Events

January

January 1 January 1 is the first day of the calendar year in the Gregorian Calendar; 364 days remain until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. __TOC__ Events ...

–

Queen Victoria Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in January 1901. Her reign of 63 year ...

is proclaimed

Empress of India Emperor (or Empress) of India was a title used by British monarchs from 1 May 1876 (with the Royal Titles Act 1876) to 22 June 1948 Royal Proclamation of 22 June 1948, made in accordance with thIndian Independence Act 1947, 10 & 11 GEO. 6. C ...

by the

Royal Titles Act 1876 The Royal Titles Act 1876 ( 39 & 40 Vict. c. 10) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which officially recognized Queen Victoria (and subsequent monarchs) as "Empress of India". This title had been assumed by her in 1876, under ...

, introduced by

Benjamin Disraeli Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield (21 December 1804 – 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative Party (UK), Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a ...

, the

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom The prime minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government of the United Kingdom. The prime minister Advice (constitutional law), advises the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, sovereign on the exercise of much of the Royal prerogative ...

. *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Sima Chi becomes emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420), Jin dynasty in succession to his brother, Emperor Hui of Jin, Sima Zhong, despite a challenge from his other brother, Sima Ying. * 871 ...

–

Great Sioux War of 1876 The Great Sioux War of 1876, also known as the Black Hills War, was a series of battles and negotiations that occurred in 1876 and 1877 in an alliance of Lakota people, Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne against the United States. The cause of t ...

Battle of Wolf Mountain The Battle of Wolf Mountain (also known as the Battle of the Wolf Mountains, Miles's Battle on the Tongue River, the Battle of the Butte, Where Big Crow Walked Back and Forth, and called the Battle of Belly Butte by the Northern Cheyenne) was f ...

–

Crazy Horse Crazy Horse ( , ; – September 5, 1877) was a Lakota people, Lakota war leader of the Oglala band. He took up arms against the United States federal government to fight against encroachment by White Americans, White American settlers on Nativ ...

and his warriors fight their last battle with the

United States Cavalry The United States Cavalry, or U.S. Cavalry, was the designation of the mounted force of the United States Army. The United States Cavalry was formally created by an act of United States Congress, Congress on 3 August 1861 and ceased as a dist ...

Montana Montana ( ) is a landlocked U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota to the east, South Dakota to the southeast, Wyoming to the south, an ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. *1156 – Finnish peasant Lalli kills English clergyman Henry (bishop of Finland), Henry, the Bishop of Turku, on the ice of Köyliönjärvi, Lake Köyli� ...

– The Conference of Constantinople ends, with

Ottoman Turkey The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Euro ...

rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions. *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler ...

– The

Satsuma Rebellion The Satsuma Rebellion, also known as the , was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government of the Empire of Japan, nine years into the Meiji era. Its name comes from the Satsuma Domain, which had been influential in ...

, a revolt of disaffected

samurai The samurai () were members of the warrior class in Japan. They were originally provincial warriors who came from wealthy landowning families who could afford to train their men to be mounted archers. In the 8th century AD, the imperial court d ...

in Japan, breaks out against the new imperial government; it lasts until September, when it is crushed by a professionally led army of draftees.

February

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

– Major General

Charles George Gordon Major-general (United Kingdom), Major-General Charles George Gordon Companion of the Order of the Bath, CB (28 January 1833 – 26 January 1885), also known as Chinese Gordon, Gordon Pasha, Gordon of Khartoum and General Gordon , was a British ...

of the

British Army The British Army is the principal Army, land warfare force of the United Kingdom. the British Army comprises 73,847 regular full-time personnel, 4,127 Brigade of Gurkhas, Gurkhas, 25,742 Army Reserve (United Kingdom), volunteer reserve perso ...

is appointed

Governor-General of the Sudan The governors of pre-independence Sudan were the colonial administrators responsible for the territory of Turco-Egyptian Sudan and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, an area equivalent to modern-day Sudan and South Sudan. List (Dates in italics indicat ...

March

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost ...

