Events

Below, the events of the

First World War World War I or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the Great War, was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War I, Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting to ...

have the "WWI" prefix.

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

– The

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies. * British national identity, the characteristics of British people and culture ...

Royal Army Medical Corps The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) was a specialist corps in the British Army which provided medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. On 15 November 2024, the corps was amalgamated with the Royal Army De ...

carries out the first successful

blood transfusion Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's Circulatory system, circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used ...

, using blood that has been stored and cooled. *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. * 1038 – An earthquake in Dingxiang, China kills an estimate ...

– WWI: Gallipoli Campaign – The last British troops are evacuated from

Gallipoli The Gallipoli Peninsula (; ; ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles strait to the east. Gallipoli is the Italian form of the Greek name (), meaning ' ...

, as the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture

Constantinople Constantinople (#Names of Constantinople, see other names) was a historical city located on the Bosporus that served as the capital of the Roman Empire, Roman, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine, Latin Empire, Latin, and Ottoman Empire, Ottoman empire ...

. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and th ...

– WWI: Erzurum Offensive – Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire. *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – List of Byzantine emperors, Byzantine Emperor Zeno (emperor), Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crow ...

– The

Gilbert and Ellice Islands The Gilbert and Ellice Islands (GEIC as a colony) in the Pacific Ocean was part of the British Empire from 1892 to 1976. It was a British protectorate, protectorate from 1892 to 12 January 1916, and then a crown colony, colony until 1 January 1 ...

Colony, part of the

British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...

, is established in modern-day

Tuvalu Tuvalu ( ) is an island country in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean, about midway between Hawaii and Australia. It lies east-northeast of the Santa Cruz Islands (which belong to the Solomon Islands), northeast of Van ...

and

Kiribati Kiribati, officially the Republic of Kiribati, is an island country in the Micronesia subregion of Oceania in the central Pacific Ocean. Its permanent population is over 119,000 as of the 2020 census, and more than half live on Tarawa. The st ...

. *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the ra ...

– WWI: Battle of Wadi – Ottoman Empire forces defeat the British, during the

Mesopotamian campaign The Mesopotamian campaign or Mesopotamian front () was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the British Empire, with troops from United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Britain, Australia and the vast major ...

in modern-day

Iraq Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to Iraq–Saudi Arabia border, the south, Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq border, the east, the Persian Gulf and ...

. *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

– WWI: Paris is bombed by

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany, the country of the Germans and German things **Germania (Roman era) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizenship in Germany, see also Ge ...

zeppelin A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Ferdinand von Zeppelin () who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874Eckener 1938, pp. 155� ...

s. *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on th ...

– WWI: An attack is planned on

Verdun Verdun ( , ; ; ; official name before 1970: Verdun-sur-Meuse) is a city in the Meuse (department), Meuse departments of France, department in Grand Est, northeastern France. It is an arrondissement of the department. In 843, the Treaty of V ...

, France.

February

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno (emperor), Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire *1003 – Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia, Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I ...

(6.00 p.m.) –

Tristan Tzara Tristan Tzara (; ; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, c ...

"founds" the art movement

Dadaism Dada () or Dadaism was an anti-establishment art movement that developed in 1915 in the context of the Great War and the earlier anti-art movement. Early centers for dadaism included Zürich and Berlin. Within a few years, the movement had s ...

(according to

Hans Arp Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (; ; 16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter and poet. He was known as a Dadaist and an abstract artist. Early life Arp was born Hans Peter Wilhelm Ar ...

). *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 * 660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman Empire, on the eve of his comin ...

Emma Goldman Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born Anarchism, anarchist revolutionary, political activist, and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europ ...

is arrested for lecturing on

birth control Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth control only be ...

in the United States. ** The

Baltimore Symphony Orchestra The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra (BSO) is an American symphony orchestra based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Baltimore SO has its principal residence at the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, where it performs more than 130 concerts a year. In 2005, ...

presents its first concert in the United States. ** The

Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern and Southeast Europe. It borders Ukraine to the north and east, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Bulgaria to the south, Moldova to ...

Association football Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 Football player, players who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a Ball (association football), ball around a rectangular f ...

club Sportul Studențesc is founded in

Bucharest Bucharest ( , ; ) is the capital and largest city of Romania. The metropolis stands on the River Dâmbovița (river), Dâmbovița in south-eastern Romania. Its population is officially estimated at 1.76 million residents within a greater Buc ...

. *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 * 1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. * 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sofia performed the first post- ...

– WWI: Battle of Salaita Hill ( East African Campaign) – South African and other British Empire troops fail to take a

German East Africa German East Africa (GEA; ) was a German colonial empire, German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Portugu ...

n defensive position. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The ...

– WWI: The

Battle of Verdun The Battle of Verdun ( ; ) was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front (World War I), Western Front in French Third Republic, France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north ...

begins in

France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...

March

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem '' Shahnameh''. * 1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between ...

– 9 –

Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution () was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from 20 November 1910 to 1 December 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It saw the destruction of the Federal Army, its ...

Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa ( , , ; born José Doroteo Arango Arámbula; 5 June 1878 – 20 July 1923) was a Mexican revolutionary and prominent figure in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced ...

leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U.S. soldiers. A garrison of the U.S. 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes ...

– The

McMahon–Hussein Correspondence The McMahon–Hussein correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I, in which the government of the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region after the war Quid pro quo, in exchange ...

concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for

Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Em ...

, launching the

Arab Revolt The Arab Revolt ( ), also known as the Great Arab Revolt ( ), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On the basis of the McMahon–Hussein Co ...

against the

. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

– United States President

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921. He was the only History of the Democratic Party (United States), Democrat to serve as president during the Prog ...

sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.–Mexico border to pursue

; the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse to recant are burnt to death after the Fall of Montségur. * 1355 – Amidst the Red Turban Rebellions, Han Lin'er, ...

–

: The U.S. 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the border, to join the hunt for Villa. *

March 22 Events Pre-1600 * 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea. * 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century. * 871 – Æthel ...

– The temporary

Emperor of China Throughout Chinese history, "Emperor" () was the superlative title held by the monarchs of imperial China's various dynasties. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was the " Son of Heaven", an autocrat with the divine mandat ...

Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 18596 June 1916) was a Chinese general and statesman who served as the second provisional president and the first official president of the Republic of China, head of the Beiyang government from 1912 to 1916 and ...

, abdicates the throne, and the

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. The main geography of Taiwan, island of Taiwan, also known as ''Formosa'', lies between the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocea ...

is restored once again. *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 *1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. * 1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian- Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margat ...

– French ferry is

torpedo A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, such ...

ed by in the

English Channel The English Channel, also known as the Channel, is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that separates Southern England from northern France. It links to the southern part of the North Sea by the Strait of Dover at its northeastern end. It is the busi ...

, with at least 50 killed (including the composer

Enrique Granados Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enrique Granados in Spanish or ''Enric Granados'' in Catalan, was a Spanish composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Cat ...

), resulting on

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformer John Wycliffe is condemned a ...

in the ''Sussex'' Pledge by Germany to the United States.

April

April April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. Its length is 30 days. April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the ...

** The toggle

light switch In electrical wiring, a light switch is a switch most commonly used to operate electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or AC power plugs and sockets, electrical outlets. Portable lamps such as table lamps may have a light switch mounte ...

is invented, by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg. ** Korea Tungsten is founded in

Daegu Daegu (; ), formerly spelled Taegu and officially Daegu Metropolitan City (), is a city in southeastern South Korea. It is the third-largest urban agglomeration in South Korea after Seoul and Busan; the fourth-largest List of provincial-level ci ...

, predecessor of leading

steel Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon that demonstrates improved mechanical properties compared to the pure form of iron. Due to steel's high Young's modulus, elastic modulus, Yield (engineering), yield strength, Fracture, fracture strength a ...

producer in Asia,

POSCO POSCO (formerly Pohang Iron and Steel Company) is a South Korean steel manufacturer headquartered in Pohang, South Korea. It had an output of of crude steel in 2015, making it the List of steel producers, world's sixth-largest steelmaker by thi ...

(Pohang Steel Company). *

April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. * 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. *1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...

– WWI: The

Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a military formation of the British Empire, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–1915), at the ...

begins the occupation of the

Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai ( ; ; ; ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a land bridge between Asia and Afri ...

. *

April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil ( discovery of Brazil). * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zara ...

– The Chinese troop transport capsizes off the Chinese coast; at least 1,000 are killed. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

– 30 – The

Easter Rising The Easter Rising (), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the aim of establishing an ind ...

occurs in Ireland. Members of the

Irish Republican Brotherhood The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; ) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland between 1858 and 1924.McGee, p. 15. Its counterpart in the United States ...

proclaim an Irish Republic, and the

Irish Volunteers The Irish Volunteers (), also known as the Irish Volunteer Force or the Irish Volunteer Army, was a paramilitary organisation established in 1913 by nationalists and republicans in Ireland. It was ostensibly formed in response to the format ...

and

Irish Citizen Army The Irish Citizen Army (), or ICA, was a paramilitary group first formed in Dublin to defend the picket lines and street demonstrations of the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) against the police during the Great Dublin Lock ...

occupy the

General Post Office The General Post Office (GPO) was the state postal system and telecommunications carrier of the United Kingdom until 1969. Established in England in the 17th century, the GPO was a state monopoly covering the dispatch of items from a specific ...

and other buildings in

Dublin Dublin is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. Situated on Dublin Bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, and is bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, pa ...

, before surrendering to the British Army. *

–

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. * 1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of ...

– Voyage of the ''James Caird'': An open boat journey from

Elephant Island Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, west-so ...

in the

South Shetland Islands The South Shetland Islands are a group of List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands, Antarctic islands located in the Drake Passage with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the n ...

South Georgia South Georgia is an island in the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic Ocean that is part of the British Overseas Territories, British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It lies around east of the Falkland Islands. ...

in the southern Atlantic Ocean () is undertaken by Sir

Ernest Shackleton Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarcti ...

and five companions, to obtain rescue for the main body of the

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Ernest Shackleton, Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the ...

, following the loss of its ship ''Endurance''. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the '' ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes ...

– WWI: Gas attack at Hulluch in France: The 47th Brigade,

16th (Irish) Division The 16th (Irish) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, raised for service during World War I. The division was a voluntary 'Service' formation of Lord Kitchener's New Armies, created in Ireland from the 'National Volunteers', ...

is decimated, in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war. *

April 29 Events Pre-1600 * 801 – An earthquake in the Central Apennines hits Rome and Spoleto, damaging the basilica of San Paolo Fuori le Mura. * 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Kom ...

