrations, World War II veteran and Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines from 1968 until 1972. He was ...

, Filipino general (d.

2008 2008 was designated as: *International Year of Languages *International Year of Planet Earth *International Year of the Potato *International Year of Sanitation The Great Recession, a worldwide recession which began in 2007, continued throu ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dyn ...

–

Alicia Montoya Alicia Montoya (January 25, 1920 – August 17, 2002) was a Mexican actress, the daughter of the stage actress . Selected filmography * ''Talpa (film), Talpa'' (1956) * ''El duende y yo'' (1959) * ''Mujeres de Fuego'' (1959) * ''Quinceañera'' ( ...

, Mexican actress (d.

2002 The effects of the September 11 attacks of the previous year had a significant impact on the affairs of 2002. The war on terror was a major political focus. Without settled international law, several nations engaged in anti-terror operation ...

) *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

** Heinz Kessler, German politician, military officer (d.

2017 2017 was designated as the International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development by the United Nations General Assembly. Events January * January 1 – Istanbul nightclub shooting: A gunman dressed as Santa Claus opens fire at the ...

) ** Vasant Raiji, Indian cricketer (d.

) *

January 27 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor. * 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to become monks by Constantine VII, who becomes sole emperor of the ...

** Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese fighter ace (d.

1944 Events Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix. January * January 2 – WWII: ** Free France, Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command First Army (France), French Army B, part of the Sixt ...

) ** Helmut Zacharias, German violinist (d.

) * January 29 – Balantrapu Rajanikanta Rao, Indian writer (d.

) * January 30 ** Michael Anderson (director), Michael Anderson, English film director (d.

) **Ben Bagdikian, Armenian-American journalist, political commentator and critic (d.

) ** Delbert Mann, American television and film director (d. 2007)

February

– John Russell (equestrian), John Russell, American Olympic equestrian (d.

) * February 3 – Henry Heimlich, American physician, medical researcher (d.

) * February 4 – Giriraj Kishore, Indian activist, politician (d. 2014) * February 5 – Frank Muir, British actor, comedy writer and raconteur (d.

) * February 6 – Gordon Van Wylen, American physicist and author (d.

) * February 7 ** Jacqueline Diffring, German-born English sculptor (d.

) ** An Wang, Chinese-born computer pioneer (d. 1990) * February 8 – Tony Murray (businessman), Tony Murray, French-English billionaire and businessman (d.

) * February 11 ** Farouk of Egypt, Farouk I, King of Egypt (d. 1965) ** George Mandel, American author (d.

) *

** Heleno de Freitas, Brazilian footballer (d. 1959) ** Yoshiko Yamaguchi, Chinese-Japanese actress and singer (d. 2014) *

** Seneka Bibile, Sri Lankan pharmacologist (d. 1977) ** Annæus Schjødt Jr., Norwegian barrister (d. 2014) * February 16 – Anna Mae Hays, American general (d.

) *

–Ivo Caprino, Norwegian film director (d. 2001) * February 18 – Eddie Slovik, U.S. Army private, only deserter to be executed during World War II (d. 1945) *

– Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (d. 1948) *

– Fortune FitzRoy, Duchess of Grafton, English noble (d.

) * February 26 ** Hilmar Baunsgaard, Danish politician (d. 1989) ** Tony Randall, American actor (d.

) ** Lucjan Wolanowski, Polish journalist, writer and traveler (d. 2006) ** Henry Hu, Hong Kong barrister * February 28 ** Alf Kjellin, Swedish film actor and director (d. 1988) ** Jadwiga Piłsudska, Polish pilot (d. 2014) ** Zaim Topčić, Bosnian writer (d. 1990) * February 29 ** Howard Nemerov, American poet (d. 1991) ** Michele Morgan, French actress (d.

)

March

* March 3 ** James Doohan, Canadian actor, voice actor, author and soldier (''

'') (d. 2005) ** Ronald Searle, British cartoonist (d. 2011) * March 4 – Jean Lecanuet, French politician (d.

) * March 5 – Rachel Gurney, British actress (d. 2001) * March 6 ** Lewis Gilbert, British film director, producer and screenwriter (d.

) ** Celina Seghi, Italian alpine skier (d.

) * March 8 – Ingemar Hedberg, Swedish canoeist (d.

) * March 9 – Franjo Mihalić, Croatian-Serbian athlete (d.

) *

** Robert Cardenas, American Air Force general (d.

) ** Alfred Peet, Dutch-American entrepreneur, founder of Peet's Coffee & Tea (d. 2007) ** Boris Vian, French writer, poet, singer and musician (d. 1959) * March 11 ** Nicolaas Bloembergen, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) ** Ben Ferencz, Hungarian-American lawyer (d.

) * March 14 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist (d. 2001) *

** Sid Hartman, American sports journalist (d.

) ** Lawrence Sanders, American novelist (d.

) ** E. Donnall Thomas, American physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * March 16 – Leo McKern, Australian actor (d.

) * March 17 – Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, founder, 2-time president and second prime minister of Bangladesh (d. 1975) * March 20 ** Pamela Harriman, English-born American diplomat, socialite (d. 1997) ** Vickie Panos, Greek-Canadian female professional baseball player (d. 1986) ** Qemal Stafa, Albanian politician (d. 1942) ** Rosemary Timperley, British author (d. 1988) * March 21 – Éric Rohmer, French film director (d.