–

Compromise of 1877 The Compromise of 1877, also known as the Wormley Agreement, the Tilden-Hayes Compromise, the Bargain of 1877, or Corrupt bargain, the Corrupt Bargain, was a speculated unwritten political deal in the United States to settle the intense dispute ...

: The

1876 United States presidential election United States presidential election, Presidential elections were held in the United States on November 7, 1876. Republican Party (United States), Republican Governor Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio very narrowly defeated Democratic Party (United Sta ...

is resolved with the selection of

Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford Birchard Hayes (; October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893) was the 19th president of the United States, serving from 1877 to 1881. Hayes served as Cincinnati's city solicitor from 1858 to 1861. He was a staunch Abolitionism in the Un ...

as the winner, even though

Samuel J. Tilden Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was an American politician who served as the 25th governor of New York and was the Democratic nominee in the disputed 1876 United States presidential election. Tilden was born in 1814 i ...

won the popular vote on

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius, 20th pope of Alexandria, is banished to Trier on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. ...

1876 Events January * January 1 ** The Reichsbank opens in Berlin. ** The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol. *January 27 – The Northampton Bank robbery occurs in Massachusetts. February * Febr ...

. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 * AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 581 – Yang Jian declares himself Emperor ...

Emile Berliner Emile Berliner (May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) originally Emil Berliner, was a German-American inventor. He is best known for inventing the lateral-cut flat disc gramophone record, record (called a "gramophone record" in British and American En ...

patent A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an sufficiency of disclosure, enabling discl ...

s the

microphone A microphone, colloquially called a mic (), or mike, is a transducer that converts sound into an electrical signal. Microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, hearing aids, public address systems for concert halls and publi ...

in the United States. **

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( ; 7 May 1840 – 6 November 1893) was a Russian composer during the Romantic period. He was the first Russian composer whose music made a lasting impression internationally. Tchaikovsky wrote some of the most popula ...

's ballet ''

Swan Lake ''Swan Lake'' ( rus, Лебеди́ное о́зеро, r=Lebedínoje ózero, p=lʲɪbʲɪˈdʲinəjə ˈozʲɪrə, links=no ), Op. 20, is a ballet composed by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1875–76. Despite its initial failu ...

'' debuts in Moscow. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar, the dictator of the Roman R ...

–

English cricket team in Australia and New Zealand in 1876–77 The Australia and New Zealand tour of the England cricket team in 1876–77 was at the time considered to be another professional first-class cricket tour of the colonies, as similar tours had occurred previously, but retrospectively it becam ...

: The first

Test cricket Test cricket is a Forms of cricket, format of the sport of cricket, considered the game’s most prestigious and traditional form. Often referred to as the "ultimate test" of a cricketer's skill, endurance, and temperament, it is a format of i ...

match is held between England and Australia. *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 *1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. * 1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian- Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margat ...

– For the only time in history,

The Boat Race The Boat Race is an annual set of rowing races between the Cambridge University Boat Club and the Oxford University Boat Club, traditionally rowed between open-weight eights on the River Thames in London, England. It is also known as the U ...

between the Universities of

Oxford Oxford () is a City status in the United Kingdom, cathedral city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town. The city is home to the University of Oxford, the List of oldest universities in continuou ...

and

Cambridge Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 Unit ...

is declared a "dead heat" (i.e., a draw). *

March March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. Its length is 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 2 ...

– ''

The Nineteenth Century ''The Nineteenth Century'' was a British monthly literary magazine founded in 1877 by James Knowles. It is regarded by historians as 'one of the most important and distinguished monthlies of serious thought in the last quarter of the nineteent ...

'' magazine is founded in London.

April

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. * 1081 – Alexios I Komnenos overthrows the Byzantine emperor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, and, after his tro ...