– WWI:

– The

Siege of Kut The siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the first battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000-strong British Army garrison in the town of Kut, south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army (1861–1922), Ottoman Ar ...

ends with the surrender of

British Indian Army The Indian Army was the force of British Raj, British India, until Indian Independence Act 1947, national independence in 1947. Formed in 1895 by uniting the three Presidency armies, it was responsible for the defence of both British India and ...

forces to the

at Kut-al-Amara on the

Tigris The Tigris ( ; see #Etymology, below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian Desert, Syrian and Arabia ...

in Basra Vilayet.

May

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...

** United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic. **

Britain Britain most often refers to: * Great Britain, a large island comprising the countries of England, Scotland and Wales * The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, a sovereign state in Europe comprising Great Britain and the north-eas ...

and

conclude the secret

Sykes–Picot Agreement The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from Russia and Italy, to define their mutually agreed spheres of influence and control in an eventual partition of the Ottoman Empire. T ...

, which is to divide Arab areas of the

, following the conclusion of WWI and the

partitioning of the Ottoman Empire The partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 19181 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French, and Italian troops in November 1918. The partitioning was ...

, into French and British

spheres of influence In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity. While there may be a formal a ...

. *

May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by th ...

–

June 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed king of Castile and León. * 1298 – Residents of Riga and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeat the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida. * 1495 – A monk, John Cor, rec ...

– WWI:

Battle of Jutland The Battle of Jutland () was a naval battle between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet, under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, durin ...

, between the British

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom. It is a component of His Majesty's Naval Service, and its officers hold their commissions from the King of the United Kingdom, King. Although warships were used by Kingdom ...

Grand Fleet The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands. History Formed in August 1914 from th ...

and the

Imperial German Navy The Imperial German Navy or the ''Kaiserliche Marine'' (Imperial Navy) was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for ...

High Seas Fleet The High Seas Fleet () was the battle fleet of the German Empire, German Imperial German Navy, Imperial Navy and saw action during the First World War. In February 1907, the Home Fleet () was renamed the High Seas Fleet. Admiral Alfred von Tirpi ...

in the

North Sea The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. A sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian Se ...

, the war's only large-scale clash of battleships. The result is tactically inconclusive, but British dominance of the North Sea is maintained.

June

June 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1411 – King Charles VI grants a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. *1525 – 1525 Bayham Abbey riot; Villagers from Kent and ...

– WWI: The Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in the war, begins with their breaking through Austro-Hungarian lines. *

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 830 – Theodora is crowned Byzantine empress and marries then emperor Theophilos in the Hagia Sophia. She is credited with restoring orthodoxy and the icons. * 1086 – Tutush, brother of Seljuk sultan Malik Sh ...

– WWI: sinks, having hit a mine off the

Orkney Islands Orkney (), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago off the north coast of mainland Scotland. The plural name the Orkneys is also sometimes used, but locals now consider it outdated. Part of the Northern Isles along with Shetland ...

, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard. *

June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. * 1190 – Third Crusade: Frederic ...

– The

against the

, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from

Aleppo Aleppo is a city in Syria, which serves as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Governorates of Syria, governorate of Syria. With an estimated population of 2,098,000 residents it is Syria's largest city by urban area, and ...

Aden Aden () is a port city located in Yemen in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Aden, positioned near the eastern approach to the Red Sea. It is situated approximately 170 km (110 mi) east of ...

, is formally declared by

. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

– U.S. President

signs a bill incorporating the

Boy Scouts of America Scouting America is the largest scouting organization and one of the largest List of youth organizations, youth organizations in the United States, with over 1 million youth, including nearly 200,000 female participants. Founded as the Boy Sco ...

. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...

–

Mary Pickford Gladys Louise Smith (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American film actress and producer. A Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood, pioneer in the American film industry with a Hollywood care ...

becomes the first movie star to sign a million-dollar contract, making her one of the highest-paid people in the world.

July

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and ...

–

November 18 Events Pre-1600 * 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I. * 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. * 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: ca ...

– WWI:

Battle of the Somme The Battle of the Somme (; ), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and the French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place between 1 July and 18 Nove ...

, opening with explosion of the British Y Sap and Lochnagar mines and the Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470

casualties on the first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive. *

– 12 –

Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 The Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916 were a series of shark attacks along the coast of New Jersey, in the United States, between July 1 and 12, 1916, in which four people were killed and one critically injured. The incidents occurred during a ...

: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along of

New Jersey New Jersey is a U.S. state, state located in both the Mid-Atlantic States, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States, Northeastern regions of the United States. Located at the geographic hub of the urban area, heavily urbanized Northeas ...

coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author

Peter Benchley Peter Bradford Benchley (May 8, 1940 – February 11, 2006) was an American author. He is best known for his bestselling novel '' Jaws'' and co-wrote its movie adaptation with Carl Gottlieb. Several more of his works were also adapted for both ...

, over half a century later, to write '' Jaws''. *

July 2 This date marks the halfway point of the year. In common years, the midpoint of the year occurs at noon on this date, while in leap years, it occurs at midnight (start of the day). Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begin ...

– WWI:

Battle of Erzincan The Battle of Erzincan (, ) was a Russian Empire, Russian victory over the Ottoman Empire during the World War I, First World War. In February 1916, Nikolai Nikolaevich Yudenich, Nikolai Yudenich had taken the cities of Erzurum and Trabzon. Tra ...

–

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

n forces defeat troops of the

Armenia Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia. It is a part of the Caucasus region and is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia (country), Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to ...

. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egy ...

– WWI: The

Battle of Kostiuchnówka The Battle of Kostiuchnówka was a World War I battle that took place July 4–7, 1916, near the village of Kostiuchnówka (Kostyukhnivka) and the Styr River in the Volhynia region of modern Ukraine, then part of the Russian Empire. It was a ...

concludes in Galicia (modern-day Ukraine) with Russian Imperial troops breaking through the line, forcing the Polish Legions and supporting Hungarian troops to retreat, with the Poles enduring 2,000 casualties. *

July 15 Events Pre-1600 * 484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 &ndas ...

– In

Seattle Seattle ( ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Washington and in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. With a population of 780,995 in 2024, it is the 18th-most populous city in the United States. The city is the cou ...

, William Boeing incorporates ''Pacific Aero Products'' (later renamed ''

Boeing The Boeing Company, or simply Boeing (), is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and product support s ...

''). *

– 19 – WWI: Battle of Delville Wood – 766 men from the South African Brigade are killed, in South Africa's biggest loss during the First World War. *

July 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...

– 20 – WWI:

Battle of Fromelles The Attack at Fromelles ( (Battle of Fromelles, Battle of Fleurbaix or ) 19–20 July 1916, was a military operation on the Western Front during the First World War. The attack was carried out by British and Australian troops and was subsidiary ...

– An attack by Australian and British troops is repulsed by the German army, with heavy casualties. *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of ...

–

Preparedness Day Bombing The Preparedness Day bombing was a bombing in San Francisco, California, United States, on July 22, 1916, of a parade organised by local supporters of the Preparedness Movement which advocated American entry into World War I. During the parade a ...

: In San Francisco, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 and injuring 40; Warren Billings and Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it. *

July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...

– WWI: East African Campaign – The German armed ship SMS ''Graf von Goetzen'' scuttles herself on

Lake Tanganyika Lake Tanganyika ( ; ) is an African Great Lakes, African Great Lake. It is the world's List of lakes by volume, second-largest freshwater lake by volume and the List of lakes by depth, second deepest, in both cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia. ...

. *

July 29 Events Pre-1600 *587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12. * 904 – Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo o ...

– Matheson Fire: In

Ontario Ontario is the southernmost Provinces and territories of Canada, province of Canada. Located in Central Canada, Ontario is the Population of Canada by province and territory, country's most populous province. As of the 2021 Canadian census, it ...

, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson, killing 233. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. * 1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. * 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay I ...

– German agents cause the

Black Tom explosion The Black Tom explosion was an act of arson by field agents of the Office of Naval Intelligence of the German Empire, to destroy U.S.-made munitions that were about to be shipped to the Allies during World War I. The explosions occurred on Ju ...

Jersey City, New Jersey Jersey City is the List of municipalities in New Jersey, second-most populous

, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least 7 people.

August

August August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Southern Hemisphere, August is the seasonal equivalent of February in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, August ...

–

Robert Baden-Powell Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, ( ; 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder of The Boy Scouts Association and its first Chief Scout, and founder, with ...

publishes ''

The Wolf Cub's Handbook ''The Wolf Cub's Handbook'' is an instructional handbook on Wolf Cubs training, published in various editions since December 1916. Early editions were written and illustrated by Robert Baden-Powell with later editions being extensively rewritte ...

'' in the U.K., establishing the basis of the junior section of the

Scouting Scouting or the Scout Movement is a youth social movement, movement which became popularly established in the first decade of the twentieth century. It follows the Scout method of informal education with an emphasis on practical outdoor activi ...

movement, the Wolf Cubs (modern-day

Cub Scout Cubs or Wolf Cubs are programs associated with some Scout organizations, for young children, usually between 8 and 12, who are too young to be Scouts and make the Scout Promise. A participant in the program is called a Cub and a group of Cubs ...

s). * August 3– 5 – WWI:

Sinai and Palestine Campaign The Sinai and Palestine campaign was part of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, taking place between January 1915 and October 1918. The British Empire, the French Third Republic, and the Kingdom of Italy fought alongside the Arab Revol ...

–

Battle of Romani The Battle of Romani was the last ground attack of the Central Powers on the Suez Canal at the beginning of the Sinai and Palestine campaign during the First World War. The battle was fought between 3 and 5 August 1916 near the Egyptian town o ...

: British Imperial troops secure victory over a joint Ottoman-German force. *

August 4 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Goguryeo–Sui War#Course of the war, Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Emperor Wen of Sui, Wéndi of Sui dynasty, Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assiste ...

– 16 – WWI: Italian forces launch a successful offensive against Austro-Hungarian forces in

Gorizia Gorizia (; ; , ; ; ) is a town and (municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia. It is the capital of the Province of Gorizia, Region ...

and Sabotin. *

August 7 Events Pre-1600 * 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer. * 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of ...

– WWI: **

Portugal Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it share ...

joins the Allies. ** French and British forces make an unopposed entry into German-controlled

Togoland Togoland, officially the Togoland Protectorate (; ), was a protectorate of the German Empire in West Africa from 1884 to 1914, encompassing what is now the nation of Togo and most of what is now the Volta Region of Ghana, approximately 90,400&nb ...