) * March 22 ** Josip Manolić, Prime Minister of Croatia (d.

) ** Fanny Waterman, English pianist, educator (d.

) ** Helmut Winschermann, German oboist, conductor and teacher (d.

) *

** Tetsuharu Kawakami, Japanese baseball player, coach (d.

) ** Neal Edward Smith, American pilot, lawyer and politician (d.

) * March 24 – Corbin Harney, elder and spiritual leader of the Newe (Western Shoshone) people (d. 2007) *

– Patrick Troughton, English actor (d.

) *

– Ernest Courant, American accelerator physicist (d.

) * March 27 – William Moncrief, American businessman (d.

) *

** Marion Mann, American physician and pathologist (d.

) ** Gottfried Weilenmann (cyclist, born 1920), Gottfried Weilenmann, Swiss racing cyclist (d.

) * March 31 ** Deborah Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire (d. 2014) ** Marga Minco, Dutch journalist, writer (d.

)

April

* April 1 ** Toshiro Mifune, Japanese actor (d. 1997) ** Yosh Uchida, American judo coach, businessman, entrepreneur and educator (d.

) *

– Ehsan Yarshater, Iranian scholar (d.

) * April 5 ** Barend Biesheuvel, Dutch politician, Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1971 until 1973 (d. 2001) ** Arthur Hailey, American writer (d.

) *

– Edmond H. Fischer, Swiss Americans, Swiss American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * April 7 – Ravi Shankar, Indian sitar player (d.

) *

** Emilio Colombo, 40th prime minister of Italy (d.

) ** Peter O'Donnell, British author, comic strip writer (d.

) * April 12 – Anita Ellis (singer), Anita Ellis, Canadian-American singer and actress (d.

) * April 13 ** Roberto Calvi, Italian banker (d. 1982) ** Marthe Cohn, French author and Holocaust survivor (d. 2025) ** Liam Cosgrave, sixth Taoiseach of Republic of Ireland, Ireland (d.

) ** Theodore L. Thomas, American chemical engineer, Patent attorney and writer (d. 2005) * April 14 ** Stanley Stutz, American basketball player (d. 1975) ** Antônio Afonso de Miranda, Brazilian Catholic Church, Roman Catholic bishop (d.

) ** Eleonore Schönborn, Austrian politician (d. 2022) * April 15 ** Thomas Szasz, Hungarian-born psychiatrist, writer (d.

) ** Richard von Weizsäcker, German politician, President of Germany (1984–1994) (d.

) * April 16 ** Prince Georg of Denmark (d. 1986) ** Bill Sidwell, Australian tennis player (d.

) * April 17 – Arnold Yarrow, British actor (d.

) * April 18 – Wang Zigan, modern papercutting artist, master of arts and crafts (d.

) *

** Gene Leis, American jazz guitarist, educator (d.

) ** Ragnar Ulstein, Norwegian journalist and writer (d.

) *

– John Paul Stevens, American judge, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (d.

) * April 21 – Edmund Adamkiewicz, German footballer (d. 1991) * April 22 – Valeri Petrov, Bulgarian poet (d. 2014) *

– Kim Hyung-suk, South Korean philosopher * April 25 ** Robert Q. Lewis, American radio and television personality (d. 1991) ** Marko Račič, Slovenian athlete (d.

) *

– Padú del Caribe, Aruban musician and songwriter (d.

) * April 27 – Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (d. 1956) * April 30 ** Diet Eman, Dutch author and resistance worker (d.

) ** Gerda Lerner, Austrian-American historian and woman's history author (d.

) ** Captain Tom, Captain Sir Tom Moore, English army officer and fundraiser (d.

)

May

* May 1 – Alan Burgess (cricketer), Alan Burgess, New Zealand cricketer (d.

) * May 2 ** Jean-Marie Auberson, Swiss conductor (d.

) ** Otto Buchsbaum, Austrian-born writer, ecological activist (d.

) ** Joe "Mr Piano" Henderson, Scottish pianist and composer (d. 1980) ** Joan van der Waals, Dutch physicist (d.

) * May 5 – Jon Naar, British-American author, photographer (d.

) * May 6 ** Mollie Lentaigne, English medical artist and Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment nurse (d.

) ** Kamisese Mara, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, first Prime Minister of Fiji, prime minister of Fiji and President of Fiji (d.

) * May 8 ** Tom of Finland, Finnish artist (d. 1991) ** Jean Maran, French politician (d.

) ** Saul Bass, American graphic designer (d. 1996) * May 9 ** Michael Dauncey, British Army brigadier (d.

) ** Mitsuko Mori, Japanese actress (d.

) *

– Richard Adams, English novelist (d.

) * May 11 – Gene Hermanski, American baseball player (d.

) * May 12 ** John Tyler Bonner, American biologist (d.

) ** Gerald Stapleton, South African Battle of Britain fighter pilot (d.

) * May 13 – Vassos Lyssarides, Cypriot politician and physician (d.

) *

– Nasrallah Boutros Sfeir, Lebanese cardinal (d.

) *

– Lydia Wideman, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d.