– Following years of murders of

sharecroppers Sharecropping is a legal arrangement in which a landowner allows a tenant (sharecropper) to use the land in return for a share of the crops produced on that land. Sharecropping is not to be conflated with tenant farming, providing the tenant a ...

and U.S. army personnel by the former slave owners, the

Reconstruction era The Reconstruction era was a period in History of the United States, US history that followed the American Civil War (1861-65) and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the Abolitionism in the United States, abol ...

of the U.S. ends when Union troops pull out of the South-Eastern American States. This leaves the former slaves at the mercy of their owners, and begins the

Gilded Age In History of the United States, United States history, the Gilded Age is the period from about the late 1870s to the late 1890s, which occurred between the Reconstruction era and the Progressive Era. It was named by 1920s historians after Mar ...

when large businesses begin

monopolization In United States antitrust law, monopolization is illegal monopoly behavior. The main categories of prohibited behavior include exclusive dealing, price discrimination, refusing to supply an essential facility, product tying and predatory prici ...

of the American economy. *

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 140 ...

– The first human cannonball act in the British Isles, and perhaps the world, is performed by 17-year-old

Rossa Matilda Richter Rossa Matilda Richter (7 April 1860 – 8 December 1937), who used the stage name Zazel, was an English aerialist and actress who became known as the first human cannonball at the age of 17. She began performing at a very young age, practicing a ...

("Zazel") at the London

Royal Aquarium The Royal Aquarium and Winter Garden was a place of amusement in Westminster, London. It opened in 1876, and the building was demolished in 1903. The attraction was located northwest of Westminster Abbey on Tothill Street. The building was design ...

. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

** The United Kingdom annexes the

South African Republic The South African Republic (, abbreviated ZAR; ), also known as the Transvaal Republic, was an independent Boer republics, Boer republic in Southern Africa which existed from 1852 to 1902, when it was annexed into the British Empire as a result ...

, violating the

Sand River Convention The Sand River Convention () of 17 January 1852 was a Treaty, convention whereby the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland formally recognised the independence of the Boers north of the Vaal River. Background The convention was signed o ...

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come to ...

, causing the

First Boer War The First Boer War (, ), was fought from 16 December 1880 until 23 March 1881 between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom and Boers of the Transvaal (as the South African Republic was known while under British ad ...

. ** The

University of Tokyo The University of Tokyo (, abbreviated as in Japanese and UTokyo in English) is a public research university in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1877 as the nation's first modern university by the merger of several pre-westernisation era ins ...

is officially established in

Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...

. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). * 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

–

Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, Romania, Principality of Serbia, Serbia, and Principality of ...

Russia Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...

declares war on the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire (), also called the Turkish Empire, was an empire, imperial realm that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Centr ...

May

May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. * 1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. * 1260 – ...

–

Sitting Bull Sitting Bull ( ; December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota people, Lakota leader who led his people during years of resistance against Federal government of the United States, United States government policies. Sitting Bull was killed by Indian ...

leads his band of

Lakota Lakota may refer to: *Lakota people, a confederation of seven related Native American tribes *Lakota language Lakota ( ), also referred to as Lakhota, Teton or Teton Sioux, is a Siouan languages, Siouan language spoken by the Lakota people of ...

into

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...

, to avoid harassment by the U.S. Army under Colonel

Nelson Miles Nelson Appleton Miles (August 8, 1839 – May 15, 1925) was a United States Army officer who served in the American Civil War (1861–1865), the later American Indian Wars (1840–1890), and the Spanish–American War, (1898). From 1895 to 1903 ...

. *

May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...

– Chief

of the

Oglala Sioux The Oglala (pronounced , meaning 'to scatter one's own' in Lakota) are one of the seven subtribes of the Lakota people who, along with the Dakota, make up the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Seven Council Fires). A majority of the Oglala live on the P ...

surrenders to U.S. troops in Nebraska. *

May 8 Events Pre-1600 * 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin. * 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...

– 11 – At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first

Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is an all-breed conformation show, held annually in the New York metropolitan area. The Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show is one of a handful of benched shows in the United States. Dogs are required to be on ...

is held. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. * 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. * 1386 – England and Portugal formall ...

– Iquique Earthquake and

tsunami A tsunami ( ; from , ) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and underwater explosions (including detonations, ...