; on

December 27 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated. *1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to Indigenous peoples of the Americas, native Ind ...

the country is partitioned between the two allies. *

August 9 Events Pre-1600 *48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. * 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Vale ...

–

Lassen Volcanic National Park Lassen Volcanic National Park is a List of national parks of the United States, national park of the United States in northeastern California. The dominant feature of the park is Lassen Peak, the largest lava dome, plug dome volcano in the wo ...

is established in

California California () is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States that lies on the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares Mexico–United States border, an ...

. *

August 15 Events Pre-1600 * 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins. * 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Consta ...

–

Club Atlas Atlas Fútbol Club is a Mexican professional football club based in Guadalajara. The club currently plays in Liga MX, the top division of Mexican football. The club was founded in 1916, it plays home matches at Estadio Jalisco. Atlas has won t ...

is founded as an association football club in

Guadalajara Guadalajara ( ; ) is the capital and the most populous city in the western Mexican List of states of Mexico, state of Jalisco, as well as the most densely populated municipality in Jalisco. According to the 2020 census, the city has a population ...

, Mexico, by English-educated players. *

August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the H ...

– The

Migratory Bird Treaty The Migratory Bird Treaty or Convention is an environmental treaty between Canada and the United States. It was originally signed on 16 August 1916 by the United States and the United Kingdom (representing Canada), entered into force on 6 Decem ...

between Canada and the United States is signed. *

August 17 Events Pre-1600 * 310 – Pope Eusebius dies, possibly from a hunger strike, shortly after being banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicilia (Roman province), Sicily. * 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate. * 986 – Byzanti ...

(August 4 O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between

and the

Entente Powers The Allies or the Entente (, ) was an international military coalition of countries led by the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Russian Empire, the United States, the Kingdom of Italy, and the Empire of Japan against the Central Powers ...

, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, also referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Dual Monarchy or the Habsburg Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe#Before World War I, Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. A military ...

. *

August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. *1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song War ...

– WWI:

Peru Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pac ...

declares neutrality. *

August 25 Events Pre-1600 * 766 – Emperor Constantine V humiliates nineteen high-ranking officials, after discovering a plot against him. He executes the leaders, Constantine Podopagouros and his brother Strategios. * 1248 – The Dutch cit ...

– U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the

National Park Service The National Park Service (NPS) is an List of federal agencies in the United States, agency of the Federal government of the United States, United States federal government, within the US Department of the Interior. The service manages all List ...

. *

August 27 Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days. * 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England. * 1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the ...

– WWI: The

Kingdom of Romania The Kingdom of Romania () was a constitutional monarchy that existed from with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King of Romania, King Carol I of Romania, Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 wit ...

declares war on the

Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,; ; , ; were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918). It consisted of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulga ...

, entering the war on the side of the

Allies An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not an explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are calle ...

. *

August 28 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna. * 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...

– WWI: ** Germany declares war on Romania. ** Italy declares war on Germany. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzanti ...

– The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act. *

August 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple. * 1060 – The Mirdasids defeat the Fatimid Caliphate at the Battle of al-Funaydiq, signalling the definitive loss of Aleppo for the Fatimi ...

– The crew of the

's is rescued from

September

September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time the seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. *1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of A ...

–

Bulgaria Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern portion of the Balkans directly south of the Danube river and west of the Black Sea. Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey t ...

declares war on

, going on to take

Dobruja Dobruja or Dobrudja (; or ''Dobrudža''; , or ; ; Dobrujan Tatar: ''Tomrîğa''; Ukrainian language, Ukrainian and ) is a Geography, geographical and historical region in Southeastern Europe that has been divided since the 19th century betw ...

. *

September 2 Events Pre-1600 * 44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of ...

– WWI: British pilot

Leefe Robinson William Leefe Robinson Victoria Cross, VC (14 July 1895 – 31 December 1918) was the first British pilot to shoot down a German airship over Britain during the World War I, First World War. For this, he was awarded the Victoria Cross (VC), ...

becomes the first to shoot down a German

airship An airship, dirigible balloon or dirigible is a type of aerostat (lighter-than-air) aircraft that can navigate through the air flying powered aircraft, under its own power. Aerostats use buoyancy from a lifting gas that is less dense than the ...

over Britain. *

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus Fall of the Western Roman Empire, ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, Posthumous name, posthumously known as ...

– WWI: East African Campaign –

Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam (, ; from ) is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania. It is also the capital of the Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over 7 million people, Dar es Salaam is the largest city in East Africa by population and the ...

surrenders to British Empire forces, securing them control of the Central Line of railway through

. *

September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. * 1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava *1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Hen ...

–

D. W. Griffith David Wark Griffith (January 22, 1875 – July 23, 1948) was an American film director. Considered one of the most influential figures in the history of the motion picture, he pioneered many aspects of film editing and expanded the art of the n ...

's film '' Intolerance: Love's Struggle Through the Ages'' is released in the United States. *

September 6 Events Pre-1600 * 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later. *1492 – Christopher Co ...

– The first true

self-service Self-service is a system whereby customers acquire (or serve) themselves goods or services, paying for the items at a point-of-sale, as opposed to a shop assistant or clerk acquiring goods or providing services in addition to taking payment. Comm ...

grocery store A grocery store ( AE), grocery shop or grocer's shop ( BE) or simply grocery is a retail store that primarily retails a general range of food products, which may be fresh or packaged. In everyday US usage, however, "grocery store" is a synon ...

Piggly Wiggly Piggly Wiggly is an American supermarket chain operating in the American Southern and Midwestern regions run by Piggly Wiggly, LLC, an affiliate of C&S Wholesale Grocers. Its first outlet opened in 1916 in Memphis, Tennessee, and is notable ...

, is founded in

Memphis, Tennessee Memphis is a city in Shelby County, Tennessee, United States, and its county seat. Situated along the Mississippi River, it had a population of 633,104 at the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, making it the List of municipalities in Tenne ...

, by Clarence Saunders, opening 5 days later. *

September 11 Events Pre-1600 * 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...

– A mechanical failure causes the central span of the

Quebec Bridge The Quebec Bridge () is a road, rail, and pedestrian bridge across the lower Saint Lawrence River between Sainte-Foy, Quebec City, Sainte-Foy (a former suburb that in 2002 became the arrondissement Sainte-Foy–Sillery–Cap-Rouge in Quebec Cit ...

, a

cantilever A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is unsupported at one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a cantilev ...

-type structure, to crash into the

Saint Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River (, ) is a large international river in the middle latitudes of North America connecting the Great Lakes to the North Atlantic Ocean. Its waters flow in a northeasterly direction from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrenc ...

for the second time, killing 13 workers. *

September 13 Events Pre-1600 *585 BC – Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Sabines, and the surrender of Collatia. *509 BC – The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hill ...

–

Mary Mary may refer to: People * Mary (name), a female given name (includes a list of people with the name) Religion * New Testament people named Mary, overview article linking to many of those below * Mary, mother of Jesus, also called the Blesse ...

, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of

Erwin, Tennessee Erwin is a town in and the county seat of Unicoi County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 6,083 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Johnson City metropolitan area, which is a component of the " Tri-Cities" region. History The tow ...

for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge. *

September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. * 1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against hi ...

– 22 – WWI:

Battle of Flers–Courcelette The Battle of Flers–Courcelette (, 15 to 22 September 1916) was fought during the Battle of the Somme in France, by the French Sixth Army and the British Fourth Army and Reserve Army, against the German 1st Army, during the First World War ...

, France – The battle is significant for the first use of the

tank A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat. Tank designs are a balance of heavy firepower, strong armour, and battlefield mobility provided by tracks and a powerful engine; ...

in warfare; also for the debut of the

Canadian Canadians () are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of their being ''C ...

and

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

Divisions in the

. *

September 19 Events Pre-1600 * 96 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed. * 634 – Siege of Damascus: The ...

– WWI: East African Campaign – Belgian troops occupy

Tabora Tabora is the capital of Tanzania's Tabora Region and is classified as a municipality by the Tanzanian government. It is also the administrative seat of Tabora Urban District. According to the 2012 census, the district had a population of 226, ...

. *

September 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England. * 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teut ...

– Iyasu V of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt

Zewditu Zewditu (, born Askala Maryam; 29 April 1876 – 2 April 1930) was Empress of Ethiopia from 1916 until her death in 1930. She was officially renamed Zewditu at the beginning of her reign as Empress of Ethiopia. Once she succeeded the throne af ...

. *

September 29 Events Pre-1600 * 61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah ...

–

John D. Rockefeller John Davison Rockefeller Sr. (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was one of the List of richest Americans in history, wealthiest Americans of all time and one of the richest people in modern hist ...

becomes the first person to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion

October

October 7 Events Pre-1600 * 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. * 1477 ...

– The

Georgia Tech The Georgia Institute of Technology (commonly referred to as Georgia Tech, GT, and simply Tech or the Institute) is a public research university and institute of technology in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. Established in 1885, it has the lar ...

vs. Cumberland College American football game ends in a score of 222-0. *

October 12 Events Pre-1600 *539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia Fall of Babylon, conquer Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed b ...

–

Hipólito Yrigoyen Juan Hipólito del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús Yrigoyen (12 July 1852 – 3 July 1933) was an Argentine politician of the Radical Civic Union who served as President of Argentina from 1916 to 1922 and again from 1928 until his overthrow in ...

is elected

President of Argentina The president of Argentina, officially known as the president of the Argentine Nation, is both head of state and head of government of Argentina. Under Constitution of Argentina, the national constitution, the president is also the Head of go ...

. *

October 14 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. *1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's in ...

–

Perm State University Perm State University (now Perm State National Research University; , , romanised: , ) or PSU, PSNRU (, , romanised: , ), is located in the city of Perm, Perm Krai, Russia. Founded in 1916, it claims to be one of the oldest universities in ...

is founded in

. *

October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...

–

Margaret Sanger Margaret Sanger ( Higgins; September 14, 1879September 6, 1966) was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. She opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, founded Planned Parenthood, and was instr ...

opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of

Planned Parenthood The Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. (PPFA), or simply Planned Parenthood, is an American nonprofit organization

. *

October 20 Events Pre-1600 *1568 – The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent. * 1572 – Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the r ...

– Black Friday (1916): A violent and deadly storm hits

Lake Erie Lake Erie ( ) is the fourth-largest lake by surface area of the five Great Lakes in North America and the eleventh-largest globally. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakes and also has the shortest avera ...

in the

United States The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 ...

. *

October 21 Events Pre-1600 *1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade at the Battle of Civetot. * 1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toul ...