) * May 18 – Pope John Paul II (d. 2005) *

** Ted Knap, American journalist (d.

) ** Tina Strobos, Dutch psychiatrist known for rescuing Jews during World War II (d.

) *

** John Cruickshank, Scottish Victoria Cross recipient ** Betty Driver, British singer and actress (d. 2011) ** Domenico Leccisi, Italian politician (d.

) * May 21 – Sonja de Lennart, German fashion designer * May 22 – Helen Andelin, American author (d.

) * May 23 – Helen O'Connell, American singer (d.

) * May 25 – Arthur Wint, Jamaican runner (d.

) *

** John Dall, American actor (d. 1971) ** Peggy Lee, American singer (d.

) * May 28 – Gene Levitt, American television writer, producer and director (d.

) *

– John Harsanyi, Hungarian-born economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * May 30 ** Godfrey Binaisa, President of Uganda (d.

) ** James F. Leonard, American diplomat (d.

) ** Frederick M. Nicholas, American lawyer ** Franklin Schaffner, American film, television director (d. 1989) ** Shōtarō Yasuoka, Japanese writer (d.

)

June

* June 1 – Amos Yarkoni, Israeli soldier (d. 1991) * June 2 ** Marcel Reich-Ranicki, German literary critic, member of the literary Gruppe 47 (d.

) ** Tex Schramm, American football executive (d. 2003) ** Johnny Speight, British television scriptwriter (d.

) *

– Marion Motley, American football player (d.

) * June 10 ** Ruth Graham, American evangelist, wife of Billy Graham (d. 2007) ** Paula Stafford, Australian fashion designer (d.

) * June 11 ** Albin Chalandon, French politician (d.

) ** King Mahendra of Nepal (d. 1972) *

– Dave Berg (cartoonist), Dave Berg, American cartoonist (d.

) *

** Rolf Huisgen, German chemist and academic (d.

) ** Larry Kenney (basketball), Larry Kenney, American basketball player (d.

) * June 14 – Bob Brogoitti, American politician (d.

) *

– Alberto Sordi, Italian actor (d. 2003) * June 16 ** Eva Estrada-Kalaw, Filipino politician (d.

) ** José López Portillo, 51st president of Mexico (d.

) ** Bob Ryland, American tennis player (d.

) * June 17 ** Patrick Duffy (British politician), Patrick Duffy, English economist and president of the NATO Assembly ** Jacob H. Gilbert, American politician (d. 1981) ** Setsuko Hara, Japanese actress (d.

) ** François Jacob, French biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) ** Peter Le Cheminant, Guernesiase air force commander (d.

) * June 18 ** Utta Danella, German writer (d.

) ** Aster Berkhof, Belgian author and academic (d.

) * June 19 – Eliana Navarro, Chilean poet (d. 2006) * June 20 ** Amos Tutuola, Nigerian writer (d. 1997) ** Thomas Jefferson (musician), Thomas Jefferson, American musician (d. 1986) * June 21 – Hans Gerschwiler, Swiss figure skater (d.

) *

** Lester Wunderman, American executive (d.

) ** Jack Karwales, American football player (d.

) ** Walt Masterson, American right-handed baseball pitcher (d.

) ** Paul Frees, American voice actor (d. 1986) ** Jovito Salonga, Filipino statesman (d.

) * June 23 – Saleh Ajeery, Kuwaiti astronomer (d.

) * June 25 ** Jeanne Tomasini, Corsican writer (d.

) ** Lassie Lou Ahern, American actress (d.

) ** Ozan Marsh, American pianist (d.

) * June 27 – Fernando Riera, Chilean football player, manager (d.

) *

– Clarissa Eden, wife of British prime minister Anthony Eden (d.

) *

**Armin Hofmann, Swiss graphic designer (d.

) ** Ray Harryhausen, American animator (d.

) * June 30 ** Eleanor Ross Taylor, American poet (d. 2011) ** Zeno Colò, Italian Olympic alpine skier (d.

)

July

** George I. Fujimoto, American chemist (d.

) ** Aziz Sedky, Egyptian politician, engineer (d.

) ** Lucidio Sentimenti, Italian footballer (d. 2014) * July 3 – Lennart Bladh, Swedish politician (d. 2006) * July 4 ** Anthony Barber, British Conservative politician (d. 2005) ** Leona Helmsley, American hotel operator, real estate investor (d. 2007) * July 5 ** Mary Louise Hancock, American politician (d.

) ** Viola Harris, American actress (d.

) ** Rosemarie Springer, German equestrian (d.

) *

** Sandy Tatum, American golfer (d.

) ** William Thaddeus Coleman Jr., American attorney, politician (d.

) * July 10 ** Owen Chamberlain, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2006) ** J. T. White, American college football assistant coach (d. 2005) ** Milo Anstadt, Dutch-Jewish writer, journalist (d. 2011) *

** Hudson William Edison Ntsanwisi, South African Politician, Gazankulu Chief Minister (d.

) ** Yul Brynner, Russian actor (d. 1985) ** Zecharia Sitchin, Soviet-born American author (d.

) *

– Randolph Quirk, British linguist, life peer (d.