: An earthquake of at least magnitude 8.5 M_s occurs on the west coast of South America, killing 2,541 around the

Pacific Rim The Pacific Rim comprises the lands around the rim of the Pacific Ocean. The '' Pacific Basin'' includes the Pacific Rim and the islands in the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Rim roughly overlaps with the geological Pacific Ring of Fire. List ...

. *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. *13 ...

–

16 May 1877 crisis Sixteen or 16 may refer to: *16 (number) *one of the years 16 BC, AD 16, 1916, 2016 Films * '' Pathinaaru'' or ''Sixteen'', a 2010 Tamil film * ''Sixteen'' (1943 film), a 1943 Argentine film directed by Carlos Hugo Christensen * ''Sixteen ...

in France: Parliament passes a no-confidence motion against the government appointed by President MacMahon. *

May 21 Events Pre-1600 * 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as '' Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy. * 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlab ...

(May 9 O.S.) – By a speech in the

Parliament of Romania The Parliament of Romania () is the national Bicameralism, bicameral legislature of Romania, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies (Romania), Chamber of Deputies () and the Senate of Romania, Senate (). It meets at the Palace of the Parliament i ...

Mihail Kogălniceanu Mihail Kogălniceanu (; also known as Mihail Cogâlniceanu, Michel de Kogalnitchan; September 6, 1817 – July 1, 1891) was a Romanian Liberalism, liberal statesman, lawyer, historian and publicist; he became Prime Minister of Romania on Octo ...

, the country declares itself independent from the

(recognized in

1878 Events January * January 5 – Russo-Turkish War: Battle of Shipka Pass IV – Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire. * January 9 – Umberto I becomes King of Italy. * January 17 – Russo-Turkish War: ...

after the end of the Romanian independence war).

June

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

–

Henry Ossian Flipper Henry Ossian Flipper (March 21, 1856 – April 26, 1940) was an American soldier, engineer, former slave and in 1877, the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point, earning a commission as a s ...

becomes the first

African American African Americans, also known as Black Americans and formerly also called Afro-Americans, are an Race and ethnicity in the United States, American racial and ethnic group that consists of Americans who have total or partial ancestry from an ...

cadet to graduate from United States Military Academy, the U.S. Military Academy. * June 17 – American Indian Wars: Battle of White Bird Canyon – The Nez Perce people, Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon, in the Idaho Territory. This begins the Nez Perce War. * June 20 – Alexander Graham Bell installs the world's first commercial telephone service in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. * June 21 – The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County, Pennsylvania, Carbon County Prison, in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. * June 26 – The eruption of the volcano Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000. * June 30 – The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay.

July

* July 1 – An F4 tornado touches down near Gap, Pennsylvania, and moves towards Chester County, Pennsylvania, Chester County. A woman is killed near Ercildoun, Pennsylvania, Ercildoun; a man is killed near Parkesburg, Pennsylvania, Parkesburg; and possibly a third person dies. 4 homes are destroyed at Parkesburg and 20 buildings are destroyed at Ercildoun. 10 or more homes are leveled in Chester County. * July 9–July 19, 19 – The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club stages the first Wimbledon Championships in lawn tennis. English cricketer Spencer Gore (sportsman), Spencer Gore becomes first List of Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champions, Wimbledon gentlemen's singles champion (the only event held). * July 16 – Great Railroad Strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in Baltimore lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a communist government, before U.S. President

calls in the armed forces. * July 19 – Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War: The first battle in the siege of Plevna is fought. * July 30 ** Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War: The second battle in the siege of Plevna is fought. ** Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Russo-Turkish War: The Turkish army and its allies destroy the Bulgarian city of Stara Zagora and massacre the inhabitants. * July – The serial publication of Leo Tolstoy's ''Anna Karenina'' is concluded, in ''The Russian Messenger''.

August

* August 9 – American Indian Wars: Battle of the Big Hole – Near Big Hole River,

, a small band of Nez Perce people who refuse government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers, and the Indians lose 89 warriors, in an Army victory. * August 12 – Americans, American astronomer Asaph Hall discovers Deimos (moon), Deimos, the outer natural satellite, moon of Mars. * August 18 – Asaph Hall discovers Phobos (moon), Phobos, the inner moon of Mars.