– Friedrich Adler shoots Count

Karl von Stürgkh Count Karl von Stürgkh (30 October 1859 – 21 October 1916) was an Austrian politician and Minister-President of Cisleithania during the 1914 July Crisis that led to the outbreak of World War I. He was shot and killed by the Social Democratic ...

, Minister-President of Austria. *

October 27 Events Pre-1600 *312 – Constantine the Great is said to have received his famous Vision of Constantine, Vision of the Cross. *1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam. *1524 – French troops Italian campaign of 152 ...

– Battle of Segale:

Negus ''Negus'' is the word for "king" in the Ethiopian Semitic languages and a Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles, title which was usually bestowed upon a regional ruler by the Ethiopian Emperor, Negusa Nagast, or "king of kings," in pre-1974 Et ...

Mikael of Wollo, marching on the

Ethiopia Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the north, Djibouti to the northeast, Somalia to the east, Ken ...

n capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu V, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress

. *

October 28 Events Pre-1600 * 97 – Roman emperor Nerva is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus as his heir and successor. * 306 – Maxentius is proclaimed Roman emperor. * 312 – Constantine I defeat ...

– 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of

Australian rules football Australian football, also called Australian rules football or Aussie rules, or more simply football or footy, is a contact sport played between two teams of 18 players on an Australian rules football playing field, oval field, often a modified ...

contested at

Queen's Club The Queen's Club is a private sporting club in Barons Court, West Kensington, London, England. The club hosts the annual Queen's Club Championships grass court lawn tennis tournament (currently known as the "HSBC Championships" for spo ...

West Kensington West Kensington, formerly North End, is an area in the ancient parish of Fulham, in the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, England, 3.4 miles (5.5 km) west of Charing Cross. It covers most of the London postal area of W14, includ ...

London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...

, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First AIF at the time.

November

November 1 Events Pre-1600 * 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...

Pavel Milyukov Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov ( rus, Па́вел Никола́евич Милюко́в, p=mʲɪlʲʊˈkof; 31 March 1943) was a Russian historian and liberal politician. Milyukov was the founder, leader, and the most prominent member of the C ...

delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian

State Duma The State Duma is the lower house of the Federal Assembly (Russia), Federal Assembly of Russia, with the upper house being the Federation Council (Russia), Federation Council. It was established by the Constitution of Russia, Constitution of t ...

, precipitating the downfall of the

Boris Stürmer Baron Boris Vladimirovich Shturmer (; – ) was a Russian lawyer, a Master of Ceremonies at the Russian Court, and a district governor. He became a member of the Russian Assembly and served as prime minister in 1916. A confidant of the Empres ...

government. ** The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York. *

November 5 Events Pre-1600 *1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign. * 1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first B ...

** The

Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) The Kingdom of Poland (; Latin: ''Regnum Poloniae'') was a monarchy in Central Europe during the medieval period from 1025 until 1385. Background The West Slavic tribe of Polans who lived in what is today the historic region of Greater Po ...

is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria. ** Everett massacre: An armed confrontation in

Everett, Washington Everett (; ) is the county seat and most populous city of Snohomish County, Washington, United States. It is north of Seattle and is one of the main cities in the Seattle metropolitan area, metropolitan area and the Puget Sound region. Everett ...

, between local authorities and members of the

Industrial Workers of the World The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members are nicknamed "Wobblies", is an international labor union founded in Chicago, United States in 1905. The nickname's origin is uncertain. Its ideology combines general unionism with indu ...

results in seven deaths. ** Honan Chapel,

Cork "Cork" or "CORK" may refer to: Materials * Cork (material), an impermeable buoyant plant product ** Stopper (plug), or "cork", a cylindrical or conical object used to seal a container *** Wine cork an item to seal or reseal wine Places Ireland * ...

, Ireland, a product of the Irish

Arts and Crafts movement The Arts and Crafts movement was an international trend in the decorative and fine arts that developed earliest and most fully in the British Isles and subsequently spread across the British Empire and to the rest of Europe and America. Initiat ...

(1894–1925), is dedicated. *

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...

** 1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President

narrowly defeats Republican

Charles Evans Hughes Charles Evans Hughes (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American politician, academic, and jurist who served as the 11th chief justice of the United States from 1930 to 1941. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican ...

, when

is called a week after Election Day. ** Republican

Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives as ...

Montana Montana ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota to the east, South Dakota to the southeast, Wyoming to the south, an ...

becomes the first woman elected to the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives is a chamber of the Bicameralism, bicameral United States Congress; it is the lower house, with the U.S. Senate being the upper house. Together, the House and Senate have the authority under Artic ...

. ** Radio station 2XG, located in the Highbridge section of New York City, makes the first audio broadcast of presidential election returns. *

November 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1002 – English king Æthelred II orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St. Brice's Day massacre. * 1093 – Battle of Alnwick: in an English victory over the Scots, Malcolm III of Scot ...

–

Prime Minister of Australia The prime minister of Australia is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Australia. The prime minister is the chair of the Cabinet of Australia and thus the head of the Australian Government, federal executive government. Under the pr ...

Billy Hughes William Morris Hughes (25 September 1862 – 28 October 1952) was an Australian politician who served as the seventh prime minister of Australia from 1915 to 1923. He led the nation during World War I, and his influence on national politics s ...

is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for

conscription Conscription, also known as the draft in the United States and Israel, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a national service, mainly a military service, is enforced by law. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it conti ...

. *

– WWI –

: In

, British Expeditionary Force commander

Douglas Haig Field marshal (United Kingdom), Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig (; 19 June 1861 – 29 January 1928) was a senior Officer (armed forces), officer of the British Army. During the First World War he commanded the British Expeditionary F ...

calls off the battle, which started on

. *

November 21 Events Pre-1600 *164 BCE – Judas Maccabeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family, rededicates the Temple in Jerusalem, an event that is commemorated each year by the festival of Hanukkah. (25 Kislev 3597 in the Hebrew calendar.) * 2 ...

** Emperor

Franz Joseph I of Austria Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I ( ; ; 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the ruler of the Grand title of the emperor of Austria, other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 1848 until his death ...

dies of pneumonia at the

Schönbrunn Palace Schönbrunn Palace (Austrian German, German: Schloss Schönbrunn ) was the main summer residence of the House of Habsburg, Habsburg rulers, located in Hietzing, the 13th district of Vienna. The name ''Schönbrunn'' (meaning "beautiful spring") ha ...

Vienna Vienna ( ; ; ) is the capital city, capital, List of largest cities in Austria, most populous city, and one of Federal states of Austria, nine federal states of Austria. It is Austria's primate city, with just over two million inhabitants. ...

, aged 86, after a reign of 68 years and is succeeded by his grandnephew

Charles I Charles I may refer to: Kings and emperors * Charlemagne (742–814), numbered Charles I in the lists of Holy Roman Emperors and French kings * Charles I of Anjou (1226–1285), also king of Albania, Jerusalem, Naples and Sicily * Charles I of ...

. ** WWI:

Hospital ship A hospital ship is a ship designated for primary function as a floating healthcare, medical treatment facility or hospital. Most are operated by the military forces (mostly navy, navies) of various countries, as they are intended to be used in or ...

HMHS ''Britannic'', designed as the third for

White Star Line The White Star Line was a British shipping line. Founded out of the remains of a defunct Packet trade, packet company, it gradually grew to become one of the most prominent shipping companies in the world, providing passenger and cargo service ...

, sinks in the Kea Channel of the

Aegean Sea The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans and Anatolia, and covers an area of some . In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea, which in turn con ...

after hitting a mine; 30 lives are lost. At 48,158 gross register tons, she is the largest ship lost during the war. *

November 23 Events Pre-1600 *534 BC – Thespis of Icaria becomes the first recorded actor to portray a character on stage. *1248 – Siege of Seville, Conquest of Seville by Christian troops under King Ferdinand III of Castile. *1499 – Seve ...

– WWI: Eastern Front –

, the capital of

, is occupied by troops of the

December

December 12 Events Pre-1600 * 627 – Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II's Persian forces, commanded by General Rhahzadh. * 1388 – Maria of Enghien sells the lordship of Argos and Nauplia ...

– " White Friday": In the

Dolomites The Dolomites ( ), also known as the Dolomite Mountains, Dolomite Alps or Dolomitic Alps, are a mountain range in northeastern Italy. They form part of the Southern Limestone Alps and extend from the River Adige in the west to the Piave Va ...

, 100

avalanche An avalanche is a rapid flow of snow down a Grade (slope), slope, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be triggered spontaneously, by factors such as increased precipitation or snowpack weakening, or by external means such as humans, othe ...

s bury at least 2,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers. *

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * ...

–

gives the first public display of the new Wolf Cub section of

Caxton Hall Caxton Hall is a building on the corner of Caxton Street and Palmer Street, in Westminster, London, England. It is a Grade II listed building primarily noted for its historical associations. It hosted many mainstream and fringe political and a ...

Westminster Westminster is the main settlement of the City of Westminster in Central London, Central London, England. It extends from the River Thames to Oxford Street and has many famous landmarks, including the Palace of Westminster, Buckingham Palace, ...

. *

December 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1118 – The city of Zaragoza is conquered by king Alfonso I of Aragon from the Almoravid. * 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia an ...

– WWI: The

ends in

with German troops defeated. *

December 21 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian Roman emperor, emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors. *1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning ...

– WWI: El Arish occupied by the British Empire

Desert Column The Desert Column was a First World War British Empire army corps which operated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 22 December 1916.There is no war diary for Desert Column for December. See The Column was commanded by Lieutenant General Ph ...

during advance across the Sinai Peninsula. * December 22 – The British Sopwith Camel aircraft makes its maiden flight. It is designed to counter the German Fokker aircraft. * December 23 – WWI: The Desert Column captures the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba. * December 30 ** Emperor Charles IV of Hungary and his wife Zita of Bourbon-Parma are crowned emperor and empress of

. ** Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca Department, Arauca in Colombia and declare the ''Republic of Arauca''. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela. ** (December 17 Old Style and New Style dates, Old Style) – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg. * December 31 – The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the United States at the time, burns to the ground.

Date unknown

* The 1916 Summer Olympics are cancelled in Berlin, Germany. * Food is rationed in German Empire, Germany. * Ferdinand de Saussure's ''Course in General Linguistics, Cours de linguistique générale'' is collected posthumously and published. * Oxycodone, a narcotic painkiller closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany. * Ernst Rüdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia. * Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline. * Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute is designed and made by the Bascom brothers (Raymond, Mel, and Earl Bascom, Earl) and their father, John W. Bascom, at Welling, Alberta, Welling, Alberta, Canada. * Gustav Holst composes ''The Planets, Opus 32''. * Bray Studios begins the ''Farmer Al Falfa'' series, the first of the ''Terrytoons''. * The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded in the United States as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers. * Ishikawajima Automobile Manufacturing, predecessor of Isuzu, a truck brand in Japan, is founded.