) * July 14 – Marijohn Wilkin, American songwriter (d. 2006) * July 15 ** Theresa Kobuszewski, American professional baseball player, World War II veteran (d. 2005) ** Prince Michael Andreevich of Russia (d.

) * July 16 ** Ulysses S. Washington, American college football player, coach (d.

) ** Larry Jansen, American right-handed pitcher, coach (d.

) * July 17 ** Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish International Olympic Committee president (d.

) ** Gordon Gould, American physicist (d. 2005) ** June Vincent, American actress (d.

) * July 18 ** Zheng Min, Chinese scholar and poet (d.

) ** Dolph Sweet, American actor (d. 1985) *

** Émile Idée, French professional road bicycle racer (d.

) ** Robert Mann, American violinist (d.

) ** Frank Maznicki, American football player (d.

) ** George Dawkes, English cricketer (d. 2006) *

** Jasper Blackall, British sailor (d. unknown) ** Byron Krieger, American foil, sabre and épée fencer (d.

) *

** Jean Daniel, Algerian-born French-Jewish journalist and author (d.

) ** Gunnar Thoresen (footballer), Gunnar Thoresen, Norwegian footballer (d.

) ** Constant Nieuwenhuys, Dutch painter (d. 2005) ** Isaac Stern, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 2001) ** Ndabaningi Sithole, Zimbabwean politician (d.

) * July 23 ** L. Martin Griffin, American environmentalist and conservationist (d.

) ** Amália Rodrigues, Portuguese fado singer and actress (d.

) *

– Bella Abzug, American feminist politician (d.

) * July 25 ** Rosalind Franklin, British crystallographer (d. 1958) ** David P. Buckson, American lawyer, politician (d.

) * July 27 – Howard Hibbett, American translator (d.

) *

– Lea Padovani, Italian film actress (d. 1991) *

– Elói (footballer), Elói, Portuguese footballer (d.

) *

– Lady Brigid Guinness of the United Kingdom (d.

) * July 31 – Franca Valeri, Italian actress (d.

)

August

* August 1 – Sammy Lee (diver), Sammy Lee, Korean-American diver (d.

) * August 3 – P. D. James, English mystery novelist (d. 2014) * August 4 ** John Figueroa, Jamaican poet (d.

) ** Helen Thomas, American author, news service reporter, member of the White House press corps and columnist (d.

) * August 5 ** Bill Grayden, Australian politician ** Mickey Shaughnessy, Irish-American character actor, comedian (d. 1985) ** Selma Diamond, Canadian-American comedic actress (d. 1985) * August 6 – Ella Raines, American actress (d. 1988) *

** Glauco Della Porta, Italian politician, economist (d. 1976) ** Françoise Adret, French ballet dancer, choreographer (d.

) ** Mario Astorri, Italian football player, coach (d. 1989) *

** Leo Chiosso, Italian poet (d. 2006) ** Dominique Marcas, French actress (d.

) ** Jimmy Witherspoon, American singer (d. 1997) * August 9 ** Willi Heinrich, German Second World War veteran, later an author (d. 2005) ** Milton G. Henschel, American member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, 5th president of the Watch (d. 2003) *

** Ann Harnett, American female baseball player (d. 2006) ** Red Holzman, American basketball coach (d.

) *

– Florence Bjelke-Petersen, Australian politician, writer (d.

) * August 12 – Anna-Kaarina Aalto, Finnish physician and politician (d. 1994) *

– Neville Brand, American actor, highly decorated World War II combat soldier (d.

) *

– María Teresa Linares Savio, Cuban musicologist (d.

) * August 15 ** Prince Konstantin of Bavaria (d. 1969) ** Peter Lloyd (aviator), Peter Lloyd, Australian aviator (d.

) * August 16 – Charles Bukowski, American writer (d. 1994) * August 17 – Maureen O'Hara, Irish-American actress (d.

) * August 18 ** Bob Kennedy, American baseball player, manager (d. 2005) ** Mervyn Lee, Australian politician (d.

) ** Shelley Winters, American actress (d. 2006) ** Godfrey Evans, English cricketer (d.

) *

– Boris Braun, Croatian university professor and Holocaust survivor (d.

) * August 21 – Christopher Robin Milne, English author, bookseller (d. 1996) *

– Ray Bradbury, American science fiction writer (d.

) *

** Prem Tinsulanonda, Thai politician, 16th prime minister of Thailand (d.

) ** Richard E. Bellman, American mathematician (d. 1984) * August 27 – Baptiste Manzini, American football player (d.

) *

– Jaime de Almeida, Brazilian football player, manager (d. 1973) * August 29 – Charlie Parker, African-American saxophonist, composer (d. 1955) * August 30 – Ali Sabri, Egyptian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Egypt, prime minister of Egypt (d. 1991)

September

* September 1 ** Richard Farnsworth, American actor, stuntman (d.

) ** Rayson Huang, Hong Kong chemist (d.

) *

– Mónica Echeverría, Chilean journalist, writer, actress and a Literature professor (d.

) * September 5 – Apolonia Muñoz Abarca, American health professional and reproductive rights advocate (d.

) *

**Lawrence LeShan, American psychologist, educator and author (d.

) **Lesław Bartelski, Polish male writers (d. 2006) * September 10 ** Robert F. Inger, American herpetologist (d.