September

* September 1 – The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the siege of Plevna, is fought. Russian forces successfully reduce the Ottoman fortress at Lovech, Lovcha. * September 5 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief

is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska. * September 22 – Treaty 7 is concluded between several mainly Blackfoot First Nations in Canada, First Nations tribes and the Canadian Confederation, at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, settling the Blackfoot on Indian reserves in what will become southern Alberta. * September 24 – Battle of Shiroyama in Kagoshima, Japan: The Imperial Japanese Army annihilates heavily outnumbered rebel ''

'' under Saigō Takamori (who is killed), ending the

October

* October 22 – The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners.

November

* November 14 – Henrik Ibsen's first contemporary realist drama ''The Pillars of Society'' is premièred at the Odense Teater. * November 21 – Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered his first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on November 29. * November 22 – The first college lacrosse game is played between New York University and Manhattan University.

December

* December 9 – The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), Russo-Turkish War is fought, concluding the siege of Plevna. * December 13 – Serbia restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey. * December 17 – Disastrous premiere of Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner), Third Symphony in D minor at the Vienna Philharmonic * December 30 – Symphony No. 2 (Brahms), Brahms' Symphony No. 2 premieres in Vienna.

Births

January–March

* January 2 – Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter (d. 1906) * January 3 – Josephine Hull, American actress (d. 1957) * January 22 – Hjalmar Schacht, German economist, politician and banker (d. 1970) * January 26 – Kees van Dongen, Dutch-French painter (d. 1968) * February 4 – Eddie Cochems, father of the forward pass in History of American football, American football (d. 1953) * February 7 – G. H. Hardy, British mathematician (d. 1947) * February 8 – Carl Tanzler, German-born radiology technologist (d. 1952) * February 12 – Louis Renault (industrialist), Louis Renault, French industrialist, founder of Renault automobile company (d. 1944) * February 14 – Edmund Landau, German mathematician (d. 1938) *

** Isabelle Eberhardt, Swiss explorer, writer (d. 1904) ** André Maginot, French politician (d. 1932) * February 19 – Gabriele Münter, German painter (d. 1962) * February 25 – Erich von Hornbostel, Austrian musicologist (d. 1935) *

– Consuelo Vanderbilt, Duchess of Marlborough (d. 1964) *

– Garrett Morgan, American inventor (d. 1963) * March 7 – Thorvald Ellegaard, Danish track cyclist (d. 1954) * March 10 – Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Mexican politician, substitute President of Mexico, 1930–1932 (d. 1963) * March 12 – Wilhelm Frick, German Nazi Minister of the Interior (d. 1946) * March 17 – Ville Kiviniemi, Finnish politician (d. 1951) * March 18 – Edgar Cayce, American psychic (d. 1945)

April–June

* April 15 – Georg Kolbe, German sculptor (d. 1947) * April 17 – Lionel Pape, English actor (d. 1944) * April 26 – Alliott Verdon Roe, English aviation pioneer (d. 1958) * April 30 – Alice B. Toklas, American writer (d. 1967) * May 3 – Karl Abraham, German psychoanalyst (d. 1925) * May 24 – Samuel W. Bryant, American admiral (d. 1938) * May 25 – Billy Murray (singer), Billy Murray, American singer (d. 1954) * May 27 – Isadora Duncan, American dancer (d. 1927) * June 4 – Heinrich Otto Wieland, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957) * June 7 – Charles Glover Barkla, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1944) * June 11 – Renée Vivien, British poet who wrote in French (d. 1909) * June 12 – Thomas C. Hart, American admiral, politician (d. 1971) * June 14 – Jane Bathori, French opera singer (d. 1970) * June 18 – James Montgomery Flagg, American artist, comics artist and illustrator (d. 1960) * June 19 – Charles Coburn, American actor (d. 1961)