Sport

* March 30 – National Hockey Association's Montreal Canadiens win their First Stanley Cup by defeating the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's Portland Rosebuds (hockey), Portland Rosebuds 3 games to 2. All Games were played at Montreal's Montreal Arena. * Due to the outbreak of World War I, the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin, German Empire, Germany, is cancelled.

In fiction

* In the 1941 film ''Citizen Kane'', Charles Foster Kane runs for New York governor and loses. Also in 1916, Emily Monroe Norton divorces him and, in either this year or in 1917, he marries Susan Alexander.

Births

January

** Giuseppe Aquari, Italian film cinematographer (d. 1982) ** Italo Viglianesi, Italian trade unionist politician and syndicalist (d. 1995) * January 2 – Joseph W. Schmitt, American aircraft mechanic and spacesuit technician (d. 2017) * January 3 ** Maxene Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 1995) ** Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994) ** Bernard Greenhouse, American cellist (d. 2011) ** Erik Ågren (boxer), Erik Ågren, Swedish boxer (d. 1985) ** Warren King (cartoonist), Warren King, American cartoonist (d. 1978) * January 4 ** Princess Niloufer (d. 1989) ** Sidney Siegel, American psychologist (d. 1961) * January 5 ** Alfred Ryder, American film, radio and television actor (d. 1995) ** Wilhelm Szewczyk, Polish writer, poet, literary critic and translator (d. 1991) * January 7 ** Elena Ceaușescu, Romanian politician, First Lady of Romania and Deputy Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1989) ** Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975) *

– Peter Twinn, English mathematician and WWII code-breaker (d. 2004) *

** Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) ** Bernard Binlin Dadié, Ivorian novelist, playwright, poet, and Minister of Culture (d. 2019) ** Richard Münch (actor), Richard Münch, German actor (d. 1987) *

** Ruth R. Benerito, American chemist (d. 2013) ** P. W. Botha, 9th President of South Africa (d. 2006) ** Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx, Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx, English poet (d. 2018) * January 15 – Hugh Gibb, English drummer and bandleader (d. 1992) * January 17 ** Peter Frelinghuysen Jr., American politician (d. 2011) ** Tatyana Karpova, Soviet and Russian actress (d. 2018) * January 18 – Silviu Brucan, Romanian author and politician (d. 2006) * January 19 – Harry Huskey, American computer designer (d. 2017) * January 22 – Henri Dutilleux, French composer (d. 2013) * January 23 – David Douglas Duncan, American photojournalist (d. 2018) * January 24 ** Rafael Caldera, 39th President of Venezuela (d. 2009) ** Marvin Creamer, American sailor (d. 2020) ** Arnoldo Foà, Italian actor (d. 2014) ** Daphne Lorraine Gum, Australian educator (d. 2017) * January 27 – Stjepan Filipović, a People's Hero of Yugoslavia (d. 1942) * January 28 – Dottie Hunter, Canadian baseball player (d. 2005) *

– Sangoulé Lamizana, 2nd President and Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (d. 2005)

February

* February 10 – Julia Hawkins, American sprinter and cyclist (d. 2024) *

– Ivan Hristov Bashev, Bulgarian Foreign Minister (d. 1971) *

– Damián Iguacén Borau, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2020) * February 13 – John Reed (actor), John Reed, British actor and opera singer (d. 2010) * February 14 ** Marcel Bigeard, French military officer (d. 2010) ** Sally Gray, English actress (d. 2006) ** Denham Harman, American gerontologist (d. 2014) ** Edward Platt, American actor (d. 1974) ** Charles Wycliffe Joiner, American judge (d. 2017) ** Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director (d. 1996) * February 15 ** Ernest Millington, English politician (d. 2009) ** Mary Jane Croft, American actress (d. 1999) ** Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 2008) * February 16 – Karel Dufek, Czechoslovak diplomat (d. 2009) * February 18 – Maria Altmann, Austrian Holocaust survivor and heiress (d. 2011) * February 20 – Jean Erdman, American dancer (d. 2020) * February 23 – Retta Scott, first woman to receive screen credit as an animator at the Walt Disney Animation Studios (d. 1990) * February 26 **Jackie Gleason, American comedian, actor and musician (d. 1987) ** Preacher Roe, American baseball player (d. 2008) * February 28 ** Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist (d. 2017) ** Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician, Mayor of Zamboanga (d. 1984) ** Frank Crean, Australian politician (d. 2008)

March

* March 1 – Emelyn Whiton, American Olympic sailor (d. 1962) * March 2 – George E. Bria, Italian-American journalist (d. 2017) * March 3 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 2006) * March 4 ** William Alland, American actor, producer, writer and director (d. 1997) ** Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (d. 2000) ** Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997) * March 5 – Jack Hamm, American cartoonist (d. 1996) * March 6 – Rochelle Hudson, American actress (d. 1972) * March 7 – Marie-Thérèse Bourquin, Belgian lawyer (d. 2018) *

– Ethel Bush, British police officer (d. 2016) * March 11 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995) * March 13 ** Lindy Boggs, American politician (d. 2013) ** Jacque Fresco, American futurist and designer (d. 2017) ** John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1981) ** Robert O. Peterson, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1994) * March 14 – Horton Foote, American writer (d. 2009) *

** Frank Coghlan Jr., American actor (d. 2009) ** Harry James, American musician and band leader (d. 1983) *

** Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004) ** Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese survivor of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings (d. 2010) * March 17 ** Lyle Smith, American football coach (d. 2017) ** Volodia Teitelboim, Chilean author and politician (d. 2008) * March 19 – Irving Wallace, American novelist (d. 1990) * March 20 – Pierre Messmer, French politician (d. 2007) *

** Donald Hamilton, Swedish writer (d. 2006) ** Anna Maria Bottini, Italian actress (d. 2020) * March 26 ** Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995) ** Dai Zijin, Chinese aviator (d. 2017) ** Harry Rabinowitz, British film composer and conductor (d. 2016) * March 29 ** Sam Beazley, British actor (d. 2017) ** Peter Geach, British philosopher (d. 2013) ** Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, 6th President of Bangladesh (d. 1997) ** Eugene McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Minnesota and Presidential candidate (d. 2005) * March 31 – Lucille Bliss, American voice actor (d. 2012)

April

* April 1 ** John Holter, American toolmaker and inventor (d. 2003) ** Balilla Lombardi, Italian football player (d. 1987) * April 2 – Menachem Porush, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2010) * April 3 ** Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997) ** Peter Gowland, American photographer (d. 2010) ** Louiguy, Spanish-French musician of Italian extraction (d. 1991) * April 4 ** David White (actor), David White, American actor (d. 1990) ** Nikola Ljubičić, 10th President of Serbia (d. 2005) ** Mubarak Zarouk, Sudanese politician and minister (d. 1965) * April 5 ** Albert Henry Ottenweller, American bishop (d. 2012) ** Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003) ** Carmen Silva, Brazilian actress (d. 2008) ** Jean Trescases, French soldier (d. 1951) * April 10 – Lee Jung-seob, Korean oil painter (d. 1956) *

** Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983) ** Armando León Bejarano, Mexican politician (d. 2016) * April 12 ** Beverly Cleary, American children's book author (d. 2021) ** Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (d. 2007) ** Movita Castaneda, American actress (d. 2015) * April 14 – Pehr Victor Edman, Swedish chemist (d.1977) * April 15 ** Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982) ** Helene Hanff, American writer and critic (d. 1997) ** Mikiel Fsadni, Maltese friar and historian (d. 2013) * April 16 – Hon Sui Sen, Malaysian-Singaporean politician (d. 1983) * April 17 ** Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2000) ** A. Thiagarajah, Sri Lankan Tamil teacher and politician (d. 1981) ** Win Maung, 3rd President of Myanmar (d. 1989) * April 18 ** Carl Burgos, American comic book artist (d. 1984) ** José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica (d. 2010) * April 19 ** Bruno Chizzo, Italian association footballer (d. 1969) ** Delio Rodríguez, Spanish road racing cyclist and sprinter (d. 1994) * April 21 ** Walter Berg (footballer), Walter Berg, German footballer (d. 1949) *

** Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999) ** Yvette Lundy, French resistance fighter (d. 2019) *

** Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic (d. 2013) ** Lou Thesz, American professional wrestler (d. 2002) * April 25 – R. J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001) * April 26 ** Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer (d. 2014) ** Vic Perrin, American voice actor (d. 1989) ** Paulette Coquatrix, French costume designer (d. 2018) ** Ken Wallis, British aviator, engineer, and inventor (d. 2013) ** Werner Bischof, Swiss photographer and photojournalist (d. 1954) ** George Tuska, American comic strip artist (d. 2009) *

– Enos Slaughter, American baseball player (d. 2002) * April 28 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993) *

– Ramón Amaya Amador, Honduran author (d. 1966) * April 30 ** Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001) ** Robert Shaw (conductor), Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)

May

* May 1 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (d. 2006) *

– Jane Jacobs, née Butzner, American-born urban activist (d. 2006) * May 5 – Zail Singh, Indian politician and 7th President of India (d. 1994) * May 6 ** Adriana Caselotti, American actress (d. 1997) ** Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997) ** Sif Ruud, Swedish actress (d. 2011) * May 8 ** Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993) ** Jens Risom, Danish American furniture designer (d. 2016) ** João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president (d. 2016) *

– Milton Babbitt, American composer (d. 2011) * May 11 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002) * May 14 – Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000) ** Del Moore, American actor, comedian and radio announcer (d. 1970) * May 15 ** Vera Gebuhr, Danish actress (d. 2014) ** Abbott Pattison, American sculptor and abstract artist (d. 1999) *

** Adriana Caselotti, American Actress, Voice Actress and Singer (d. 1997) ** Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (d. 2009) ** Carlos Aldunate Lyon, Colombian lawyer, educator and activist (d. 2018) * May 17 ** Jenő Fock, 49th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2001) ** Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer (d. 2008) * May 18 – Miriam Goldberg, American newspaper publisher (d. 2017) * May 20 ** Owen Chadwick, British author and historian (d. 2015) ** Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006) * May 21 ** Louis Crump, American politician (d. 2019) ** Dennis Day, American singer and actor (d. 1988) ** Leonard Manasseh, British architect (d. 2017) ** Lydia Mendoza, American musician (d. 2007) ** Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002) ** Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997) ** Tan Siew Sin, Malaysian minister of Commerce and Industry (d. 1988) * May 26 ** Halil İnalcık, Turkish historian (d. 2016) ** Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972) *

** Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997) ** Bernard Lewis, British-American historian (d. 2018)

June

* June 3 – Jack Manning (actor), Jack Manning, American film, stage and television actor (d. 2009) *

– Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) *

– Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager (d. 2011) * June 6 – Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989) * June 8 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) * June 9 ** Jurij Brězan, Sorbian writer (d. 2006) ** Robert McNamara, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2009) * June 11 – Bob Berry (dendrologist), Bob Berry, New Zealand dendrologist (d. 2018) * June 12 – Raúl Héctor Castro, American politician (d. 2015) * June 13 – Ronald Atkins, Welsh politician (d. 2020) * June 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001) *

** Olga Erteszek, American undergarment designer and lingerie company owner (d. 1989) ** Horacio Salgán, Argentine tango musician (d. 2016) ** Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001) * June 16 – Phil Chambers, American actor (d. 1993) * June 17 – Einar Englund, Finnish composer (d. 1999) * June 18 ** Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (d. 2005) ** Roman Toi, Estonian composer, choir conductor, and organist (d. 2018) * June 21 ** Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018) ** Herbert Friedman, American physicist (d. 2000) * June 22 ** Anne Olivier Bell, English literary editor and art scholar (d. 2018) ** Richard Eastham, American actor (d. 2005) ** Emil Fackenheim, noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi (d. 2003) * June 23 ** Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990) ** Irene Worth, American actress (d. 2002) ** Al G. Wright, American bandleader and conductor (d. 2020) *

** Saloua Raouda Choucair, Lebanese painter and sculptor (d. 2017) ** Lidia Wysocka, American actress (d. 2006) ** William B. Saxbe, American politician (d. 2010) * June 25 – Thomas Reddin, American police (d. 2004) * June 26 ** Dennis Filmer, Malaysian sports shooter (d. 1981) ** Alvin Wistert, American football player (d. 2005) * June 27 ** Max Müller (cross-country skier), Max Müller, Swiss cross-country skier (d. 2019) ** Ivy Cooke, Jamaican educator (d. 2017) * June 28 ** Richard Best (film editor), Richard Best, British film editor (d. 2004) ** John Evelyn Anderson, British Army officer (d. 2007) * June 29 – Ruth Warrick, American actress (d. 2005)

July

** Olivia de Havilland, Japanese-born British-American film actress (d. 2020) ** Lawrence Halprin, American architect (d. 2009) ** Thomas Hamilton-Brown, South African boxer (d. 1981) *

** Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (d. 2010) ** Alec Hill, Australian military historian (d. 2008) ** Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (d. 2008) ** Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982) ** Ken Curtis, American screen actor and singer (d. 1991) * July 3 – John Kundla, American basketball coach (d. 2017) * July 4 ** Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose"), American propaganda broadcaster (d. 2006) ** Adam Curle, British academic and peace activist (d. 2006) ** Naseem Banu, Indian actress (d. 2002) ** Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 2014) * July 5 ** Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018) ** Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012) *

** Harold Norse, American writer (d. 2009) ** Hugh Gibbons, Irish Fianna Fáil politician (d. 2007) ** Don R. Christensen, American animator, cartoonist, illustrator, writer and inventor (d. 2006) * July 7 – Werner G. Scharff, American arts patron and fashion designer (d. 2006) * July 8 ** Marion Hartzog Smoak, American lawyer and politician (d. 2020) ** Ronald R. Van Stockum, American writer (d. 2022) ** Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter and author (d. 2017) ** Otto Luedeke, American cyclist (d. 2005) * July 9 ** Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005) ** Teun Roosenburg, Dutch sculptor (d. 2004) * July 10 – Nicholas D'Antonio Salza, American bishop (d. 2009) * July 11 ** Mortimer Caplin, American lawyer and educator (d. 2019) ** Hans Maier, Dutch water polo player (d. 2018) ** Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2002) ** Reg Varney, British actor (d. 2008) ** Gough Whitlam, 21st

(d. 2014) * July 14 ** André Franco Montoro, Franco Montoro, Brazilian politician and lawyer (d. 1999) ** Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991) *

** Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (d. 2005) ** Les Dye, American football player (d. 2000) * July 16 ** Victor Fontana, Brazilian engineer, businessman and politician (d. 2017) ** Sudono Salim, Indonesian-Chinese businessman (d. 2012) * July 17 ** Eleanor Hadley, American economist and policymaker (d. 2007) ** Henning Brandis, German physician and microbiologist (d. 2004) * July 18 ** Charles Kittel, American physicist (d. 2019) ** L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005) ** Ed Cifers, American football end (d. 2005) ** Sid Kiel, South African doctor and cricketer (d. 2007) *

** Phil Cavarretta, baseball player (d. 2010) ** François Mercier, French footballer (d. 1996) * July 20 ** Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 2013) ** Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr., Swedish officer and horse rider (d. 2005) * July 21 ** Douglas Freeman, English cricketer (d. 2013) ** Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (d. 1926) *

** Irene Galitzine, Russian-Georgian fashion designer (d. 2006) ** William A. Culpepper, American judge (d. 2015) ** William Harper (Rhodesian politician), William Harper, Rhodesian politician (d. 2006) ** Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949) * July 23 – Sandra Gould, American actress (d. 1999) * July 25 – Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001) * July 27 ** Elizabeth Hardwick (writer), Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (d. 2007) ** Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986) * July 28 – David Brown (producer), David Brown, American producer (d. 2010) *

– Rupert Hamer, Australian politician and Premier of Victoria (d. 2004) *

– Dick Wilson, American actor (d. 2007) * July 31 ** Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979) ** Ignacio Trelles, Mexican football player and coach (d. 2020)

August

* August 1 ** Fiorenzo Angelini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2014) ** Olimpio Bizzi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1976) ** Edna Hughes, English competition swimmer (d. 1990) * August 2 – Zein Al-Sharaf Talal, Queen of Jordan (d. 1994) * August 3 – Hertha Feiler, Austrian actress (d. 1970) * August 5 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (d. 2008) * August 6 – Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012) *

** Lawrence Picachy, Indian Jesuit priest (d. 1992) ** Rose Wolfe, Canadian social worker and philanthropist (d. 2016) * August 8 – Shigeo Arai, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 1944) *

– Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2009) * August 10 – Lorna McDonald (historian), Lorna McDonald, Australian historian and author (d. 2017) * August 11 ** Johnny Claes, English racing driver (d. 1956) ** William Coors, American executive (d. 2018) * August 12 – Ralph Nelson, American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1987) * August 13 – Sybren Valkema, Dutch glass artist and teacher, and founder of the European Studio Glass Movement, also known as VRIJ GLAS. (d. 1996) * August 14 ** Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, German night fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1944) ** Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author (d. 2007) *

** Edythe Wright, American singer (d. 1965) ** Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003) * August 18 – Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, essayist, and diplomat (d. 2018) * August 19 – Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and racing driver (d. 1987) * August 20 ** George Rosenkranz, Mexican co-inventor of oral contraceptive pill (d. 2019) ** Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984) *

** Frank O. Braynard, American maritime writer and historian (d. 2007) ** Geoffrey Keen, English actor (d. 2005) ** Bill Lee (singer), Bill Lee, American playback singer (d. 1980) ** Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005) * August 22 ** Robert H. Krieble, American chemist (d. 1997) ** Joe Martinelli, American soccer forward (d. 1991) * August 24 ** Hal Smith (actor), Hal Smith, American actor (d. 1994) ** Léo Ferré, French-born Monégasque poet and composer (d. 1993) *

** Van Johnson, American actor (d. 2008) ** Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist (d. 2003) ** Saburō Sakai, Japanese fighter ace (d. 2000) *

** Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994) ** Larry Thor, Canadian actor (d. 1976) ** Robert Van Eenaeme, Belgian cyclist (d. 1959) *

** C. Wright Mills, American sociologist (d. 1962) ** Jack Vance, American writer (d. 2013) *

– Luther Davis, American screenwriter (d. 2008) *

** Shag Crawford, American baseball umpire (d. 2007) ** Kenneth Keith, Baron Keith of Castleacre, British life peer (d. 2004) * August 31 ** Daniel Schorr, American journalist (d. 2010) ** John S. Wold, American politician (d. 2017)

September

** Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014) ** Joseph Minish, American politician (d. 2007) * September 3 – Tommy J. Smith, Australian trainer (d. 1998) *

** Allan Louisy, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2011) ** Frank Yerby, American writer (d. 1991) * September 7 – Shen Panwen, Chinese chemist (d. 2017) * September 12 ** Leoncio Afonso, Spanish scientist (d. 2017) ** Edward Binns, American stage, film, and television actor (d. 1990) *

– Roald Dahl, Welsh-born author (d. 1990) * September 14 ** Eric Bentley, English-born American critic and playwright (d. 2020) ** John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001) *

** Margaret Lockwood, Indian-born English actress (d. 1990) ** Frederick C. Weyand, U.S. Army General (d. 2010) * September 16 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (d. 1999) * September 17 – Mary Stewart (novelist), Mary Stewart, born Mary Rainbow, English-born fantasy and mystery writer (d. 2014) * September 18 – John Jacob Rhodes, American politician and lawyer (d. 2003) * September 21 – Zinovy Gerdt, Russian actor (d. 1996) * September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1978) * September 24 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (d. 2004) * September 26 – Frank Handlen, American artist (d. 2023) *

** Trento Longaretti, Italian painter (d. 2017) ** S. Yizhar (aka Yizhar Smilansky), Israeli author (d. 2006) * September 28 – Peter Finch, English-born Australian actor (d. 1977)

October

* October 2 – Jim L. Gillis Jr., American politician (d. 2018) * October 3 ** Frank Pantridge, Irish physician and inventor (d. 2004) ** James Herriot, English veterinarian and author (d. 1995) ** Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969) * October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2009) *

– Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet, British army officer (d. 2017) * October 9 – Robert Brubaker, American actor (d. 2010) * October 10 ** Bernard Heuvelmans, Belgian-French cryptozoologist (d. 2001) ** Sumiko Mizukubo, Japanese actress (d. 1994) * October 11 – Maurice Gaffney, Irish barrister (d. 2016) *

– Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994) *

– C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General (d. 2013) * October 15 – Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (d. 2006) * October 19 ** Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009) ** Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1985) *

– Eddie Carnett, American baseball player (d. 2016) * October 25 – Thérèse Kleindienst, French librarian (d. 2018) * October 26 – François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996) * October 30 – Leon Day, American baseball player (d. 1995) * October 31 ** Phil Monroe, American animator and director (d. 1988) ** Carl Johan Bernadotte, Prince of Sweden (d. 2012)