) ** C. R. Rao, Indian-born American mathematician and statistician (d.

) ** Fabio Taglioni, Italian motorcycle engineer (d. 2001) *

** Darussalam (actor), Darussalam, Indonesian actor (d.

) ** Lore Lorentz, German cabaret artist, standup comedian (d. 1994) * September 13 ** Else Holmelund Minarik, Danish-American author and illustrator (d.

) ** Alan Sagner, American public servant, political fundraiser (d.

) * September 14 ** Mario Benedetti, Uruguayan writer (d.

) ** Don Johnson (American football), Don Johnson, American football player (d. 1965) ** Hans Pfann, German gymnast (d.

) ** Fuad Stephens, Malaysian politician (d. 1976) ** Lawrence Klein, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * September 15 – Dave Garcia, American baseball coach, manager (d.

) *

– Marjorie Holt, American politician (d.

) * September 18 – Jack Warden, American actor (d. 2006) * September 19 – Roger Angell, American journalist, author and editor (d.

) *

– Jay Ward, American animation producer (d. 1989) *

– Kenneth McAlpine, English racing driver (d.

) * September 22 – William H. Riker, American political scientist (d.

) * September 23 – Mickey Rooney, American actor, dancer and entertainer (d. 2014) * September 24 ** Dick Bong, American fighter ace (d. 1945) ** Harber H. Hall, American politician (d.

) ** Ovadia Yosef, Israeli Chief Rabbi (d.

) *

– Wan Haifeng, Chinese military officer (d.

) *

** William Conrad, American actor, film director and producer (d. 1994) ** Alan A. Freeman, English record producer (d. 1985)General Register Office; United Kingdom; Volume: ''15''; Page: ''284''. ''England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007'' [database on-line]. *

– Peter D. Mitchell, English chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * September 30 – Milton P. Rice, American politician (d.

) * Unknown – Wu Ningkun, Chinese academic (d.

)

October

* October 1 ** Charles Daudelin, Canadian sculptor (d. 2001) ** Walter Matthau, American actor (d.

) * October 2 – Tun Tin, 6th Prime Minister of Burma, prime minister of Burma (d.

) *

– Bung Tomo, Indonesian military leader and 1st Minister of State (d. 1981) *

– Charles Burrell (musician), Charles Burrell, American musician * October 5 – Ralph Turlington, American politician (d.

) * October 6 – Pietro Consagra, Italian sculptor (d. 2005) * October 8 – Frank Herbert, American author (d. 1986) *

** Jens Bjørneboe, Norwegian author (d. 1976) ** Yusef Lateef, American jazz musician, composer (d.

) ** Jason Wingreen, American actor (d.

) *

** Gail Halvorsen, American Air Force pilot (d.

) ** Noah Keen, American actor (d.

) ** Zou Yu, Chinese jurist and politician * October 13 ** Laraine Day, American actress (d. 2007) ** Donald Russell (classicist), Donald Russell, English author (d.

) * October 15 – Mario Puzo, American author (d.

) *

– Alicia Dussán de Reichel, Colombian educator (d.

) * October 17 **The Barry Sisters, Claire Barry, American singer (''The Barry Sisters'') (d. 2014) ** Montgomery Clift, American actor (d. 1966) ** Miguel Delibes, Spanish novelist (d.

) *

– Melina Mercouri, Greek actress and politician (d. 1994) * October 19 – Pandurang Shastri Athavale, Indian founder of the Swadhyay Movement (d. 2003) * October 20 ** Janet Jagan, 6th president of Guyana (d.

) ** Siddhartha Shankar Ray, Indian politician, Chief Minister of West Bengal (d.

) * October 21 – Ruth Terry, American singer, actress (d.

) * October 22 – Timothy Leary, American psychologist, author and proponent of Lysergic acid diethylamide, LSD (d. 1996) * October 23 – Vern Stephens, American baseball player (d. 1968) *October 24 – Steve Conway (singer), Steve Conway, British singer (d. 1952) * October 25 – J. Denis Summers-Smith, English ornithologist and mechanical engineer (d.

) *

** Sarah Lee Lippincott, American astronomer (d.

) ** Robert D. Maxwell, American Medal of Honor, Medal of Honour recipient (d.

) *

– K. R. Narayanan, President of India (d. 2005) * October 29 ** Baruj Benacerraf, Venezuelan-born immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2011) ** Hilda Bernard, Argentine actress (d.

) *

** Dedan Kimathi, Kenyan revolutionary leader (d. 1957) ** Dick Francis, British jockey-turned-novelist (d.

) ** Fritz Walter, German footballer (d.

)

November

– Kim Chol-man, North Korean politician and military official (d.

) * November 3 – Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian political activist, artist, and educator (d.

) * November 4 – Val Heim, American Major League Baseball player (d.

) * November 5 ** John H. Land, American politician, mayor of Apopka, Florida (d. 2014) ** Douglass North, American economist (d.

) * November 8 ** Sitara Devi, Indian dancer (d. 2014) ** Esther Rolle, American actress (d.

) ** Wally Westlake, American Major League Baseball player (d.