July–September

* July 2 ** Rinaldo Cuneo, American artist ("the painter of San Francisco") (d. 1939) ** Hermann Hesse, German-born writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962) * July 6 – Arnaud Massy, French golfer (d. 1950) * July 13 – Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister of Denmark (d. 1962) * July 19 – Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (d. 1949) * July 27 – Ernst von Dohnányi, Hungarian conductor (d. 1960) * July 31 – Louisa Bolus, South African botanist and taxonomist (d. 1970) * August 1 – George Hackenschmidt, Estonian strongman, professional wrestler (d. 1968) * August 6 – Wallace H. White, Jr., U.S. Senator from Maine (d. 1952) * August 7 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (d. 1949) * August 16 – Roque Ruaño, Spanish priest, civil engineer (d. 1935) * August 22 – Ananda Coomaraswamy, Ceylonese Tamil philosopher (d. 1947) * August 26 – John Latham (judge), John Latham, Australian politician, judge (d. 1964) * August 27 ** Lloyd C. Douglas, American minister, author (d. 1951) ** Charles Rolls, Welsh co-founder of the Rolls-Royce Limited, Rolls-Royce car firm, pioneer aviator (d. 1910) * August 29 – Dudley Pound, British admiral (d. 1943) * September 1 ** Francis William Aston, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945) ** Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright, and Olympic water polo player (d. 1949) * September 2 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1956) * September 6 – Buddy Bolden, American jazz musician (d. 1931) *September 14 – Leonhard Seppala, Norwegian-American sled dog breeder, trainer and musher (d. 1967) *September 16 – Thomas Alan Goldsborough, American politician, member of the United States House of Representatives, US House of Representatives from 1921 to 1939 and a United States district judge from 1939 to 1951 (d. 1951) * September 25 – Plutarco Elías Calles, Mexican general and President of Mexico, 1924–1928; known as ''Jefe Maximo'' ("Maximum Boss") from 1928 to 1934 (d. 1945) * September 26 **Alfred Cortot, Swiss pianist (d. 1962) **Edmund Gwenn, English actor (d. 1959) **Bertha De Vriese, Belgian physician (d. 1958)

October–December

* October 10 – William Morris, 1st Viscount Nuffield, British businessman, philanthropist (d. 1963) * October 15 – Helen Ware, American stage, film actress (d. 1939) * October 21 – Oswald Avery, Canadian-American physician, medical researcher (d. 1955) * October 22 – Frederick Twort, English bacteriologist (d. 1950) * October 29 – Narcisa de Leon, Filipino film producer (d. 1966) * October 30 – Hugo Celmiņš, 2-time prime minister of Latvia (d. 1941) * November 1 – Else Ury, German writer, children's book author (d. 1943) * November 2 – Claire McDowell, American silent film actress (d. 1966) * November 3 – Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, 2-time President of Chile (d. 1960) * November 9 ** Enrico De Nicola, 1st President of Italy (d. 1959) ** Muhammad Iqbal, Islamic philosopher and poet, one of the founding fathers of All-India Muslims League (d. 1938) * November 15 – William Hope Hodgson, English author (d. 1918) * November 17 – Frank Lahm, Brigadier General USAF, airship pilot, early military aviator trained by the Wright brothers (d. 1963) * November 20 – Herbert Pitman, British mariner; 3rd Officer aboard RMS Titanic (d. 1961) * November 22 ** Endre Ady, Hungarian poet (d. 1919) ** Joan Gamper, Swiss-born businessman, founder of FC Barcelona (d. 1930) * November 24 – Edward C. Kalbfus, American admiral (d. 1954) * December 3 – Richard Pearse, New Zealand airplane pioneer (d. 1953) * December 4 – Morris Alexander, South African politician (d. 1946) * December 16 – Kichisaburō Nomura, Japanese admiral and diplomat (d. 1964) * December 20 – Thomas Walter Swan, American jurist and judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit from 1926 until 1975 (d. 1975) * December 30 – Edward Ellington, British military officer; Marshal of the Royal Air Force (d. 1967)

Date unknown

* F. X. Gouraud, French physician and dietitian (d. 1913) * Rashid Tali’a, Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1926)