November

* November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American television journalist (d. 2009) *

– Jim Tabor, American baseball player (d. 1953) * November 6 – Harry Blamires, British Anglican theologian, literary critic and novelist (d. 2017) * November 8 – Lady Ursula d'Abo, English socialite (d. 2017) * November 10 – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter (d. 2012) * November 11 – Robert Carr, English politician (d. 2012) * November 12 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (d. 1986) * November 14 – Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer (d. 2011) * November 15 – Bill Melendez, American animator (d. 2008) * November 16 – Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988) * November 17 – Shelby Foote, American historian and novelist, author of ''The Civil War: A Narrative'' (d. 2005) * November 20 ** Hamida Habibullah, Indian politician (d. 2018) ** Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008) *

** Michael Gough, Malayan-born English actor (d. 2011) ** P. K. Page, Canadian poet (d. 2010) * November 24 ** Forrest J Ackerman, American writer (d. 2008) ** Frankie Muse Freeman, American civil rights attorney (d. 2018) * November 25 – Cosmo Haskard, Irish-born British colonial administrator and British Army officer (d. 2017) * November 26 – Gerhard Unger, German tenor (d. 2011) * November 27 – Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002) * November 28 ** Lilian, Princess of Réthy, born Mary Lilian Baels, English-born Belgian queen consort of Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III (d. 2002) ** Ramón José Velásquez, 44th President of Venezuela (d. 2014) * November 29 ** Evelyn Bonaci, Maltese politician (d. 2008) ** Helen Clare, British singer (d. 2018) ** Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000) * November 30 ** Andrée de Jongh, Belgian Resistance worker (d. 2007) ** John C. Harkness, American architect (d. 2016)

December

* December 1 – Wan Li, Chinese government official (d. 2015) * December 2 – Nancye Wynne Bolton, Australian tennis player (d. 2001) * December 5 – Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist (d. 2013) * December 6 ** Kristján Eldjárn, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982) ** Pratap Chandra Lal, Indian military advisor (d. 1982) ** Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and record producer (d. 1986) * December 7 ** George Russell Weller, American salesman known for the Santa Monica Farmer's Market incident (d. 2010) ** John G. Morris, American picture editor (d. 2017) * December 8 ** Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006) ** T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist and public servant (d. 2017) * December 9 ** Jerome Beatty, Jr., American author of children's literature (d. 2002) ** Kirk Douglas, American film actor (Spartacus (film), Spartacus) (d. 2020) ** Esther Wilkins, American dentist (d. 2016) * December 11 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989) *

– Charan Singh (Sant), Maharaj Charan Singh, Fourth Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (d. 1990) *

– Anne Vermeer, Dutch politician (d. 2018) * December 14 – Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965) * December 15 – Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004) *

– Birgitta Valberg, Swedish actress (d. 2014) *

** Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader (d. 2008) ** Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973) ** Franciszek Kornicki, Polish fighter pilot (d. 2017) * December 19 ** Roy Ward Baker, Roy Baker, English film director (d. 2010) ** Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist (d. 2010) ** John Crutcher, American politician (d. 2017) * December 20 – Morrie Schwartz, American professor (d. 1995) *

– Arsène Tchakarian, Armenian-French resistance fighter (d. 2018) * December 22 – Dietrich Grunewald, Swedish-born, American Artist (d. 2003) * December 24 ** Ron G. Mason, English oceanographer (d. 2009) ** Cecília Schelingová, Czechoslovakian Roman Catholic religious professed, martyr and blessed (d. 1955) * December 25 ** Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian politician, 1st President of Algeria (d. 2012) ** Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001) *

– Cathy Lewis, American actress (d. 1968)

Date unknown

* Saad Jumaa, 17th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1979)

Deaths

January

Beata Juana Maria Condesa Lluch fundadora

** Max Bastelberger, German doctor and entomologist (b. 1851) ** Adán Cárdenas, Nicaraguan doctor and politician, 16th President of Nicaragua (b. 1836) * January 2 ** Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1857) ** Félix Sardà y Salvany, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and writer (b. 1844) * January 5 – Ulpiano Checa, Spanish painter, sculptor and illustrator (b. 1860) * January 7 – Andrés Baquero, Spanish teacher and writer (b. 1853) * January 8 ** Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (b. 1884) ** Eugene W. Hilgard, German-born American soil scientist (b. 1833) *

– Ada Rehan, Irish-born American Shakespearean actress (b. 1859) *

– Guido Baccelli, Italian physician (b. 1830) * January 11 ** Cyril VIII Geha, Greek Catholic patriarch (b. 1840) ** Takashima Tomonosuke, Japanese general (b. 1844) *

** Léon Autonne, French engineer and mathematician (b. 1859) ** Georgios Theotokis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1844) *

** George Bengescu-Dabija, Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright, and general (b. 1844) ** Vasile Hossu (bishop of Gherla), Vasile Hossu, Romanian Orthodox priest and bishop (b. 1866) ** Victoriano Huerta, Mexican general and statesman, 35th President of Mexico (b. 1850) * January 14 – Otto Ammon, German anthropologist (b. 1842) * January 15 – Vojtech Alexander, Slovakian radiologist (b. 1857) * January 16 ** Arnold Aletrino, Dutch physician (b. 1858) ** William Montrose Graham Jr., American general (b. 1834) ** Juana María Condesa Lluch, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862) * January 17 – Arthur V. Johnson, American actor and director (b. 1876) * January 18 – Lorenzo Latorre, Uruguayan officer and politician, 11th President of Uruguay (b. 1844) * January 19 ** Dora Knowlton Ranous, American actress, author and translator (b. 1859) ** Antoine Simon (composer), Antoine Simon, French composer (b. 1850) * January 20 – Ephraim Francis Baldwin, American architect (b. 1837) * January 30 – Clements Markham, Sir Clements Markham, British explorer and geographer (b. 1830)

February

* February 3 – Metropolitan Ioan Mețianu, Romanian cleric (b. 1828) * February 6 ** Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867) ** Isala Van Diest, Belgian physician (b. 1842) * February 7 ** Franklin E. Brooks, U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado (b. 1860) ** Ludwika Szczęsna, Polish Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1863) *

– Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (b. 1843) *

– Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831) * February 13 ** Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864) ** Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Panamanian politician, acting President of Panama (b. 1856) * February 18 – Hans Schmidt (priest), Hans Schmidt, German Roman Catholic priest (executed) (b. 1881) * February 19 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838) * February 20 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844) *

– Karl Begas, German sculptor (b. 1845) * February 23 ** Jabez Balfour, English businessman (b. 1843) ** Domenico Lovisato, Italian geologist (b. 1842) ** Hugo von Pohl, German admiral (b. 1855) * February 25 – David Bowman (politician), David Bowman, Australian politician (b. 1860) * February 26 – Tomasa Ortiz Real, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1842) * February 27 – Ugo Balzani, Italian historian (b. 1847) * February 28 – Henry James, American writer (b. 1843)

March

* March 2 – Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania (b. 1843) * March 4 ** Franz Marc, German Expressionist painter (killed in action) (b. 1880) ** William Sooy Smith, American Union general and engineer (b. 1830) * March 7 – Fred Donovan, American baseball player (b. 1844) *March 9 – Arnold Spencer-Smith, British explorer, clergyman, and amateur photographer (b. 1883) * March 11 ** Florence Baker, Hungarian-born British explorer (b. 1841) ** Henry G. Davis, American politician (b. 1823) * March 12 – William M. O. Dawson, 12th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1853) *

– John Beveridge (mayor), John Beveridge, Australian businessman, Municipality of Redfern, Mayor of Redfern (b. 1848) *

– Thomas King (astronomer), Thomas King, New Zealand astronomer (b. 1858) * March 19 ** John J. Davis (congressman), John J. Davis, American politician, U.S. Representatives from West Virginia (b. 1835) ** Girolamo Maria Gotti, Italian Discalced Carmelite friar and Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1834) ** Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (b. 1848) * March 20 – Ota Benga, Belgian Congo, Congolese pygmy brought to America as part of an exhibition at the Bronx zoo (b. 1883) *

** Herman Gesellius, French architect (b. 1874) **

, Spanish composer (ship sinking) (b. 1867) * March 25 – Ishi, last known member of the Yana people (b. 1860) * March 28 – Paul von Plehwe, Russian general (b. 1850) * March 30 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (b. 1837)

April

* April 4 ** Alfred Cogniaux, Belgian botanist (b. 1841) ** Max Lewandowsky, German neurologist (b. 1876) * April 7 – Shigeyoshi Matsuo, Japanese businessman (b. 1843) *

– Richard Harding Davis, American journalist and author (b. 1864) *April 14 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist, activist and editor (b. 1847) * April 16 – Alexander Meyrick Broadley, British barrister (b. 1846) * April 19 – Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839) * April 21 ** Ubaldo Pacchierotti, Italian composer (b. 1876) ** John Surratt, suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination, son of Mary Surratt (b. 1844) *

– Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1878) * April 28 – Edward Felix Baxter, English recipient of the Victorian Cross (b. 1885)

May

* May 2 – Jules Blanchard, French sculptor (b. 1832) * May 3 ** Patrick Pearse, Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, political activist, and nationalist (executed) (b. 1879) ** Thomas MacDonagh, Irish poet, playwright, educationalist and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1878) ** Tom Clarke (Irish republican), Tom Clarke, Irish republican, leader of the

(executed) (b. 1858) *

** Lord John Hay (Royal Navy officer, born 1827), Lord John Hay, British admiral and politician (b. 1827) ** Joseph Plunkett, Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary (executed) (b. 1887) ** Hector Sévin, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1852) * May 6 – Hans Chiari, Austrian pathologist (b. 1851) * May 8 ** Mabel Beardsley, English actress (b. 1871) ** William Burnyeat, British politician (b. 1837) ** Éamonn Ceannt, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1881) ** Seán Heuston, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1891) **Aeneas Mackintosh, British Merchant Navy officer and Antarctic explorer (b. 1879) **Victor Hayward, British explorer (b. 1887) * May 11 ** Max Reger, German Modernism (music), modernist composer (b. 1873) ** Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist (b. 1873) ** Tirésias Simon Sam, 16th President of Haiti (b. 1835) * May 12 ** James Connolly, Irish socialist and political activist (executed) (b. 1868) ** Seán Mac Diarmada, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1883) * May 13 ** Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish writer (b. 1859) ** Ján Bahýľ, Slovak engineer and inventor (b. 1856) ** Margaret Benson, English author (b. 1865) ** Émile Petitot, French Roman Catholic missionary (b. 1838) *May 18 – Chen Qimei, Chen Qiemi, Chinese politician (b. 1878) * May 19 – Georges Boillot, French Grand Prix driver (killed in action) (b. 1884) * May 21 – Artúr Görgei, Hungarian military general and politician (b. 1818) * May 23 – Vladimír Jindřich Bufka, Czechoslovak photographer (b. 1887) * May 27 – Joseph Gallieni, French general (b. 1849) * May 28 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer and political activist (b. 1856) *

**Sir Robert Arbuthnot, 4th Baronet, Robert Arbuthnot, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1864) **Horace Hood, Sir Horace Hood, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1870)

June

* June 2 – Paul von Bruns, German surgeon (b. 1846) *

– Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (drowned) (b. 1850) * June 6 –

, Chinese military official and politician,

and 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1859) * June 7 ** Alberto Elmore Fernández de Córdoba, Peruvian diplomat and politician, 52nd Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1844) ** Émile Faguet, French writer and critic (b. 1847) * June 12 – Silvanus P. Thompson, English professor of physics, electrical engineer, member of the Royal Society and author (b. 1851) * June 17 – Edwin Munroe Bacon, English writer (b. 1844) * June 18 ** Max Immelmann, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1890) ** Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, German general (b. 1848) * June 22 – Tanaka Yoshio, Japanese naturalist (b. 1838) *

– Victor Chapman, French-born American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1890) * June 25 – Thomas Eakins, American realist painter (b. 1844) * June 30 ** Russell Barton, British-born Australian politician (b. 1830) ** Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn, American correspondent, author, and songwriter (b. 1847)

July

– First Day on the Somme (killed in action) ** Eugene Bourdon (architect), Eugene Bourdon, French architect (b. 1870) ** Gilbert Waterhouse, English architect and war poet (b. 1883) *

– Mikhail Pomortsev, Russian meteorologist (b. 1851) * July 3 ** Hetty Green, American businesswoman (b. 1834) ** Alfred Kleiner, Swiss physicist (b. 1849) ** Jeremiah Lomnytskyj, Ukrainian Order of Saint Basil the Great, Basilian priest, missionary and servant of God (b. 1860) *

– Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840) * July 7 – Margarethe Hormuth-Kallmorgen, German painter (b. 1835) * July 12 – Cesare Battisti (politician), Cesare Battisti, Italian patriot, geographer and politician (b. 1875) *

– Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845) * July 16 ** Regino Garcia, Filipino artist (b. 1840) ** Victor Horsley, Sir Victor Horsley, English physician and surgeon (b. 1857) * July 20 – Reinhard Sorge, German dramatist and poet (killed in action) (b. 1892) *

– James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (b. 1849) * July 23 – Sir William Ramsay, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852) *

** Gustave Maria Blanche, French Roman Catholic priest and bishop (b. 1849) ** Johannes Ranke, German physiologist (b. 1836) * July 27 ** Arthur Winton Brown, New Zealand politician, Mayor of Wellington (b. 1856) ** Charles Fryatt, British mariner (executed) (b. 1872) *

– Claude Castleton, Australian VC recipient (killed in action) (b. 1893)

August

* August 3 – Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (b. 1864) * August 5 – George Butterworth, English composer (b. 1885) *

– Kittredge Haskins, American lawyer and politician, U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont (b. 1836) * August 8 ** Lily Braun, German writer (b. 1865) ** Kamimura Hikonojō, Japanese admiral (b. 1849) ** Oscar Linkson, English football player (b. 1888) *

– Guido Gozzano, Italian poet and writer (b. 1883) * August 10 – S. Isadore Miner, American columnist writing as "Pauline Periwinkle" (b. 1863) * August 13 – Pierre de Ségur, French historian (b. 1853) *

– Umberto Boccioni, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1882) * August 18 – Marcel Brindejonc des Moulinais, French aviator (b. 1892) *

– Alexander Boarman, American judge, U.S. House of Representatives of Louisiana (b. 1839) * August 31 ** Martha McClellan Brown, American activist (b. 1838) ** John St. John (American politician), John St. John, American temperance leader and Governor of Kansas (b. 1833)

September

** Gennady Ladyzhensky, Russian painter (b. 1852) ** Felipe Trigo, Spanish writer (b. 1864) * September 7 – Annie Le Porte Diggs, Canadian-born American activist and librarian (b. 1853) * September 8 ** Friedrich Baumfelder, German composer, conductor, and pianist (b. 1836) ** James Gray (mayor), James Gray, American journalist, 19th Mayor of Minneapolis (b. 1862) * September 12 – Zygmunt Balicki, Polish sociologist (b. 1858) * September 14 ** Pierre Duhem, French physicist (b. 1861) ** José Echegaray, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1832) *

** Raymond Asquith, English barrister (b. 1878) ** Josiah Royce, American philosopher (b. 1855) * September 17 – Seth Low, American politician and educator, Mayor of New York City (b. 1850) * September 25 ** Gerald Arbuthnot, British soldier and politician (b. 1872) ** Arthur Herbert Thompson, English soldier and football player (b. 1890) ** Kurt Wintgens, German fighter pilot, air ace in World War I (b. 1894) *

– Albert John Cook, American entomologist and zoologist (b. 1842)

October

* October 3 ** James Burgess (archaeologist), James Burgess, British archaeologist (b. 1832) ** Dmytro Yaremko, Ukrainian Eastern Catholic hierarch and bishop (b. 1879) * October 6 – Isidore De Loor, Belgian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1881) * October 10 – Antonio Sant'Elia, Italian architect (killed in action) (b. 1888) * October 11 – King Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto of Bavaria (b. 1848) *

– Tony Jannus, American aviator and aircraft designer (b. 1889) * October 18 – Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench, Spanish painter (b. 1849) *

** Olindo Guerrini, Italian poet (b. 1845) **

, Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1859) * October 25 – Gérard Encausse, Gérard Encausse, ''Papus'', French occultist (b. 1865) *

** Oswald Boelcke, German World War I fighter ace, (b. 1891) ** Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (b. 1838) * October 29 – John Sebastian Little, American politician and congressman (b. 1851) * October 31 **Tina Blau, Austrian painter (b. 1845) ** Charles Taze Russell, Protestant evangelist, forerunner of Jehovah's Witnesses (b. 1852) **Huang Xing, Chinese revolutionary leader and politician, and the first commander-in-chief of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China (b. 1874)

November

– Franz, Prince of Thun and Hohenstein, Austrian noble and statesman, Prime Minister (b. 1847) * November 2 – Prince Mircea of Romania (b. 1913) * November 3 – August Lindberg (actor), August Lindberg, Swedish actor, director and manager (b. 1846) * November 4 ** John Bingham, 5th Baron Clanmorris, Irish peer (b. 1838) ** Ella Loraine Dorsey, American author, journalist, and translator (b. 1853) *

– Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1844) * November 6 – Sultan Ali Dinar (b. 1856) * November 8 – Prince Heinrich of Bavaria (b. 1884) * November 9 ** Ludwig Bruns, German neurologist (b. 1856) ** Ion Dragalina, Romanian general (died of wounds) (b. 1860) * November 10 – Walter Sutton, American geneticist and physician (b. 1877) * November 11 ** Frank Chesterton (architect), Frank Chesterton, British architect (b. 1877) ** Francisco da Veiga Beirão, Portuguese politician, 53rd Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1841) * November 12 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer (b. 1855) * November 14 ** Franklin Ware Mann, American inventor (b. 1856) ** Saki, British writer (b. 1870) * November 15 – Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846) *

– August Lindberg (actor), August Lindberg, Swedish actor, director and manager (b. 1846) *

– ** Chester Adgate Congdon, American mining magnate (b. 1853) ** Emperor

(b. 1830) * November 22 – Jack London, American author (b. 1876) *

– Lanoe Hawker Victoria Cross, VC, British World War I fighter ace, killed in action by Manfred von Richthofen (b. 1890) * November 24 ** Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1833) ** John Francis Barnett, English teacher (b. 1851) ** Hiram Stevens Maxim, Sir Hiram Maxim, American firearms inventor (b. 1840) * November 25 – Inez Milholland, American suffragist, labor lawyer, World War I correspondent and public speaker (b. 1886) * November 27 – Émile Verhaeren, Belgian poet (b. 1855) * November 28 – Martinus Theunis Steyn, Boer lawyer, politician, and statesman, sixth and last President of the Orange Free State (1896-1902) (b. 1857) * November 30 – Demetrio Alonso Castrillo, Spanish politician (b. 1841)

December

* December 1 – Charles de Foucauld, French Roman Catholic religious professed, priest and blessed (b. 1858) * December 2 ** William Brownell (politician), William Brownell, Australian politician (b. 1862) ** Hughie Hughes, British racecar driver (b. 1885) ** José Veríssimo, Brazilian writer (b. 1857) * December 4 – Paul Allard, French archaeologist and historian (b. 1841) * December 5 ** Princess Augusta of Cambridge (b. 1822) ** Hans Richter (conductor), Hans Richter, Austrian–Hungarian conductor (b. 1843) * December 6 – Signe Hornborg, Finnish architect (b. 1856) * December 8 – John Porter Merrell, American admiral (b. 1846) * December 9 ** Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, French economist (b. 1843) ** Natsume Sōseki, Japanese writer (b. 1867) ** Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay (b. 1873) * December 10 – Ōyama Iwao, Japanese field marshal and a founder of the Imperial Japanese Army (b. 1842) * December 11 ** Valentín Díaz, Filipino patriot, during the Philippine Revolution (b. 1845) ** Zoilo H. Garcia, Dominican engineer and aviator (b. 1881) *

– Edwin Atlee Barber, American archaeologist (b. 1851) * December 14 – Nicolai Soloviev, Russian composer (b. 1846) * December 15 – José Maria de Alpoim, Portuguese journalist (b. 1857) *

** Friedrich Ernst Dorn, German physicist (b. 1848) ** Honorat da Biała, Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1829) ** Hugo Münsterberg, German-born American psychologist (b. 1856) ** Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović, Ognjeslav Stepanović, Serbian inventor (b. 1851) *

** George W. Cook, U.S. Representative from Colorado (b. 1851) ** Giulia Valle, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1847) * December 19 ** Doug Allison, American baseball player (b. 1846) ** Thibaw Min, King of Burma (b. 1859) * December 22 – George A. Woodward, American general (b. 1835) * December 25 ** Albert Chmielowski, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1845) ** John Dunne (bishop of Wilcannia), John Dunne, Australian Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1846) * December 28 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (b. 1835) * December 30 ** Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (assassinated) (b. 1869) ** Leopold Sulerzhitsky, Russian painter (b. 1872)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Sport

In fiction

Births

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Deaths

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Nobel Prizes

References

Further reading

Primary sources and year books