) *

** Paul Ignatius, American government official ** Walter Krupinski, German World War II fighter ace, postwar general (d.

) *

– Josip Boljkovac, Croatian politician (d. 2014) *

** Jack Elam, American actor (d. 2003) ** Georg Olden (graphic designer), Georg Olden, African-American graphic designer (d. 1975) ** Stanley M. Truhlsen, American ophthalmologist (d.

) *

– Mary Greyeyes, first First Nations in Canada, First Nations woman to join the Canadian Armed Forces (d. 2011) *

– Wayne Thiebaud, American painter (d.

) *

** Eric P. Hamp, American linguist (d.

) ** José Lewgoy, Brazilian actor (d. 2003) * November 18 – Mustafa Khalil, 40th prime minister of Egypt (d.

) * November 19 – Gene Tierney, American actress (d. 1991) *

** Ralph Meeker, American actor (d. 1988) ** Stan Musial, American baseball player (d.

) * November 22 **Anne Crawford, British actress (d. 1956) **Baidyanath Misra, Indian economist (d.

) * November 23 – Paik Sun-yup, South Korean military officer (d.

) * November 24 – Jorge Mistral, Spanish-Mexican actor (d. 1972) * November 25 ** Noel Neill, American actress (d.

) ** Ricardo Montalbán, Mexican actor (d.

) ** Putra of Perlis, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (d.

) * November 27 – Buster Merryfield, British actor (d.

) *

– Patrick Rodger, Scottish Anglican bishop (d.

) * November 29 ** Bob Wolff, American sportscaster (d.

) ** Yegor Ligachyov, Soviet and Russian politician (d.

) * November 30 – Virginia Mayo, American actress (d. 2005)

December

** Peter Baptist Tadamaro Ishigami, Japanese Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2014) ** Lê Đức Anh, 4th president of Vietnam (d.

) *

– Poldine Carlo, American author (d.

) * December 6 ** Dave Brubeck, American jazz pianist and composer (d.

) ** George Porter, English chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d.

) * December 8 – Ivar Martinsen, Norwegian speed skater (d.

) * December 9 – Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 49th Prime Minister of Italy, prime minister of Italy, 10th president of Italy (d.

) *

– Stanko Todorov, Bulgarian communist politician (d. 1996) * December 12 ** Jorge Dória, Brazilian actor and humorist (d.

) ** Margot Duhalde, Chilean pilot (d.

) *

** Kaysone Phomvihane, 2nd president, 11th prime minister of Laos (d.

) ** George P. Shultz, American economist, politician and 60th United States secretary of state (d.

) * December 14 ** Frank T. Cary, American executive, businessman (d. 2006) ** Clark Terry, American jazz musician and composer (d.

) *

** Bernice Falk Haydu, American aviator (d.

) ** Eddie Robinson (baseball), Eddie Robinson, American Major League Baseball player (d. 2021) *

– John Hale Stutesman, American public official (d.

) *

– Ewa Paradies, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1946) * December 18 – Gianni Di Venanzo, Italian cinematographer (d. 1966) * December 19 ** Trygve Brudevold, Norwegian bobsledder (d.

) ** Little Jimmy Dickens, American country music singer-songwriter (d.

) ** David Susskind, American producer, talk show host (d.

) * December 20 – Väinö Linna, Finnish author (d.

) *

** Alicia Alonso, Cuban ballerina (d.

) ** Iris Cummings, American Olympic swimmer and aviator (d. 2025) ** Adele Goldstine, American mathematician (d. 1964) ** Harold Lang (dancer), Harold Lang, American dancer and actor (d. 1985) ** J. Roderick MacArthur, American businessman, philanthropist (d. 1984) *

– Robin Dalton, Australian literary agent and film producer (d.

) *

– Tim Elkington, English Royal Air Force pilot (d.

) * December 24 – Edy Reinalter, Swiss alpine skier (d. 1962) * December 28 – Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy (d. 2011) * December 29 ** Josefa Iloilo, 3rd president of Fiji (d. 2011) ** Viveca Lindfors, Swedish-American actress (d.

) * December 30 – Jack Lord, American actor (d.

) * December 31 – Rex Allen, American actor, singer and songwriter (d.

)

Date unknown

* Mimi Jennewein, Emilia "Mimi" Jennewein, American painter (d. 2006)

Deaths

January

** Zygmunt Gorazdowski, Polish Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1845) ** Paul Adam (French novelist), Paul Adam, French Symbolist writer (b. 1862) * January 3 – Zygmunt Janiszewski, Polish mathematician;

(b. 1888) *

** Manuel de la Cámara, Spanish admiral (b. 1835) ** Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish novelist (b. 1843) *

** Heinrich Lammasch, Austrian statesman, last minister-president of Austria (as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire) in 1918 (b. 1853) ** Walter Cunliffe, 1st Baron Cunliffe, English banker (b. 1856) ** Hieronymus Georg Zeuthen, Danish mathematician (b. 1839) *

– Edmund Barton, Sir Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister of Australia, prime minister of Australia (b. 1849) *

– Mikhail Bakhirev, Russian admiral; executed (b. 1868) *

– Kataoka Shichirō, Japanese admiral (b. 1854) *

– John Francis Dodge, American automobile manufacturer;

(b. 1864) *

– Georg Lurich, Estonian Greco-Roman wrestler, strongman (b. 1876) *

** William Percy French, Irish songwriter and entertainer (b. 1854) ** Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter, sculptor; tuberculosis (b. 1884)