Deaths

January–June

– Karl von Urban, Austrian field marshal (suicide) (b. 1802) * January 2 – Alexander Bain (inventor), Alexander Bain, Scottish inventor (b. 1811) * January 4 – Cornelius Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (b. 1794) *

– Dato Maharajalela Lela, Malays (ethnic group), Malay nationalist * February 15 – Rayko Zhinzifov, Bulgarian poet and translator (b. 1839) * February 18 – Henrietta A. Bingham, American editor (b. 1841) * February 20 ** Louis M. Goldsborough, United States Navy admiral (b. 1805) ** Marie Simon, German nurse (b. 1824) * February 25 – Jung Bahadur Rana, Nepalese ruler (b. 1817) * March 1 – Antoni Patek, Polish watchmaker (b. 1811) *

– Walter Bagehot, British businessman, essayist and journalist (b. 1826) * March 25 – Caroline Chisholm, Australian humanitarian (b. 1808) * March 31 – Bully Hayes, American-born Caribbean blackbirder (killed) (b. 1827 or 1829) * April 8 – Bernardino António Gomes Jr., Bernardino António Gomes, Portuguese physician and naturalist (b. 1806) * April 14 – Konstantin Bernhard von Voigts-Rhetz, Prussian general (b. 1809) * April 15 – J. P. C. Emmons, American attorney and politician (b. 1818) *

– J. L. Runeberg, Finnish national poet (b. 1804) * May 19 – Charlotta Djurström, Swedish actress and theater manager (b. 1807) * May 26 – Kido Takayoshi, Japanese statesman (b. 1833) * June 3 ** Ludwig Ritter von Köchel, Austrian musicologist (b. 1800) ** Sophie of Württemberg, queen consort of the Netherlands (b. 1818) * June 17 – John Stevens Cabot Abbott, American historian, pastor and pedagogical writer (b. 1805) * June 22 – John R. Goldsborough, U.S. Navy commodore (b. 1809)

July–December

* July 16 – Samuel McLean (congressman), Samuel McLean, American congressman (b. 1826) * July 27 – John Frost (Chartist), John Frost, British Chartist leader (b. 1784) * August 2 – Karl Friedrich von Steinmetz, Prussian field marshal Urdu (b. 1796) * August 8 – William Lovett, British Chartist leader (b. 1800) * August 17 – Isaac Aaron, English-born physician, owner of the ''Australian Medical Journal'' and secretary of the Australian Medical Association (b. 1804) * August 29 – Brigham Young, American Mormon leader (b. 1801) * August 30 – Raphael Semmes, American and Confederate naval officer (b. 1809) * September 2 – Konstantinos Kanaris, Greek politician (b. 1795) * September 3 – Adolphe Thiers, French historian, politician (b. 1797) * September 5 –

, American Oglala Lakota chief (b. 1840-45) * September 12 – Emily Pepys, English child diarist (b. 1833) * September 13 – Alexandre Herculano, Portuguese writer and historian (b. 1810) * September 17 – Henry Fox Talbot, English photographer (b. 1800) * September 24 – Saigō Takamori, Japanese ''samurai'' (b. 1828) * October 3 – James Roosevelt Bayley, first Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark, Roman Catholic Bishop of Newark, New Jersey, and eighth Archbishop of Baltimore (b. 1814) * October 10 – Johann Georg Baiter, Swiss philologist, textual critic (b. 1801) * October 16 – Théodore Barrière, French dramatist (b. 1823) * October 28 – Julia Kavanagh, Irish novelist (b. 1824) * October 29 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American Confederate Civil War General, first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (b. 1821) * November 1 – Oliver P. Morton, American politician (b. 1823) * November 2 – Friedrich Graf von Wrangel, Prussian field marshal (b. 1784) * December 12 – José de Alencar, Brazilian novelist (b. 1829) * December 17 – Louis d'Aurelle de Paladines, French general (b. 1804) * December 29 – Angelica Singleton Van Buren, Acting First Lady of the United States (b. 1818) * December 30 – William Cormick, physician in Qajar Iran of British origin (b. 1822) * December 31 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)

Date unknown

* Nicolae Golescu, 9th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1810)

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

References

Further reading