February

– Field Eugene Kindley, American World War I aviator (b. 1896) * February 3 – Frank Brown (governor), Frank Brown, 42nd governor of Maryland (b. 1846) * February 7 **

, Russian naval commander; executed (b. 1874) ** Viktor Pepelyayev, Russian politician; executed (b. 1874) *

– Friedrich von Beck-Rzikowsky, Austrian general (b. 1830) * February 11 – Gaby Deslys, French dancer, actress and spy;

(b. 1881) *

– João Maria Correia Ayres de Campos, 1st Count of Ameal, Portuguese politician and antiquarian (b. 1847) * February 15 **Aleksander Aberg, Estonian professional wrestler, strongman (b. 1881) **Joseph Burton Sumner, American founder of Sumner, Mississippi (b. 1837) * February 16 – Augustus F. Goodridge, Canadian merchant and politician (b. 1839) *

– Eduard von Knorr, German admiral (b. 1840) *

** Robert Peary, American Arctic explorer (b. 1856) ** Jacinta Marto, Portuguese saint;

(b. 1910) *

– Afonso, Duke of Porto (b. 1865) * February 27 – William Sherman Jennings, Governor of Florida (b. 1863)

March

** John H. Bankhead, U.S. senator from Alabama (b. 1842) ** William A. Stone, Governor of Pennsylvania (b. 1846) ** Joseph Trumpeldor, Russian Zionist (b. 1880) * March 4 – Roswell P. Bishop, U.S. congressman from Michigan (b. 1843) *

– Jaan Poska, Estonian barrister, politician (b. 1866) * March 11 – Julio Garavito Armero, Colombian astronomer (b. 1865) * March 14 – Nikolai Korotkov, Russian surgeon (b. 1874) *

– Rudolf Berthold, German World War I fighter ace (b. 1891) * March 21 – Evelina Haverfield, British suffragette (b. 1867) * March 24 – Mary Augusta Ward, Tasmanian novelist (b. 1851) *

– William Chester Minor, American surgeon (b. 1834) * March 31 ** Paul Bachmann, German mathematician (b. 1837) ** Abdul Hamid Madarshahi, Bengali Islamic scholar and author (b. 1869) ** Lothar von Trotha, German military commander (b. 1848) ** Edwin Warfield, Governor of Maryland (b. 1848)

April

* April 1 – Walter Simon (philanthropist), Walter Simon, German philanthropist (b. 1857) * April 8 ** John Brashear, American astronomer (b. 1840) ** Charles Tomlinson Griffes, American composer (b. 1884),

* April 10 – Moritz Cantor, German mathematical historian (b. 1829) * April 12 – Walter Edwards (director), Walter Edwards, American film director (b. 1870) * April 21 – Maria Sanford, American educator (b. 1836) *

– Srinivasa Ramanujan, Indian mathematician (b. 1887)

May

* May 1 – Princess Margaret of Connaught, Crown Princess of Sweden (b. 1882) * May 4 – Mary Catherine Crowley, American author (b. 1856) * May 8 – Johan Reinhold Sahlberg, Finnish entomologist (b. 1845) *

– John Wesley Hyatt, American inventor (b. 1837) * May 11 ** Big Jim Colosimo, Italian-born American gangster (b. 1878) ** William Dean Howells, American writer (b. 1837),

** José Gómez Ortega, Joselito, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1895) ** Levi P. Morton, List of Vice Presidents of the United States, 22nd Vice President of the United States (b. 1824) ** Maria Bochkareva, Russian White soldier (b. 1889) * May 18 – Curry Cabral, Portuguese physician and professor (b. 1844) * May 21 **

, President of Mexico (b. 1859) ** Eleanor H. Porter, American novelist (b. 1868) * May 23 – Svetozar Boroević, Austro-Hungarian field marshal (b. 1856) * May 28 – Hardwicke Rawnsley, English clergyman, poet, writer of hymns and conservationist (b. 1851) * May 30 ** Mirza Muhammad Yusuf Ali, Bengali writer and social activist (b. 1858) ** George Ernest Morrison, Australian adventurer (b. 1862)

June

* June 2 – Francisco Plancarte y Navarrete, Mexican archaeologist and Archbishop of Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Monterrey (b. 1856) * June 6 – James Dunsmuir, Canadian politician (b. 1851) *

–

, Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1863) * June 14 ** Ella Eaton Kellogg, American dietetician (b. 1853) ** Anna Maria Mozzoni, Italian feminist (b. 1837) ** Gabrielle Réjane, French actress (b. 1856);

** Max Weber, German political economist (b. 1864);

* June 18 ** Jewett W. Adams, Governor of Nevada (b. 1835) ** John Macoun, Irish-born Canadian naturalist (b. 1831) * June 20 ** Marie-Adolphe Carnot, French chemist, mining engineer and politician (b. 1839) ** John Grigg (astronomer), John Grigg, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1838) * June 27 – Adolphe-Basile Routhier, Canadian judge, author and lyricist (b. 1839)

July

– Delfim Moreira, 10th president of Brazil (b. 1868) *

– William Louis Marshall, American general, engineer (b. 1846) * July 3 – William C. Gorgas, American Army surgeon (b. 1854) * July 5 – Max Klinger, German painter and sculptor (b. 1857) *

– Roberto Silva Renard, Chilean general (b. 1855) * July 10 – John Fisher, 1st Baron Fisher, British admiral (b. 1841) *

– Empress Eugénie of France (b. 1826) * July 17 ** Charles E. Courtney, American rower, rowing coach (b. 1849) ** Sir Edmund Elton, 8th Baronet, English potter (b. 1846) * July 18 – Prince Joachim of Prussia (b. 1890) *

– Sarada Devi, Indian mystic and saint (b. 1853) *

– William Kissam Vanderbilt, American heir (b. 1849)

August

* August 1 ** Frank Hanly, Governor of Indiana (b. 1863) ** Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Indian nationalist (b. 1856) * August 2 – Ormer Locklear, American stunt pilot, film actor (b. 1891) * August 6 – Remus von Woyrsch, German field marshal (b. 1847) *

– Eduard Birnbaum, Polish-born German cantor (b. 1855) * August 9 – Samuel Griffith, Sir Samuel Griffith, Australian politician and judge (b. 1845) *

** Clara Lachmann, Danish-Swedish patron of the arts (b. 1864) ** James O'Neill (actor, born 1847), James O'Neill, American actor (b. 1847) ** Ádám Politzer, Austrian otologist (b. 1835) * August 12 – Hermann Struve, Russian-born astronomer (b. 1854) * August 16 ** Henry Daglish, Premier of Western Australia (b. 1866) ** Joseph Norman Lockyer, Sir Norman Lockyer, English astronomer (b. 1836) * August 17 – Ray Chapman, American baseball player (b. 1891) * August 21 – Paul W. Abt, American businessman and politician (b. 1845) *

– Anders Zorn, Swedish painter (b. 1860) *

– James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture), James Wilson, Scottish-born American politician (b. 1835) * August 31 – Wilhelm Wundt, German physiologist, psychologist (b. 1832)

September

* September 7 – Simon-Napoléon Parent, Premier of Quebec (b. 1855) *

– Harmon Northrop Morse, American chemist (b. 1848) * September 10 – Olive Thomas, American actress (b. 1894) * September 18 – Robert Beaven, Canadian politician (b. 1836) * September 24 – Peter Carl Fabergé, Russian jeweler (b. 1846) *

– Jacob Schiff, German-born banker, philanthropist (b. 1847) * September 30 – William Wilfred Sullivan, Sir William Wilfred Sullivan, Canadian journalist, politician and jurist (b. 1843)

October

* October 2 ** Max Bruch, German composer (b. 1838) ** Winthrop M. Crane, Governor of Massachusetts and Senator (b. 1853) * October 5 – William Heinemann, English publisher (b. 1863) * October 7 – Yves Delage, French zoologist (b. 1854) *

– Hudson Stuck, English mountaineer (b. 1865) * October 17 **Reginald Farrer, English botanist (b. 1880) **John Reed (journalist), John Reed, American journalist (b. 1887) * October 24 – Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (b. 1853) * October 25 – Alexander of Greece, Greek king (b. 1893) *

– Agda Montelius, Swedish feminist (b. 1850)

November

* November 1 – Kevin Barry, Irish republican paramilitary; executed (b. 1902) *

** James Daly (mutineer), James Daly, Irish Mutiny, mutineer; executed (b. 1899) ** Louise Imogen Guiney, American poet and essayist (b. 1861) * November 3 – Warren Terhune, United States Navy Commander (United States)#Naval rank, Commander and 13th governor of American Samoa (b. 1869) * November 4 – Ludwig Struve, Russian astronomer (b. 1858) *

– Michael Hogan (Gaelic footballer), Michael Hogan, Irish Gaelic football, footballer and activist, one of 14 civilians killed in the Croke Park massacre by British paramilitary forces (b. 1896) * November 23 – George Callaghan, Sir George Callaghan, British admiral (b. 1852) * November 25 ** Gaston Chevrolet, Swiss-born racing driver and manufacturer (b. 1892) ** Madeline McDowell Breckinridge, American leader of the women's suffrage movement, one of Kentucky's leading progressive reformers (b. 1872) * November 27 – Alexius Meinong, Austrian philosopher (b. 1853) * November 30 – Eugene W. Chafin, American politician (b. 1852)

December

– Olive Schreiner, South African writer (b. 1855) * December 12 – Edward Gawler Prior, Canadian mining engineer and politician (b. 1854) * December 14 – George Gipp, American football player (b. 1895) *

– Cayetano Arellano, first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the American Civil Government (b. 1847) * ''Unknown date'' – Nikolai Pavlovich Bobyr, Russian general; executed (b. 1854)

Date unknown

* Alimuddin Ahmad, Bengali revolutionary and activist (b. 1884) * Vladimir Viktorovich Sakharov, Russian general (executed) (b. 1853)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Charles Édouard Guillaume * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Walther Nernst * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Schack August Steenberg Krogh * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Knut Hamsun * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Léon Bourgeois, Léon Victor Auguste Bourgeois

References

Primary sources and year books

''New International Year Book 1920'' (1921)
Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 844 pp {{DEFAULTSORT:1920 1920, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar